C1.1 - Enzymes and Metabolism

Question 1

What is the active site of an enzyme?

Answer 1

A specific region where substrates bind and undergo catalysis.

Question 2

What is the relationship between substrate concentration and reaction rate?

Answer 2

Reaction rate increases with substrate concentration until it reaches maximum velocity ($V_{max}$) when all active sites are saturated.

Question 3

What is enzyme denaturation?

Answer 3

The process by which enzymes lose their three-dimensional structure and function.

Question 4

What are the advantages of lactose-free milk?

Answer 4

1. Digestibility for lactose intolerant individuals 2. Sweeter taste 3. Retains nutritional value.

Question 5

What are the advantages of using immobilized enzymes in industry?

Answer 5

1. Reusability 2. Stability 3. Continuous operation 4. Product purity.

Question 6

What materials are needed to investigate the effect of pH on enzyme activity?

Answer 6

Enzyme solution, substrate solution, buffer solutions, stopwatch, gas collection apparatus.

Question 7

What are enzymes?

Answer 7

Biological catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions in living organisms.

Question 8

What is the Induced Fit Model?

Answer 8

A model proposing that the active site changes shape upon substrate binding to enhance fit.

Question 9

What is the Lock and Key Model?

Answer 9

An older model suggesting that the active site and substrate fit together perfectly.

Question 10

What are immobilized enzymes?

Answer 10

Enzymes that are confined in a specific region while retaining their catalytic activity.

Question 11

What is the procedure to investigate substrate concentration effect?

Answer 11

1. Prepare a range of substrate concentrations 2. Add fixed enzyme amount 3. Measure initial reaction rate.

Question 12

How does temperature affect enzyme activity?

Answer 12

Enzyme activity increases with temperature up to an optimal point, beyond which it decreases due to denaturation.

Question 13

What factors can cause enzyme denaturation?

Answer 13

Extreme temperatures, extreme pH, certain chemicals, and physical factors.

Question 14

What are the steps in enzyme catalysis?

Answer 14

1. Substrate binding 2. Formation of enzyme-substrate complex 3. Catalysis 4. Product release 5. Enzyme regeneration.

Question 15

What should be considered when designing experiments to test enzyme activity?

Answer 15

1. Control variables 2. Range of values 3. Replication 4. Measurement of activity.

Question 16

What is the process for producing lactose-free milk?

Answer 16

1. Pasteurize milk 2. Add lactase enzyme 3. Incubate 4. Ultra-pasteurize.