D1.3 Mutations and genetic modification

Question 1

What are the three types of mutation?

Answer 1

substitution, insertion, deletion

Question 2

What are the 3 effects of substitution mutation in coding regions of the DNA?

Answer 2

-same-sense - doesn’t change amino acid
-nonsense - causes a stop codon to replace amino acid
-mis-sense - causes a different amino acid to be made

Question 3

What are SNPs?

Answer 3

single nucleotide polymorphism

Question 4

What are the 2 causes of mutation (change in base sequence)?

Answer 4

-errors in replication
-mutagens (chemicals , radiation)

Question 5

Where does new alleles arise from?

Answer 5

mutations

Question 6

What is mutation?

Answer 6

change in base sequence of DNA

Question 7

What are basic characteristics of mutations?

Answer 7

-they are random
-can occur anywhere in the genome
-most mutations are not passed to the offspring

Question 8

Which cells can pass the mutation to the offspring?

Answer 8

germ cells-when the mutation occurs in one of the germ cells

Question 9

What are homologous chromosomes?

Answer 9

have the same gene in the same location, but may or may not have different allele (version of a gene)

Question 10

What is Open Reading Frame (ORF)?

Answer 10

characteristic base sequences that help identify the beginning of a gene and where is located

Question 11

What is Gene knockout?

Answer 11

technique used to determine the function of a gene

Question 12

How gene knockout work?

Answer 12

we remove one copy of a gene from embryo produce organisms with this gene and completely without and then compare to find the function of a gene

Question 13

What are conserved sequences?

Answer 13

sequences that are identical across a species or group of species

Question 14

What are highly conserved sequences?

Answer 14

sequences that are the same for very long time and are for wide range of species