adaptive immune response

Question 1

3 ways CD8+ T cells can be activated

Answer 1

1. APCs activate CD8+ T cells
2. CD4+ T cells provide co-stimulation to activate CD8+ T cells
3. CD4+ T cells help APCs activate CD8+ T cells

Question 2

upon activation, naive CD8+ T cells differentiate into _____

Answer 2

cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)

Question 3

CTLs develop membrane bound granules that contain ____ and ____

Answer 3

perforin; granzyme

Question 4

CTLs develop the ability to secrete cytokines, like ____ and _____

Answer 4

IFNgamma and TNFalpha

Question 5

CTL induces ____ in target cell through ____

Answer 5

apoptosis; degranulation

Question 6

CD4+ T cells produce ____ to activate macrophages

Answer 6

IFNgamma

Question 7

CD4+ T cells produce cytokines to provide ____ for ____

Answer 7

co-stimulation; CD8+ T cell activation

Question 8

CD4+ T cells produce cytokines to enhance activity of ____, which leads to more CD8+ T cell activation

Answer 8

APCs

Question 9

some T cells will be retained as ____

Answer 9

long-lived memory cells

Question 10

_____ promote long-lived memory cells

Answer 10

homeostatic cytokines (such as IL-7 and IL-15)

Question 11

____ reside in the lymph nodes and ____ reside in the peripheral tissue

Answer 11

“central” memory T cells

“effector” memory T cells

Question 12

____ drives the antibody response

Answer 12

Th2 immunity

Question 13

the ___ immune response involves antibody production and ____ produce antibodies

Answer 13

humoral; B lymphocytes

Question 14

in order for B cells to produce antibodies, they must become ____; ____ cannot produce antibodies

Answer 14

activated; naive B cells

Question 15

B cells can be activated by ____

Answer 15

microbes

Question 16

B cell receptor is an antibody molecule, usually ___

Answer 16

IgM

Question 17

____ is also capable of activating B cells; involves ____ of immunoglobulin receptor (primarily IgM)

Answer 17

soluble antigen; cross-linking

Question 18

soluble Ag activating B cells typically involves antigens with _____ (e.g. LPS), but not proteins; primarily results in the production of ____

Answer 18

long repeating epitopes

IgM

Question 19

antibody isotype that can be, but is not always, T cell independent

Answer 19

IgM

Question 20

antibody isotype that is usually T cell dependent

Answer 20

IgG

Question 21

B cell exposure to microbes can result in changes in ____ and ____

Answer 21

phenotype; function

Question 22

B cell proliferation and differentiation leads to:

Answer 22

1. antibody secretion
2. isotype switching
3. memory B cells

Question 23

early in the lymph nodes, B cells migrate to edge of ____ and into ____; T cells migrate to edge of ____

Answer 23

follicle; T cell zone; T cell zone

Question 24

activated B cells migrate back to the ____ in the lymph node, more specifically to the ____

Answer 24

follicle; germinal center

Question 25

isotype or class switching of antibody is dependent upon interactions with ___ and ____

Answer 25

T cells; cytokines

Question 26

If B cell is exposed to IFNgamma, it will differentiate into ___ subclasses

Answer 26

IgG (IgG1, IgG3)

Question 27

If B cell does not get help from T cell and is not exposed to cytokine, it will primarily produce ____

Answer 27

IgM

Question 28

If B cell is exposed to TGFbeta, it will differentiate into ____

Answer 28

IgA

Question 29

most prevalent antibody isotype in the mouth

Answer 29

IgA

Question 30

____ binds ____ IgA in the mucosa in the mouth, which then binds to ____

Answer 30

J chain; dimeric; poly-Ig receptor

Question 31

____ and ____ take up residence in bone marrow and secondary lymph nodes respectively

Answer 31

long lived antibody producing plasma cells

memory B cells

Question 32

IgM, IgG, and IgA antibodies are involved in:

Answer 32

1. neutralization of microbes and toxins

2. complement activation

Question 33

IgG antibody is involved in ____ and ____ of microbes

Answer 33

opsonization; phagocytosis

Question 34

IgG and IgE antibodies have _____

Answer 34

antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity

Question 35

effects of the complement cascade

Answer 35

1. lysis of microbes
2. phagocytosis of microbes opsonized with complement fragments
3. inflammation

Question 36

____ is known as vaccination

Answer 36

active immunization

Question 37

active immunization/vaccination induces ____ immunity, ____ and protection; it involves ____ or ____ vaccines

Answer 37

adaptive; immunological memory; “live” ; killed (inactivated)

Question 38

_____ is accomplished by the passive injection of preformed antibodies

Answer 38

passive immunization

Question 39

organisms whose virulence has been artificially reduced; does not cause clinical disease

Answer 39

live attenuated organisms

Question 40

closely related organism of lesser virulence, which shares many antigens with the virulent organism

Answer 40

heterologous vaccines

Question 41

Using genetic engineering, a gene coding for an immunogenic protein from one organism is placed in the genome of another (such as vaccinia virus)

Answer 41

live recombinant vaccines