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Intro To AG > Cattle Reproduction > Flashcards

Cattle Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is all livestock production based on?

A

Maximizing the reproductive ability of animals

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2
Q

Why is it important to understand the reproductive cycles of different animals?

A

It increases the frequency of offspring production

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3
Q

How many calves does a dairy cow need to produce to keep lactating?

A

1 calf

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4
Q

What are the requirements for successful pregnancy production?

A

-Selection of superior animals for breeding
-Successful breeding
-Successful contraception
-Successful implantation
-Successful gestation
-Successful parturition

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5
Q

What is the estrous cycle?

A

The reproductive cycle that females enter after puberty continues throughout most of their life

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6
Q

What is the estrous cycle controlled by?

A

Hormones from the ovary and brain

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7
Q

What are the 4 stages of the estrous cycle?

A

-Proestrus
-Estrus
-Metestrus
-Diestrus

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8
Q

What are the types of estrous cycles?

A

-Polyestrus
-Seasonally polyestrous
-Monoestrous

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9
Q

What is estrus?

A

-AKA heat
-Time when a female is receptive to the male and will allow breeding

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10
Q

What do we need to detect that is crucial for successful breeding?

A

When the female is in heat

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11
Q

When should a heifer reach puberty/get their first estrous cycle?

A

1 year of age but can range anywhere from 4-24 months. Should be 30-40% of their mature weight when it comes.

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12
Q

How lomg does the estrous cycle last in cows?

A

21 days

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13
Q

Once a heifer has her first heat, she will go into heat every…

A

21 days`

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14
Q

When will a heifer not go into heat?

A

When they are pregnant or have a certain disease

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15
Q

How long does estrus last?

A

12-18 hours and ends with ovulation

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16
Q

What is ovulation?

A

The release of an egg from the ovary due to a surge in the luteinizing hormone from the brain

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17
Q

What is the optimum time to breed a cow for increased conception?

A

At the later part of estrus/as close as possible to ovulation

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18
Q

The optimum fertility of the ova is…

A

6-12 hours after ovulation

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19
Q

What is the maximum duration of fertilizing ability with sperm in the cow reproductive tract?

A

1.5 to 2 days

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20
Q

What are the 2 ways to breed cattle?

A

-Natural Service
-Artificial Insemination (AI)

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21
Q

What is natural service?

A

-When a farm keeps bulls on the property to breed cows when they are in heat
-Generally stay in the pen or pasture
-Most farms don’t have many bulls on site
-More popular with beef cattle

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22
Q

What are the advantages of natural service?

A

-High pregnancy rates
-No special skills are required by the farmer

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23
Q

What are the disadvantages of natural service?

A

-Increased cost for bull maintenance
-Risk of disease transmission and injury
-Bull libido is a factor

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24
Q

What is artificial insemination?

A

-Semen is deposited into the uterus of the cow by a farmer or by a breeding service
-Preferred route by over 50% of dairies

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25
Q

When should artificial insemination be done?

A

Within 4-16 hours of observed estrus

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26
Q

What are the advantages of AI?

A

-Increased genetic field: selection of semen from multiple bulls
-Safer for the cow: decreased risk of disease transmission
-More accurate dry off state
-Lower cost

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27
Q

What are the disadvantages of AI?

A

-More labor-intensive
-Decreased pregnancy rates

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28
Q

How are bulls selected for AI?

A

-Young bulls are selected based on pedigree
-Receive a breeding soundness exam to determine the overall health of the bull and his semen

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29
Q

What does a breeding soundness exam look for?

A

-Free of genetic defects
-Shape and mobility of sperm

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30
Q

The bull is a bred to a limited…

A

Number of cows

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31
Q

All of the bull’s daughter’s are…

A

Evaluated

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32
Q

Bull semen can also be sold by…

A

Mixing it with an extender and freezing it in individual straws

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33
Q

What is extender?

A

A fluid that contains nutrients to keep sperm alive and healthy

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34
Q

What are some of the signs that a cow is in heat?

A

-Increased activity
-Increased vocalization
-Vulva swelling, reddening, mucus discharge
-Mounting other cows
-Decreased feed intake
-Decreased milk yeild

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35
Q

What is the #1 sign that a cow is in heat?

A

She is standing to be mounted

36
Q

How can you tell a cow has standed to be mounted?

A

-Rubbed tailhead
-Dirty flank

37
Q

What is the best way to observe if a cow is in heat and why is it risky?

A

-Observe the herd for 30 mins. at least 2x a day
-Time consuming
-Risk of missing a cow when she is in estrus and susceptible to breeding

38
Q

What skill is necessary to have to be effective at getting cows bred both artificially and naturally?

A

To detect when a cow is in heat

39
Q

What is a heat detection aid?

A

Tools that help reveal when a cow is standing to be mounted or is standing in heat

40
Q

What are some heat detection aids?

A

-Breeding indicator
-Tail marker
-Electronic mounting markers
-Pedometers (increased activity)

41
Q

What is estrus synchronization?

A

-Manipulating the cow’s estrus cycle to make cows come in heat together over a short period of time for insemination
-Can be used to bring a large group of cows into heat at the same time

42
Q

What is timed breeding?

A

-Both the onset of estrous and ovulation are induced
-Allows for insemination at a specific time without heat detection

43
Q

What is the synchronization protocol?

A

-Utilization of hormones to control the timing of heat and ovulation

44
Q

What are the benefits of the synchronization protocol?

A

-Can improve the efficacy and efficiency of the breeding program
-Reduces variation in calving intervals
-Reduces involuntary culling secondary to difficult breeding
-Concentrate labor for breeding at specific times

45
Q

What is involuntary culling?

A

The involuntary segregation of organisms based off of characteristics

46
Q

What does GnRH stand for?

A

Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone

47
Q

What does GnRH do when injected?

A

Causes ovulation or resets the cycle for ovulation for synchronization purposes

48
Q

GnRH is naturally produced by…

A

The hypothalamus

49
Q

GnRH is normally used in combination with…

A

Prostaglandin

50
Q

What are some commercial products of GnRH?

A

-Cystorelin
-Fertagyl

51
Q

Progesterone is produced naturally by…

A

The ovary between days 5-16 of the estrous cycle

52
Q

Progesterone prevents…

A

Heat and ovulation

53
Q

Progesterone maintains…

A

Pregnancy

54
Q

What are some commercial products of progesterone?

A

-CIDR insert device (controlled by drug release)
-NGA in feed for beef cattle

55
Q

What is Ovsynch?

A

A series of injections of GnRH and prostaglandin for synchronization protocol

56
Q

How is Ovysynch done?

A

-Day 0: GnRH injection
-Day 7: Prostaglandin injection
-48-56 hours later: 2nd prostaglandin injection
-A.I. 12-18 hrs. after 2nd GnRH

57
Q

What are additional reproductive options?

A

-In-vitro fertilization
-Cloning
-Embryo transfer

58
Q

What is embryo transfer focused on?

A

Increasing the number of cows produced by valuable cows

59
Q

What is the ideal donor female for embryo transfer?

A

-Regular estrus cycle that begins at a young age
-Routinely conceives with no more than 2 inseminations
-Maintains a 14-month or less calving interval
-Calves w/o difficulty
-Free of reproductive abnormalities and disease
-No conformational or known genetic defects

60
Q

What is the embryo transfer procedure?

A

-A valuable donor cow undergoes a hormone regimen to be superovulated
-Cow is AI’ed by a valuable sire
-Several days later, the cow’s uterus is flushed and the embryos are collected
-Eggs are examined microscopically to determine which are fertilized
-Embryos are implanted into recipient heifers or frozen in liquid nitrogen and sold

61
Q

What is superovulation?

A

Many eggs developing at once

62
Q

What is the in-vitro fertilization procedure?

A

-Sexed frozen semen or reversed sorted semen can be used for fertilization
-EMbryos develop in an incubator for 7 days before being placed into a recipient
-Embryos may be frozen

63
Q

What is the pregnancy rate of in-vitro fertilization?

A

45-45%

64
Q

What is in-vitro fertilization focused on?

A

Producing embryos by collecting eggs directly from the ovaries and fertilizing them in a petri dish

65
Q

What is cloning?

A

The production of an identical copy of an individual genetically

66
Q

How is an animal cloned?

A

Splitting an animal to produce 2 identical twins

67
Q

Who is cloning available for?

A

Commercially available for animal production

68
Q

What is the average gestation period in a cow?

A

280 days/ 9 months

69
Q

How is pregnancy detected in a cow?

A

-Rectal palpitation at 35 days after breeding
-Transrectal ultrasound 28 days after breeding

70
Q

What is a herd check?

A

A transrectal ultrasound that allows for the diagnosis of pregnancy in dairy cows as well as checking overall reproductive health by checking the uterus and ovaries

71
Q

What does a transrectal ultrasound detect?

A

-A fetus and its viability
-Determining where a cow is in her estrous cycle

72
Q

Fetal sexing can be done at…

A

55-70 days

73
Q

A transrectal ultrasound gives early detection of…

A

-Abortion
-Pyometra
-Ovarian abnormalities that prevent pregnancy
-Twins

74
Q

What is pyometra?

A

Uterine infection

75
Q

What is a freemartian?

A

Where a heifer is born as a twin to a bull, they both have a 90% chance of being sterile

76
Q

What is freshening?

A

When a dairy cow gives birth

77
Q

What are the 3 stages of labor?

A

-Prep stage
-Expulsion of the fetus
-Expulsion of the placenta

78
Q

What happens during the prep stage?

A

-Increased restless behavior (kicking belly, straining, decreased interest in food)
-Cow is moved into a pen by herself (calving pen)
-Cervix begins to dilate, fetus moves into position
-Contractions start
-Ends with the fetus entering the birth canal

79
Q

What happens during calf expulsion?

A

-Delivery of calf should take 30-90 mins

80
Q

What happens when the placenta is expelled?

A

-May take 6-12 hours in cows
-Cow should be monitored
-After 24 hours, if the placenta has not been expelled then it is considered retained

81
Q

What is dystocia?

A

Difficulty calving

82
Q

Why is dystocia important in cattle parturition?

A

-Leading cause of calf death during or after birth-
-Can cause trauma or infection in the cow
-Can increase calving intervals

83
Q

What are the main causes of dystocia?

A

-Fetal-maternal size mismatch
-Fetal malpresentation
-Dam related issues (uterine torsion)

84
Q

How is a fetal-maternal size mismatch treated?

A

C-section

85
Q

How is a fetal malposition treated?

A

-Manual repositioning of the fetus
-C-section

86
Q

How is uterine torsion treated?

A

-Rolling the cow
-Rolling the uterus

87
Q

What are the signs of a healthy reproduction?

A

-A healthy calf entering the production cycle
-A healthy cow entering lactation

Intro To AG (14 decks)

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