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Clin Lab III > Abdominal and Thoracic Fluid Effusions > Flashcards

Abdominal and Thoracic Fluid Effusions Flashcards

1
Q

The escape of fluid into a body part that is not a dz, but rather an indication of a pathologic process in fluid production or removal

A

Effusion

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2
Q

Fluid accumulation in the chest cavity

A

Pleural effusion

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3
Q

Fluid accumulation in the abdominal cavity

A

Abdominal effusion

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4
Q

Which effusion is most common in cats?

A

Pleural effusion

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5
Q

Which effusion is more common in dogs?

A

Abdominal effusion

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6
Q

A thoracocentesis is performed when an animal has a _______ effusion

A

pleural

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7
Q

3 items needed to do a thoracocentesis

A
  1. 18-20 OTN catheter
  2. 3 way stopcock
  3. tubing
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8
Q

To perform a TNCC, TP, and cytological evaluation, samples should be put in these tubes

A

Purple top tube

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9
Q

To perform biochemical analysis of chlesterol or triglycerides, samples should be put in these tubes

A

Red top tube

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10
Q

To perform a microbiological cultures, samples should be put in

A

culture tubes

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11
Q

Performed for abdominal effusions

A

Abdominocentesis

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12
Q

To perform an abdominocentesis, the puncture should be done

A

1-2 cm caudal to the umbillicus

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13
Q

To prepare a slide for a non-turbid fluid specimen, it should be centrifuged for _ minutes

A

5 minutes

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14
Q

A low cellular fluid can be on a slide prepared as a

A

linear smear

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15
Q

Opaque fluids can be on a slide prepared as a

A

direct smear

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16
Q

When sending slides to a lab you should send 2 slides:

A

Stained and unstained

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17
Q

Transperancy of Normal Fluid

A

Clear to slightly turbid

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18
Q

Color of Normal Fluid

A

Colorless/straw yellow

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19
Q

TP of Normal Fluid

A

<2.5 g/dl

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20
Q

SG of Normal Fluid

A

<1.015

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21
Q

TNCC of Normal Fluid

A

2000-6000/uL

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22
Q

Predominate WBC seen in effusions

A

Neutrophils

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23
Q

These cells are seen in effusions and are large cells, found in clusters

A

Mesothelial cells

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24
Q

These cells seen in effusions have an oval to bean shaped nucleus, with lacy chromatin, vacuoles in cytoplasm, may be confused with Mesothelial cells

A

Macrophages

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25
Q

These cells are seen in chylous effusions and lymphosarcoma effusions

A

Lymphocytes

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26
Q

Bigger than normal lymphocytes and are seem with inflammation

A

Reactive lymphocytes

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27
Q

These cells are found secondary to mast cell tumors, heartworms, and allergic reactions
Rod like granules

A

Eosionphils

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28
Q

These cells are seen with mast cell tumors and various inflammatory disorders with red/purple granules

A

Mast cells

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29
Q

These cells are seen secondary to hemorrhage or contamination

A

Erythrocytes

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30
Q

These cells are seen with Epithelial cells, discrete round cells, and spindle cell tumors

A

Neoplastic cells

31
Q

This stains clear and look like a Y shape in the center

A

Glove powder

32
Q

Baby heartworm

A

microfilaria

33
Q

These are smudge cells AKA ruptured nucleated cells

A

Basket cells

34
Q

These type of fluids are of non-inflammatory origin

Referred to ascites

A

Transudates

35
Q

Transudates can be due to 4 things

A

hypoalbuminemia, uroperitoneum, CHF, and neoplasia

36
Q

Will transudates clot?

A

No

37
Q

The predominate cells in transudates

A

mesothelial

38
Q

These type of fluids occur as a result of fluid leaking from the lymphatic system, ^ in hydrostatic pressure or permeability

A

Modified Transudates

39
Q

What are 2 main causes of modified transudates?

A

FIP and chylous effusions

40
Q

Is coagulation possible with Modified Transudates?

A

It’s possible

41
Q

The predominate cells in Modified Trasnudates

A

Lymphocytes

42
Q

Occur due to inflammation

A

Exudates

43
Q

The predominate cells found in exudates

A

Degenerative neutrophils

44
Q

3 reasons for exudates

A
  1. inflammation
  2. infection
  3. necrosis
45
Q

When placed in a red top tube, exudates will

A

clot

46
Q

Inflammation of the peritoneal cavity

A

Peritonitis

47
Q

Inflammation of the pleural cavity

A

pleuritis

48
Q

Main cause of pleuritis/peritonitis

A

Bacterial infections

49
Q

A gram + bacteria that causes pleuritis, systemic infections, and abscesses

A

Actinomyces spp.

50
Q

Gram + soil saprophyte that causes pyogranulomatous pleurisy and pneumonia leading to effusion

A

Nozardia spp.

51
Q

Anaerobic gram - bacteria that is normal flora in the mouth and is a causative agent for infected dog or cat bite wounds

A

Fusobacterium spp.

52
Q

Occurs in cats of all ages and types, even large cat species

Fluid accumulates in the thorax and abdomen

A

FIP

53
Q

The causative agent for FIP

A

Coronavirus

54
Q

Mortality rate for FIP

A

100%

55
Q

2 forms of FIP

A

Wet and Dry

56
Q

This form of FIP you will see peritoneal or pleural effusions

A

Wet

57
Q

This form of FIP will have pyogranulomatous inflammation with neutrophils and large numbers of macrophages
C/S develop more slowly

A

Dry

58
Q

This can cause transudate, modified transudate, or exudate

Urine in the abdomen

A

Uroperitoneum

59
Q

Uroperitoneum is caused by

A

ruptured bladder, urethra, and ureters

60
Q

Two tests used to measure levels of fluid with a uroperitoneum

A

BUN and CREA

61
Q

Sometimes present with uroperitoneum

A

crystals

62
Q

Can cause transudate, mod. transudate, or exudate

The fluid can be yellow to milky white

A

Cardiovascular Dz

63
Q

2 things to perform to diagnose with Cardiovascular Dz

A

Radiograph or EKG

64
Q

Common secondary to right sided heart failure

A

Ascites

65
Q

Contain chyle from the intestines after ingestion of food containing lipids
Modified transudate

A

Chylous effusion

66
Q

Predominant cells with chylous effusion

A

neutrophils and macrophages

67
Q

Chylous effusions will have ____ fat and ____ triglyceride content, which accounts for the milky white color

A

high, high

68
Q

Chylous effusions usually occur due to

A

<3 dz or lymphoma

69
Q

Rare cause of a chylous effusion

A

Ruptured thoracic duct

70
Q

Modified transudate that does NOT contain chyle

A

Pseudochylous effusion

71
Q

With a pseudochylous effusion, the white color is caused by

A

cellular debris

72
Q

Not common in veterinary medicine

A

Pseudochylous effusion

73
Q

Pseudochylous effusion is usually secondary to

A

<3 dz

Clin Lab III (6 decks)

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