Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biology 1001 > cycle 8 > Flashcards

cycle 8 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Homo sapiens (identify parts of species name)

A

Homo- genus, sapiens- species epithet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how many species concepts have been proposed?

A

over 50 (no universal one)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

ecological species concept

A

species= a group of organisms that are adapted to a particular set of resources (niche) in the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

morphological species concept

A

species=a distinct cluster of individuals in phenotypic space; no intermediates or overlap with other clusters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how are species organized by the morphological concept?

A

based on measurable, observable traits (can compare traits with fossils)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

issues with the morphological species concept

A
  • phenotypic variability is not consistent for different species
  • difficult to distinguish species that look very similar
  • can identify differences, but no information on how these differences evolved
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

biological species concept

A

species= group of interbreeding populations that are reproductively isolated from other groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

criteria typically used to define a species

A

all individuals can successfully mate and produce viable, fertile offspring (biological concept)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

advantages of the biological species concept

A

testable, provides a means to explain how species have evolved (investigate heritable traits, behaviour, physiology that lead to reproductive isolation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

issues with the biological species concept

A
  • cant be used for asexually reproducing organisms
  • may not be possible to test if individuals can reproduce sexually successfully
  • cannot be determined for extinct organisms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

phylogenetic species concept

A

species= group of populations with a recent evolutionary history
(more closely related to each other than to anything else)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

construction of evolutionary trees (phylogenetic)

A
  • use morphological info

- use genetic info (molecular phylogenetics)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

monophyletic group

A

all descendants from a common ancestor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

advantages of the phylogenetic concept

A
  • can be applied to all organisms
  • molecular data can be collected from preserved remains
  • can determine how traits have evolved to give rise to new species
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

issues with the phylogenetic species concept

A
  • molecular data cannot be obtained from most fossils
  • arbitrary to decide how much evolutionary change defines a species
  • implies reproductive isolation for sexually reproducing organisms but does not prove it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what information is needed to compare between populations?

A
  • need to use info that matches the true evolution of the organisms (shared traits reflect common ancestry- homologous traits)
  • sometimes info is misleading (homoplasies- traits that evolved independently through diff paths due to convergent evolution)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

comparing species concepts

A

lumpers vs splitters

18
Q

how are species ideally defined?

A

with multiple lines of evidence (e.g. morphology, behaviour, physiology, etc)

19
Q

as gene flow is restricted…

A

differences may evolve between populations to the point where they can no longer interbreed (speciation)

20
Q

clinal variation

A

species that lives at different inclines, vary morphologically and genetically as populations adapt to different conditions (still one species)

21
Q

ring species

A

e.g. recognize mating calls of different populations, considered one species with several subspecies (ends of ring cannot interbreed)

22
Q

reproductive barrier

A

prevents gene flow between populations (physical/behavioural)

23
Q

reproductive isolating mechanisms

A

barrier to gene flow (prezygotic or postzygotic)

24
Q

ecological isolation

A

prezygotic, occupy the same region but live in different habitats

25
Q

behavioural isolation

A

prezygotic, signals not recognized by another

26
Q

temporal isolation

A

prezygotic, mate at different times

27
Q

mechanical isolation

A

prezygotic, differences in structure prevent interbreeding

28
Q

gametic isolation

A

prezygotic, gametes not compatible (e.g. coral spawning)

29
Q

hybrid inviability

A

postzygotic, embryo is not viable

30
Q

hybrid sterility

A

postzygotic, offspring survive but are sterile

31
Q

hybrid breakdown

A

postzygotic, 1st generation hybrids can produce viable gametes and offspring, 2nd generation have low fitness, are sterile, or are inviable

32
Q

allopatric speciation

A

two populations are geographically separated (physical barrier individuals cannot cross)

33
Q

secondary contact

A

populations interact again after being geographically separated (barrier is removed)

34
Q

the outcome of secondary contact

A
  • may resume interbreeding (fusion-when secondary contact occurs quickly and there are not many differences)
  • maybe have become partly/fully reproductively isolated (cannot interbreed- more time has passed)
35
Q

hybrid zone

A

where individuals of previously separated populations interbreed

36
Q

hybrids

A

often not well adapted to environments outside hybrid zone, low fitness (risk of extinction), fitness depends on how many differences accumulated towards reproductive isolation

37
Q

reinforcement

A

accelerates isolation after secondary contact (postzygotic isolation has occurred, individuals who don’t hybridize are favoured, promotes the evolution of prezygotic isolation)

38
Q

sympatric speciation

A

populations are not geographically or environmentally separated (not common)

39
Q

examples of sympatric speciation

A
  • polyploidy in plants (changes in the number of sets of chromosomes)
  • allopolyploidy in plants (gametes of 2 species fuse and can’t undergo meiosis bc they’re too different so it doubles the number of chromosomes)
40
Q

what traits are involved in reproductive isolation?

A

anything that makes a difference in reproduction between individuals

41
Q

speciation

A

populations do not immediately diverge into separate species

biology 1001 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions