cycle cellulaire Flashcards
what are the different phases of the cell cycle?
G1, S, G2, M
G1, S and G2 are referred as interphase
when are chromosomes visible during the cell cycle?
only during mitsis (M phase) where the chromosomes are condensed. During interphase (G1, S, G2) the chromosomes are not condensed
outline what occurs during all the phases of the cell cycle
G1: croisscance et préparation pour la réplication (at partiuclar moments in this phase the cell can decide wether to move onto S phase)
S phase: synthèse de l’ADN, réplication de l’ADN
G2: croiscance et prèparation pour la Mitose (at partiuclar moments in this phase the cell can decide wether to move onto M phase)
M phase: mitose (divison nucléaire) et
cytodierèse (division du cytoplasme)
Note: during interphase: the cell transcribes lost of genes, produces many proteins, and duplicates organelles as well
what differs with the embryonic cell cycle?
it “skips” the G1 and G2 phase in order to be able to quickly multiply in cells. The cell cycle usually takes around 22 to 24 hours in a lad
How can we observe chromosomes?What is FACS?
with a microscope during mitosis
FACS-fluorescence activated cell sorter
les cellules sont coloré avec un colorant qui devient fluorescnet quand il se lie a l’ADN. la fluoréscence détectée est proportionelle à la quantite de l’ADN
permet de détecter dans quelle phase cellulaire des cellules sont, car le nombre de chromosmes varie
double nombre: en S/G2 ou M
une copie de chromosomes: G1
How are chromosomes aligned starting the S phase?
copies of chromosomes (sister chromatids) stay closely bonded via the centrosome and with the help of proteins called cohésine that form rings around the two all along.
how do chromosomes condense and when and why?
During mitsois the chromosomes condense via the help of proteins called codensines that assemble on each chromatide at the start of the phase et permet a l’ADN de s’enrouler.
faciliates the seperation of the chromosomes
what are the stages of mitosis?
prophase, prométephase, métaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytodierèse
outline what occurs during prophase?
chromosomes se codensent, fuseau miotique commence a s’assembler a l’exterieur du noyau
outline what happens during prométaphase?
l’envelope nucléaire se casse, microtubule du fuseau miotique se lient aux chromosomes grace aux kinétochores (site sur les centrosomes ou les microtubule se lient)
que sont les fuseau miotiques composé de et quel est leur fonction?
microtubules et des protéines
de séparer les chromosomes répliqués
outline what occurs during metaphase?
alignement des chromosomes en plaque équatoriale (mi-chemin entre les deux pôles)
que sont les protéines qui affecte les tubulines et donc les microtubule?
Colchicine: empêche polymérisation de tubuline (formation de microtubule)
taxol: empêche dépolymérisation des microtubules (utilisé comme drogue anti-cancérigène)
outline what occurs during anaphase?
pôles du fuseau s’éloignant vers l’extérieur (chromatides soeur sont séparer)
microtubule du kinétochore se raccourcisent
outline what occurs during telophase?
l’enveloppe nucléaire se reforme autour des chromosomes
l’anneau contractile commence a se former