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biology 1001 > cycle 10 > Flashcards

cycle 10 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

all cellular life…

A
  • made of cells
  • contains DNA
  • DNA->RNA->proteins/enzymes (use the same proteins/enzymes to do this… e.g. ribosomes, polymerases)
  • use the same energy currency (ATP, generated by same proteins/enzymes)
  • all cellular life shares around 50 genes
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2
Q

where did life originate?

A

an environment similar to a hydrothermal vent (underwater volcano that releases important metal ions that release electrons needed for ETC to make ATP)

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3
Q

LUCA

A
  • cellular
  • prokaryotic, likely bacterial
  • anaerobic
  • autotrophic
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4
Q

1st organism to evolve

A

bacteria

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5
Q

what evolved after bacteria?

A

archaea (evolved cell membrane/cell wall)

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6
Q

what evolved after archaea?

A

eukaryotes (evolved membranous structures, mitochondria, mitosis/meiosis)

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7
Q

how did archaeal cells evolve membrane-bound organelles?

A

infolding of the cell membrane (e.g. nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex)

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8
Q

how did archaeal cells evolve mitochondria?

A

endosymbiosis- aerobic heterotrophic bacterium becomes an endosymbiont inside an archaeon and loses genes needed to live on its own (transferred to host), become mitochondria

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9
Q

mitochondria/chloroplasts

A
  • have circular DNA
  • encode genes to make ribosomes and other proteins/enzymes
  • more are made through division
  • membranes contain proteins for ETC
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10
Q

how did eukaryotic evolve chloroplasts?

A

endosymbiosis- photosynthetic bacterial symbiont (cyanobacteria) becomes an endosymbiont in eukaryotes with mitochondria

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11
Q

3 domains of life

A

bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes (plants, animals, fungi, protists)

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12
Q

what evolved after eukaryotes?

A

multicellular organisms

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13
Q

opisthokonts (1st multicellular)

A

group of eukaryotes that includes animals (fungi->choanoflagellates)

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14
Q

what evolved after choanoflagellates?

A

animals

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15
Q

animals (1st evolved)

A

porifera-> cnidarians -> segmented invertebrates -> echinoderms

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16
Q

what evolved after echinoderms?

A

chordates (animals with dorsal nerve cord)

17
Q

Cambrian explosion

A

after the evolution of chordates, sudden appearance of complex animals in fossil record

18
Q

what evolved after the Cambrian explosion?

A

vertebrates

19
Q

when did plants evolve to live on land?

A

after vertebrates evolved

20
Q

ordovician-silurian mass extinction

A

after plants evolved on land, 85% of sea life was lost

21
Q

what evolved after the Ordovician-Silurian mass extinction?

A

animals on land

22
Q

late Devonian mass extinction

A

after animals on land, 75% of animal species lost, vertebrates did not appear in fossil record for another 10 million years

23
Q

what happened after the late Devonian mass extinction?

A

diversification of animals on land, amphibians -> reptiles

24
Q

Permian mass extinction

A

after reptiles, 96% of animal species lost

25
Q

what evolved after the Permian mass extinction?

A

mammals

26
Q

Triassic-Jurassic mass extinction

A

after mammals, 50% of species lost, opened up habitats for dinosaurs to evolve, evolution of early mammals that exist today

27
Q

what evolved after the Triassic-Jurassic mass extinction?

A

marsupials/monotrenes -> placenta (due to retrovirus envelope gene= syncytin that promotes cell fusion) -> rodents/rabbits

28
Q

K/T mass extinction

A

after rodents/rabbits, 75% of animal and plant species lost, dinosaurs/large mammals/flowering plants lost, opened up habitat for diversification of mammals

29
Q

what evolved after the K/T mass extinction?

A

primates (lorises/lemurs -> tarsiers -> new world monkeys -> old world monkeys -> gibbons -> great apes)

30
Q

great apes (hominidae)

A

orangutans -> gorillas -> chimpanzees/bonobos -> australopithecus afarensis -> homo -> homo sapiens

31
Q

what makes humans unique?

A

bigger brain, upright posture, bipedal, precise grip, hairlessness, blushing, social and cultural cognition, language

32
Q

did humans evolve from chimps?

A

no, share a common ancestor

33
Q

hominins

A

from chimps to humans

34
Q

which hominins did homo sapiens coexist with?

A

Neanderthals and Denisovans, and probably others (likely interacted/interbred-gene flow occurred bc they have shared sequences)

35
Q

examples of human evolution

A

-adaptations to new food sources and new environments (amylase copy number, lactose tolerance, oxygen transport at high altitudes, pale skin at high latitudes), adaptations to parasites (immune receptors), brain size and language (FOXP2 regulatory gene), increase prevalence of median artery in forearm

36
Q

what does a larger brain allow for?

A

store more info, rapidly collect and process information, solve problems, create abstract ideas and images

37
Q

costs of bigger brains

A

20% of oxygen and energy, makes childbirth more difficult

38
Q

big brain hypotheses

A
  1. ecological-inteligence hypothesis (tool use, language, planning)
  2. social-intelligence hypothesis (cooperation, coordination, deception, coercion)
  3. cultural-intelligence hypothesis (cooperative hunting, building shelter)
  4. mating mind hypothesis (art, wordplay, humour, music -> mating success)

biology 1001 (11 decks)

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