Cystic Fibrosis- Immune System

Question 1

Active or inquired immunity

Answer 1

Antibodies produced by an immune response
Exposure to Ag- Ag invades body
Lag phase before protection develops
Long-term protection- memory cells produced

Natural- Injection
Artificial- Vaccination

Question 2

Passive Immunity

Answer 2

Ab mediated
No immune response- Ab's not made- come from another source
No exposure to Ag 
Immediate production 
No memory cells produced

Natural- Transfer or maternal Ab’s to foetus or via milk or placenta
Artificial- Administration of pre-formed Ab’s: Tetanus injection

Question 3

Phagocytosis

Answer 3

Cellular process of engulfing solid particles by cell membrane to form an internal phagosome by phagocytes
Used as a non-specific second line of defence against invading pathogens
Pathogens recognised as ‘foreign’ - antigenic
Attached to phagocyte by antibody + surface receptors
Engulfed by phagocyte by endocytosis = introversion of plasma cell membranes- phagosome
Lysosomes fuse to phagosome
Release H202HCl, free radicals into phagosome
Digest phagosome

Phagocyte also displays antigenic components on external surface of plasma cell membrane to start immune response

Question 4

Antigens

Answer 4

Body cells recognised as ‘self’ or ‘foreign’

Immune system will react to this by carrying out a response if ‘foreign’ is present

Question 5

Antibodies

Answer 5

Neutralisation- Antibodies bind to the surface of a pathogen, unable to engulf
Agglutination- Antibodies cause pathogens to stick. Clumped-easier to engulf
Anti-toxin- Antibodies bind to toxins, unable to affect body

Question 6

Specific Immune Response

Answer 6

B lymphocytes
B memory cells- These remain in the blood, providing immunological memory. If infection occurs these reproduce rapidly + produce same antibody plasma cells- produce specific antibodies

Question 7

Humoral Immunity

Answer 7

B cells have different antibodies on their surface, and will bind to the complementary antigens on the pathogen membrane
B cells engulfs pathogen + present antigen on it’s surface- antigen presenting cell
T helper cells bind to antigens B cell. Clonal selection
Cytokines produced by T helper cells activate other B cells- mitosis
B cells rapidly divide- Clonal expansion
Cloned plasma cells produce specific complementary antibodies to bind to pathogens

Question 8

Cell Mediated Immunity

Answer 8

Macrophages- Phagocytosis present antigens on surface
T- helper cells bind + produce interleukins which stimulate more T cell production

Autoimmune Disease- Immune system stop recognising ‘self’ antigens + attack healthy tissues
80 different autoimmune conditions, some causing chronic inflammation- Immunosuppressants