D2.2 - Gene expression (HL) Flashcards

1
Q

What direction does RNA polymerase synthesize RNA?

A

RNA polymerase synthesizes RNA in the 5’ to 3’ direction.

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2
Q

What is the purpose of the 3’ polyadenylation?

A

3’ polyadenylation adds a poly-A tail to mRNA, protecting it from degradation and enhancing translation efficiency.

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3
Q

What role do nucleosomes play in transcription regulation?

A

Nucleosomes can prevent RNA polymerase from accessing DNA, silencing genes.

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4
Q

What is mRNA splicing?

A

mRNA splicing is the process of removing introns and joining exons in the mRNA.

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5
Q

What is the role of DNA methylation in gene expression?

A

DNA methylation involves adding methyl groups to cytosine bases, typically resulting in gene silencing.

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6
Q

What are transcription factors?

A

Transcription factors are proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences to enhance or repress transcription.

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7
Q

How does RNA polymerase read the DNA template?

A

RNA polymerase reads the DNA template strand in the 3’ to 5’ direction.

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8
Q

What is genomic imprinting?

A

Genomic imprinting is the phenomenon where certain epigenetic tags are retained in gametes, leading to phenotypic differences.

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9
Q

How can environmental factors influence gene expression?

A

Environmental factors like diet, stress, and toxins can affect gene expression through mechanisms like epigenetics.

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10
Q

What is 5’ capping in mRNA processing?

A

5’ capping involves adding a modified guanine nucleotide to the 5’ end of mRNA to protect it from degradation and assist in translation.

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11
Q

What is the function of promoters in gene expression?

A

Promoters are DNA sequences that serve as binding sites for RNA polymerase and transcription factors.

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12
Q

What is the significance of alternative splicing?

A

Alternative splicing increases protein diversity by allowing different combinations of exons in the final mRNA.

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13
Q

What is the transcriptome?

A

The transcriptome is the full set of RNA transcripts produced by the genome at any given time.

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14
Q

What is the proteome?

A

The proteome is the entire set of proteins produced by a cell, tissue, or organism at a given time.

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15
Q

What is the impact of hormones on gene expression?

A

Hormones regulate gene expression by binding to receptors and affecting transcription within the nucleus.

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16
Q

What is transcription in gene expression?

A

Transcription is the process by which DNA is copied into RNA, forming the first step in gene expression.

17
Q

How do biochemicals like lactose affect gene expression in bacteria?

A

Biochemicals like lactose activate gene expression by altering the binding of repressor proteins to the operon.