Cytology Flashcards
Increase in size of an organ or in a select area of tissue
Hypertrophy
Abnormal increase in the number of cells (increase in mitosis)
Hyperplasia
The pathological process that results in the formation and growth of a tumor
Neoplasia
A tumor that can be benign or malignant
Neoplasm
The change in the type of adult cells in a tissue to a form that is abnormal for that tissue
Metaplasia
Abnormality of development; alteration in size, shape, and organization of adult cells (non-cancerous)
Dysplasia
Cancer cells that divide rapidly and bear little or no resemblance to normal cells
Anaplasia
Microscopic appearance of nuclear chromatin, the coarser the chromatin, the greater the chance of malignancy
Chromatin pattern
This sample collection technique is used to determine the stage of estrous in breeding females, evaluate uterine and vaginal dz, ear cytology, and fistulous tract (tube-like passages)
Swab
When staning and viewing a swab sample, you should use which stain and view on what power?
Diffquick
100x
This sample collection technique uses a scalpel blade with mineral oil to scrape a certain area of skin.
Skin scrape
An advantage to the skin scrape technique is? Disadvantage?
It collects many cells;
Only collects superficial cells from inflammation
When viewing a skin scrape sample, it should be stained in _______ and viewed at what power?
diffquick
40/100x
This type of slide is made from lesions and tissues removed during necropsy or surgery and is easy to collect, but only obtains a few cells
Touch imprint
This technique uses 4 slides
Tzanch
This technique is performed on masses of the lymph nodes, nodular lesions, and internal organs at several areas and depths of the mass
It’s good for cutaneous lesions, but only collects a few cells
FNA (fine needle aspirate)
2 collection methods for a FNA
Aspiration and non-aspiration
Non-aspiration is AKA
capillary/stab technique
This technique is similar to a blood smear
Linear/Line prep
This technique involves dragging the needle tip through the sample at various lengths and directions
Starfish
This technique involves using a second slide perpendicular OR parallel to the sample slide and pulling it smoothly over the sample
Compression (Squash)
This technique is similar to the compression prep except when placing the 2nd slide parallel to the sample slide, you place it perpendicular and rotate the slide 45 degrees
Modified Compression
This technique allows you to evaluate cells more thoroughly
Middle = highly concentrated with cells, 1/3 is prepared using squash, 1/3 is prepared using linear
Combination
Site is clipped, not scrubbed, clean with alcohol
Can be used to sample almost any tissue
Tissue Biopsy
2 methods of tissue biopsy
Wedge and punch
Tissue biopsy sample is obtained with a scalpel blade
Used for solitary lesions
Wedge
Tissue biopsy sample is obtained with a punch tool
Quick and easy to do
Punch
Most common type of punch biopsy
Keyes
Biopsy samples should be placed in _________ within one minute of obtaining and should be allowed to preserve for ___ hrs
formalin; 24
You should not ________ a tissue sample
freeze
Introduction of a needle into a body cavity or organ to remove fluid
Centesis
Done in the peritoneal cavity
Abdominocentesis/parecentesis
Done in the thoracic/pleural cavity
Thoracocentesis
Done in the bladder
Cystocentesis
To obtain CSF
CSF tap
Taken from within a joint space
Arthrocentesis
To obtain aqueous or vitreous humor
Eye centesis
Cytological evaluation of mucus samples obtained from the trachea, bronchi, or bronchioles to assist with diagnosing pulmonary disease
Transtracheal/Bronchial wash
3 techniques to a transtracheal/bronchial wash
- Percutaneous
- orotracheal
- bronchoalveolar
Area is injected with lidocaine, jugular catheter is placed in the trachea and flushed with saline, when the animal coughs retract plunger and collect sample
Percutaneous
Requires light anesthesia and placement of an endotracheal tube
Urinary/jugular catheter is placed through endotracheal tube and flushed with saline. Animal may not cough, so the sample should be collected after a few seconds
Orotracheal
Bronchoscope is needed and samples are collected to assess lower respiratory tract
Bronchoalveolar
Remember to collect ___ fluid expelled when an animal coughs and put into a red top tube
ALL
This aids in the diagnosis of upper airway diseases
Normal saline is infused into the nasal cavity using a syringe and tubing; sample is aspirated
Helps diagnose inflammation secondary to sepsis, fungi, yeast, and neoplasm
Nasal flush
A fluid that is colorless, low specific gravity, low protein, little to no RBCs, 95-100% lymphocytes
CSF
A fluid that is colorless to straw yellow, transparent to slightly cloudy, odorless, and low TP
Peritoneal fluid
A fluid that is due to a ruptured mass where blood leaks into the peritoneal cavity
Hemoabdomen
A fluid that is pulled in a thoracocentesis. It is milky white and contains a large amount of fats and some lymphocytes
Chylous effusion
Viscosity should be observed by performing a mucin clot test
Should be thick
Synovial fluid
Large amounts of mucus are found in this fluid
Tracheal wash
How many slides should be made from a fluid sample?
Multiple
Fluid samples should be placed in
EDTA tubes
All fluid placed on slide should remain on slide and not spread off the edge
Edge of Cliff syndrome
The preferred fixative for cytological evaluation
95% methanol
2 general types of stains used for cytology
- Romanowsky
2. New Methyelene blue
3 Romanowsky stains
- Diff Quick!!!!
- Giemsa
- Wright’s
Used as an adjunct to Romanowsky stain
NMB
These are inexpensive, readily available, easy to prepare, maintain, and use
Romanowsky stain
Bone marrow and lymph node samples should set in Diff quik for how long?
1-2 minutes
This stain stains the cytoplasm weakly but gives excellent nucleolar details
Used for nucleated cells, most infectious agents, platelets, bacteria, fungi, yeast, and mast cell granules
NMB
Detects the presence of bacteria
Gram stain
Gram negative
red/pink stain
Gram positive
purple
Used for histological evaluations
Hematoxin/Eosin stain
Commonly used with human gynecological exams because it provides good nuclear detail
Papanicolaou stain
Made by placing a drop of immersion oil on the specimen, followed by a coverslip
Temporary mount
Made with commercially available cover slip mounting glue
Permanent mount
