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Intro To AG > Dairy Lifestyle and Husbandry > Flashcards

Dairy Lifestyle and Husbandry Flashcards

1
Q

What order is the lifecycle of a dairy cow?

A

-Heifer calf
-Heifer
-Bred heifer
-Calving
-Open lactating cow
-Bred lactating cow
-Dry off
-Calving

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2
Q

What is an open cow?

A

A cow that is not pregnant (normal in the 1st 2 months post-calving)

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3
Q

What is a dry cow?

A

A cow that is not being milked or has stopped lactating

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4
Q

What is a dry period?

A

The rest period that lasts 2 months prior to calving when the pregnant cow is not being milked, allowing the udder to rest and prepare for the next lactation

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5
Q

What is lactation?

A

Period of milk production post calving: optimum is 10 months

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6
Q

It is essential for the calf to receive what?

A

The first milk produced by the dam (colostrum)

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7
Q

What is colostrum?

A

The first milk produced by the dam that contains antibodies and other nutrients that builds a healthy immune system

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8
Q

When is colostrum collected from the cow?

A

1-2 hours after calving

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9
Q

The passive transfer of immunity can only occur…

A

In the first 24 hours of life

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10
Q

Newborn animals should ingest what % of their body weight in colostrum within the first 12-24 hours after being born?

A

10-15%

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11
Q

The umbilicus needs to be…

A

Dipped in a 7% iodine-based solution after birth to prevent infection

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12
Q

What is important about the umbilicus?

A

It remains an access point for bacteria to cause infection for the first week of life

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13
Q

At what age are calves weaned?

A

2 months

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14
Q

What is a calf feeder?

A

A concentrated diet for calves

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15
Q

What is weaning?

A

Taking an offspring of milk and transitioning them to their diet for growth and eventually their adult diet (using calf feeder in calves)

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16
Q

Where does a heifer calf end up going?

A

-Usually raised as replacements for farm
-Sold to be raised as a replacement
-Sent to heifer farms to be raised and returned

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17
Q

Lifecycle of a bull calf

A

-Sold for veal under 3 months
-Sold to be raised for beef
-Occasionally kept for breeding

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18
Q

Where does a heifer end up going?

A

-Separated after birth to prevent disease transmission and to monitor food intake
-Slowly combined into larger groups during the first year of life
-First breeding starts at 5 months
-First calving should be at 2 years of age

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19
Q

What is a calf hutch?

A

-Individual run-in sheds with a fenced-in area, giving access to the outside
-Can be made from different materials (typically plastic)

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20
Q

Pros of calf hutches

A

-Excellent for calf health
-Good ventilation
-Decreased disease transmission

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21
Q

Cons of calf hutches

A

-Cannot control environmental conditions
-Can be more labor-intensive for workers

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22
Q

What is a calf barn?

A

-A barn where calves are housed
-Calves are in separate stalls

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23
Q

Pros of calf barn

A

-Controlled environment
-Easier for workers to provide care

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24
Q

Cons of calf barn

A

-Increased risk of disease
-Nose-to-nose contact
-Decreased ventilation

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25
Q

What is done to heifer calves to transition them into heifers?

A

-Moved to pens of a similar sized group starting with 3-5 calves per pen to larger pens around 4-5 months
-Diet is transitioned throughout to meet dietary requirements as they age

26
Q

What is the estrous cycle?

A

The reproductive cycle that the female enters after puberty that continues throughout most of her life

27
Q

What is the estrous cycle controlled by?

A

Hormones from the ovary and the brain

28
Q

How can a pregnancy diagnosis be made?

A

-Rectal palpation
-Transitional ultrasound

29
Q

What is a heifer that has been bred called?

A

A bred heifer

30
Q

How long is a cow’s gestational period?

A

9 months

31
Q

When should a heifer have their first calf?

A

2 years of age

32
Q

What is another name for a heifer who has had their first calf?

A

A first calf heifer

33
Q

What is freshening?

A

When a cow starts producing milk after having a calf

34
Q

What is the action to stop milking a cow called?

A

Dry off

35
Q

What is an open cow?

A

A cow that is not pregnant (normal in the first 2 months post-calving)

36
Q

What is a dry cow?

A

A cow that is not being milked and stops lactating

37
Q

What is a dry period?

A

A rest period that lasts 2 months prior to calving when the pregnant cow is not being milked to have the udder rest and prepare for the next lactation

38
Q

What is lactation?

A

The period of milk production post calving, the optimum is 10 months

39
Q

What is a calving interval?

A

The time from one calf born to the next calf born, optimum time is 12-13 months

40
Q

What is the voluntary waiting period?

A

The period of time after calving before rebreeding, the optimum time is 60 days

41
Q

What are the 3 kinds of operating systems?

A

-Complete system
-Milking operation only
-Heifer farms or heifer raisers

42
Q

What does the complete operating system do?

A

-Perform all aspects of dairy management in one location
-Calf rearing
-Growing food for cows
-Milking

43
Q

What do the milking-only operations do?

A

-Sell all calves and buy replacements
-Do not grow food for cows on property (purchase from other farms)
-Larger with less surrounding land
-Large number of cows

44
Q

What do heifer raiser operations do?

A

-Take in heifer calves from milking operations and raise, breed, and return/sell them prior to calving
-Accept heifers of different ages

45
Q

What requirements does good housing require?

A

-Clean, dry, comfortable resting area
-Easy access to feed
-Easy access to water
-Fresh air movement
-Easy, safe way to get milked 2-3 times per day
-Easy means of restraint for health checks, breeding, and good care

46
Q

What do farmers look for in their housing?

A

-Labor efficient
-Economical
-Safe for workers and cows
-Environmentally friendly

47
Q

What are the 3 types of housing?

A

-Barn (free stall and tie stall)
-Pasture
-Dry Lot

48
Q

What is a free stall barn?

A

-A loose housing system that allows for free movement of cows throughout the barn
-Consists of stalls or beds that the cows can stand or lay in by choice

49
Q

What are the pros of a free stall barn?

A

-Clean, controlled environments for cattle
-Decreased bedding expense compared to indoor housing
-Ease of parlor access
-Lower space requirements
-Lower risk of teat and udder injuries

50
Q

What are the cons of a free stall barn?

A

-High maintenance levels and costs associated with keeping environment clean and dry
-If not well maintained, increased risk for disease

51
Q

What is a pasture?

A

Cows are kept on pasture grazing and only come in to be milked

52
Q

What are the pros of a pasture?

A

-Decreased feed costs
-Good pasture is an adequate form of nutrition
-Cows are free to walk around outside (beneficial to overall health)

53
Q

What are the cons of a pasture?

A

-Less changes in nutrition throughout production cycle
-Harder to monitor cattle who may be showing early signs of disease
-Less control over environment

54
Q

What is a dry lot?

A

An open dirt lot with no vegetation

55
Q

What are the pros of a dry lot?

A

-Cows are free to walk around outside (beneficial to overall health)
-Monitoring is easier compared to pasture

56
Q

What are the cons of a dry lot?

A

-Feed costs are higher compared to pasture
-Less control over environment
-Cattle cooling can be a concern

57
Q

What are the types of bedding for cattle?

A

-Compost
-Geotextile mattress
-Paper
-Sand
-Sawdust and wood shavings
-Straw

58
Q

What are the aspects of compost bedding?

A

-Use of accumulated manure for bedding in a pack barn setting
-Starts with 12-18 inches of sawdust
-Has to be aerated 2x daily
-Dry sawdust needs to be added every 2-5 weeks
-Requires excellent ventilation and management
-Low cost
-May increase risk of infection for mammary glands if not managed well

59
Q

What are the aspects of geotextile mattress bedding?

A

-Used in tie stall or freestall barns
-Waterproof exterior filled with rubber crumbs or foam
-Marketed as no bedding required but additional bedding increases cow comfort
-Cows stay clean and show preference towards mattresses
-May increase lameness incidence

60
Q

What are the aspects of sand bedding?

A

-Low cost
-Improves cow cleanliness
-Low bacterial counts
-Difficult to dispose of
-Cows prefer other bedding options given the choice

61
Q

What are the aspects of sawdust bedding?

A

-Easily broken down when disposed of (organic)
-Decreases low lameness and improved lying time
-Very absorbant
-Increased bacterial growth

62
Q

What do we look for in bedding for cows?

A

-Comfortable for the cow
-Dry
-Nonabrasive
-Cost efficient
-Labor efficient

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