adaptive immune response Flashcards
3 ways CD8+ T cells can be activated
- APCs activate CD8+ T cells
- CD4+ T cells provide co-stimulation to activate CD8+ T cells
- CD4+ T cells help APCs activate CD8+ T cells
upon activation, naive CD8+ T cells differentiate into _____
cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)
CTLs develop membrane bound granules that contain ____ and ____
perforin; granzyme
CTLs develop the ability to secrete cytokines, like ____ and _____
IFNgamma and TNFalpha
CTL induces ____ in target cell through ____
apoptosis; degranulation
CD4+ T cells produce ____ to activate macrophages
IFNgamma
CD4+ T cells produce cytokines to provide ____ for ____
co-stimulation; CD8+ T cell activation
CD4+ T cells produce cytokines to enhance activity of ____, which leads to more CD8+ T cell activation
APCs
some T cells will be retained as ____
long-lived memory cells
_____ promote long-lived memory cells
homeostatic cytokines (such as IL-7 and IL-15)
____ reside in the lymph nodes and ____ reside in the peripheral tissue
“central” memory T cells
“effector” memory T cells
____ drives the antibody response
Th2 immunity
the ___ immune response involves antibody production and ____ produce antibodies
humoral; B lymphocytes
in order for B cells to produce antibodies, they must become ____; ____ cannot produce antibodies
activated; naive B cells
B cells can be activated by ____
microbes
B cell receptor is an antibody molecule, usually ___
IgM
____ is also capable of activating B cells; involves ____ of immunoglobulin receptor (primarily IgM)
soluble antigen; cross-linking
soluble Ag activating B cells typically involves antigens with _____ (e.g. LPS), but not proteins; primarily results in the production of ____
long repeating epitopes
IgM
antibody isotype that can be, but is not always, T cell independent
IgM
antibody isotype that is usually T cell dependent
IgG
B cell exposure to microbes can result in changes in ____ and ____
phenotype; function
B cell proliferation and differentiation leads to:
- antibody secretion
- isotype switching
- memory B cells
early in the lymph nodes, B cells migrate to edge of ____ and into ____; T cells migrate to edge of ____
follicle; T cell zone; T cell zone
activated B cells migrate back to the ____ in the lymph node, more specifically to the ____
follicle; germinal center
isotype or class switching of antibody is dependent upon interactions with ___ and ____
T cells; cytokines
If B cell is exposed to IFNgamma, it will differentiate into ___ subclasses
IgG (IgG1, IgG3)
If B cell does not get help from T cell and is not exposed to cytokine, it will primarily produce ____
IgM
If B cell is exposed to TGFbeta, it will differentiate into ____
IgA
most prevalent antibody isotype in the mouth
IgA
____ binds ____ IgA in the mucosa in the mouth, which then binds to ____
J chain; dimeric; poly-Ig receptor
____ and ____ take up residence in bone marrow and secondary lymph nodes respectively
long lived antibody producing plasma cells
memory B cells
IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies are involved in:
- neutralization of microbes and toxins
2. complement activation
IgG antibody is involved in ____ and ____ of microbes
opsonization; phagocytosis
IgG and IgE antibodies have _____
antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
effects of the complement cascade
- lysis of microbes
- phagocytosis of microbes opsonized with complement fragments
- inflammation
____ is known as vaccination
active immunization
active immunization/vaccination induces ____ immunity, ____ and protection; it involves ____ or ____ vaccines
adaptive; immunological memory; “live” ; killed (inactivated)
_____ is accomplished by the passive injection of preformed antibodies
passive immunization
organisms whose virulence has been artificially reduced; does not cause clinical disease
live attenuated organisms
closely related organism of lesser virulence, which shares many antigens with the virulent organism
heterologous vaccines
Using genetic engineering, a gene coding for an immunogenic protein from one organism is placed in the genome of another (such as vaccinia virus)
live recombinant vaccines
