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Micro/Immuno Unit III > Cytokines > Flashcards

Cytokines Flashcards

1
Q

proteins secreted by cells that mediate the functions of the immune system

A

cytokines

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2
Q

cytokines are ____ proteins/glycoproteins, they regulate the ___ and ____ of the immune response, and they are necessary for _____

A

soluble; intensity; duration; leukocyte activation

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3
Q

cellular sources of cytokines

A
  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes/macrophages
  • all cells of innate immunity
  • all cells of adaptive immunity
  • endothelial/epithelial cells
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4
Q

cytokines that attract cells

A

chemokines

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5
Q

cytokine secretion is ____ and ____

A

brief; self-limited

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6
Q

cytokine action is ____ and ____

A

pleitropic; redundant

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7
Q

cytokines ____ eachother and can act ____ and ____

A

influence; locally; systemically

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8
Q

cytokines initiate their actions by:

A

binding to specific membrane-bound receptors

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9
Q

cytokine receptor ligation leads to ____ which alters ____

A

gene expression; cellular function

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10
Q

3 signaling types of cytokines

A

autocrine, paracrine, endocrine

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11
Q

example of autocrine signaling

A

IL-2 is needed for T cells to start proliferating; when T cells are activated, they make IL-2

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12
Q

most cytokines do ____ signaling, in which one cell produces cytokine, and then cytokine acts on neighboring cells

A

paracrine

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13
Q

all ____ and some cytokines, for example, ____, are capable of doing endocrine signaling, in which cytokine is released into bloodstream

A

chemokines; TNFalpha

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14
Q

cytokines primarily involved in innate immunity typically impact ____

A

inflammation

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15
Q

proinflammatory cytokines

A 
TNFalpha
IL-1alpha/beta
IL-6
IL-12
IFN
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16
Q

anti-inflammatory cytokines

A

IL-10

TGF-beta

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17
Q

The principal mediator of the acute inflammatory response to Gram-negative bacteria (as well as other infectious microbes), endotoxic shock, and chronic inflammatory conditions

A

TNF-alpha

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18
Q

primary cellular sources of TNF-alpha

A

monocytes, macrophages, NK cells, some dendritic cells, and T cells

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19
Q

TNF-alpha stimulates recruitment of ? to site of infection

A

neutrophils, monocytes, and activated T cells

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20
Q

TNF-alpha activates ____ first and then increases the expression of ____ and ____; TNF-alpha then increases the expression of integrin ligands, _____

A

leukocytes; E-selectin and P-selectin; VCAM-1 and ICAM-1

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21
Q

____ concentrations of TNF-alpha in blood plasma can be beneficial

A

low (approx 1 nM)

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22
Q

moderate concentrations (10-50 nM) of TNF-alpha in blood plasma can have ____ effects, but they are often ____

A

systemic; beneficial

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23
Q

___ concentrations of TNF-alpha in blood is bad

A

high (>100 nM)

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24
Q

primary producers of IL-1

A

mononuclear phagocytes (i.e. monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells) and neutrophils

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25
Q

IL-6 primarily produced by ___ and ____

A

macrophages; T cells

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26
Q

IL-6 is primarily involved in the induction of the _____

A

acute phase response

27
Q

IL-6 acts on ____ to induce synthesis of acute phase proteins such as ____ and ____ that bind to bacteria and act as opsonins

A

hepatocytes; CRP (C-reactive protein); MBP (mannose binding protein)

28
Q

CRP and MBP activate the _____

A

complement cascade

29
Q

TNF-alpha induces these cytokines, stimulating the immune response and affecting the brain, and leading to sickness behavior

A

IL-1 and IL-6

30
Q

Primary mediator of innate immune response to intracellular pathogens

A

IL-12

31
Q

IL-12 is important for the generation of ____ immune response that would be appropriate for intracellular pathogens, i.e. ______

A

adaptive; T helper cell type 1 (Th1) immunity

32
Q

IL-12 induces the production of ____, which is what ACTUALLY activates _____

A

IFN-gamma; macrophages

33
Q

IFN-gamma can be produced by:

A

NK cells, T helper cells, and cytotoxic T cells

34
Q

____ is what causes macrophages to kill a phagocytosed pathogen

A

IFN-gamma

35
Q

cytokines involved with Th1 type immunity

A

IFN-gamma (and IL-2)

36
Q

cytokines involved with Th2 type immunity

A

IL-4, 5, and 13 (and IL-2)

37
Q

needed for growth, survival, and differentiation of T cells (needed for BOTH T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells).

A

IL-2

38
Q

____ is IL-2 dependent

A

clonal expansion

39
Q

IL-2 is produced by ____

A

T helper cells (CD4+ T cells)

40
Q

adaptive immunity most effective against intracellular pathogen

A

Th1 immunity

41
Q

Th1 immunity involves ____, ____, and _____

A

macrophages; cytotoxic T cells; IFN-gamma (also IL-2)

42
Q

adaptive immunity most effective against extracellular pathogens (parasites)

A

Th2 immunity

43
Q

Th2 immunity involves antibodies produced by ____, ____, and _____

A

B cells; mast cells; eosinophils

44
Q

Th2 immunity involves ___, ___, and ____

A

IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 (and IL-2)

45
Q

____ drives Th2 immune response and is also a produce of Th2 immunity

A

IL-4

46
Q

destruction of Th1 immunity causes ____ and destruction of Th2 immunity causes ____

A

autoimmune diseases; allergies

47
Q

additional functions of IFN-gamma

A
  • enhance microbicidal activity
  • increase production of opsonizing antibodies
  • increase Ag presentation so cytotoxic T cells can kill intracellular pathogens
48
Q

can induce naïve Th cells to differentiate into Th2 cells (i.e., Th cells that will produce more IL-4 or IL-13 or IL-5)

A

IL-4

49
Q

IL-4 is primary stimulus for Ig class switching to ____

A

IgE

50
Q

Very similar to IL-4 (both functionally and structurally).

Primary job is to help induce Ig isotype switching to IgE.

A

IL-13

51
Q

IL-13 can stimulate mucous production in ___ and ____; can facilitate inflammation by increasing ____ and ____ expression

A

gut; lung; adhesion molecules (selectins or integrins); chemokine

52
Q

IgE is a trigger for _____

A

mast cell degranulation

53
Q

if IL-4 or IL-13 is present, B cells start to make ____; if IFN-gamma is present, B cells start to make ___

A

IgE; IgG

54
Q

5 receptor families for cytokines and chemokines

A
  1. type I cytokine receptor
  2. type II cytokine receptor
  3. TNF receptor family
  4. IL-1 receptor family
  5. 7 transmembrane GPCRs
55
Q

type I cytokine receptors signal via ____ cascades

A

Jak-STAT

56
Q

type II cytokine receptors are receptors for ____ and ____

A

IFN-gamma; IL-10

57
Q

difference between type I and type II cytokine receptors

A

same intracellular signaling cascade (Jak-STAT); different extracellular cytokine binding domain

58
Q

TNF receptor can induce multiple signaling cascades; can lead to ____ or ____

A

transcription factor expression; apoptosis

59
Q

____ is a major transcription factor in the immune system that can be activated by TNF receptor (induces inflammatory cytokines)

A

NFkB

60
Q

IL-1 receptor signaling has many similarities to the ____

A

toll-like receptors

61
Q

IL-1 receptor family has conserved cytosolic sequence, called the _____ domain that activates _____ (initiates signaling cascade)

A

toll-like/IL-1 receptor (Tir); IRAK

62
Q

7 transmembrane GPCRs are all the ____ receptors; ___ and ____ signaling cascade

A

chemokine; rapid and transient

63
Q

____ and ____ are 2 of the biggest transcription factors in the immune system

A

NFKB; STAT

Micro/Immuno Unit III (8 decks)

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