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Animal Production 3 > Dairy 2 > Flashcards

Dairy 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Life cycle of a dairy cow

A
  1. Lactating cows
  2. Dry cows
  3. Calving
  4. Calves- replacement heifers and bulls
  5. Bulls mostly go into beef, some used for breeding
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2
Q

Calving age

A

22-24mths old

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3
Q

Breeding age

A

~60 days in milk (means since calving)

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4
Q

Lactation timing

A

~60 days before calving (300-360 DIM)

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5
Q

Dry period

A

~60 days

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6
Q

Lactation and body reserves

A

-body reserves drop off during early lactation
-body reserves regained at late lactation

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7
Q

BCS

A

-determines fat, protein reserve
-helps with deciding about nutrition, reproduction readiness, post-partum disease, milk production

**if BCS<2, need to do something

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8
Q

Housing during lactation

A
  1. Free stalls
  2. Tie stalls
  3. Pasture
  4. Bedding packs
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9
Q

Free stalls

A

-most common system
-N. America and Europe
-allows animals to move around freely; feces hopefully come out back end

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10
Q

Tie-stalls/ Stanchian Barns

A

-welfare concerns, becoming unpopular with producers because animals are tied up all the time

-sometimes have cow trainers (electric shock) to make cows back up and pass feces outside stall

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11
Q

Pasture housing

A

-New Zealand
-warmer weather
-low overhead costs; but lower milk production

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12
Q

Bedding packs

A

-low initial cost, high maintenance
-cleaning is an issue because there is no regulation about where their manure is

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13
Q

Milk machine musts

A
  1. minimize trauma to mammary tissue
  2. minimize pathogen spread between animals

**vacuum with pulsation to prevent damage

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14
Q

Milking systems

A
  1. Milk in parlour
  2. Milk in stalls in tie stalls. Cow does not move
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15
Q

Parlour types

A
  1. Static facilities (eg. herringbone parlours)
  2. Rotary/carousal facilities
  3. Robotic milkers
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16
Q

Number of dairy milkings

A

-Cows will choose to be milked 3x a day. Will see a 10-15% increase in milk production

17
Q

Milk storage

A

1.Bulk tank: <4C

2.Pickup every other day in SK
-each pickup tested: antimicrobials, water, other contaminants

**there can be more frequent milkings on larger facilities… milk directly onto truck

18
Q

What is occurring during dry period?

A

-prepare for parturition
-cell turnover in mammary gland
-colostrum production

19
Q

Length of dry period

A

Typically 60 days

20
Q

Shorter dry periods research

A

-due to high milk production
-increased milk production in lactation before dry period
-no demonstrated adverse effects if more than 40 days

21
Q

Issues with drying cows off

A

-stopping milking
-cows may still have high production

22
Q

Issues with abruptly drying cows off

A

-stop milking immediately
-results in discomfort issues but has less risk of mastitis

23
Q

Issues with gradually drying cows off

A

-less discomfort
-increased risk of mastitis because gives more time for the bacteria to adhere to udder

24
Q

Feed and water during drying cows off

A

-Feed: do not remove feed and do not make extreme changes
*used to be done to dry off

-Water: should always be available. Do not restrict water intake
*used to be done to dry off

25
Q

Herd composition

A

-youngest heifers on farm should have best genetics
-culling rate should be around 30%; heifer mortality should be around 8%
*low cull rate=more older cows=more efficient herd

High cow culling rate + high heifer mortality= insufficient supply

26
Q

Fate of bulls

A

-Rarely for breeding
*too dangerous
-more commonly used for beef
*cross breeding=better beef quality

27
Q

Common cross-breeding practice

A

-best heifers and cows reproduced with sexed Holstein semen= holstein heifer born

-lower genetic individuals bred with beef semen so they do better in feedlots
eg. Angus, Speckle Park, Shorthorn, Wagyu

28
Q

Economics of dairy farming

A

-gross income: $86.41/hl milk sold
-Production costs: $83.24/hl milk sold
-Avg cow: 97hl/year
-Avg farm: $52,000/yr for 170 cows

Top1/3 of farms: $1409 ($240,000)
Bottom 1/3 of farms: $-677 ($-115,100)

29
Q

Typical dairy investments

A

-Building and equipment: $15,243/cow

-Livestock: $3437/cow

-Land and supples: $1020/cow

TOTAL: $19,700/cow

Debt: 32%

Equity: 68%

30
Q

Least cost vs. max margin

A

Cutting costs often decrease efficiency
-efficiency to maximize margin (return in profit over costs)

31
Q

Dairy ownership

A

Most commonly Family corporations= larger herds

-Sole proprietorship= smaller herds

32
Q

Modern dairy data collection

A

-tracts production, cow parameters, precision farming systems

33
Q

Lactanet

A

dairy recording system in Canada

34
Q

Rules for record keeping

A

-useful
-readily converted information
-simple
-avoid duplication
-take action on records

Animal Production 3 (22 decks)

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