cycle 11

Question 1

reasons for population growth in history

Answer 1

expansion of geographic range, development of agriculture, industrial revolution, advances in health/sanitation/infrastructure

Question 2

is the human population growth rate increasing or decreasing?

Answer 2

decreasing

Question 3

factors that contribute to population growth

Answer 3

food/water, healthcare, education, contraceptive use, economics, culture

Question 4

exponential growth model

Answer 4

population continues to grow as long as:
birth rate>death rate
-r= birth rate - death rate (intrinsic growth rate)
-population growth rate= r x population size (N)

Question 5

logistic growth model

Answer 5

• population growth rate = r x population size (adjusted for how close population is to K)
• carrying capacity (K)- population growth is limited by resources, competition for resources (intraspecific)

Question 6

density-dependent factors

Answer 6

influence increases/decreases with changes on population density

Question 7

density-independent factors

Answer 7

influence is regardless of population size

Question 8

examples of density-dependent factors

Answer 8

intraspecific competition, crowding, parasitism, disease, interspecific competition, predation

Question 9

examples of density-independent factors

Answer 9

temperature, natural disturbances (e.g. fire, flood), quality of available food

Question 10

how can density-dependent and density-independent factors work together?

Answer 10

e.g. extreme heat weakens health, increases susceptibility to pathogens

Question 11

fecundity

Answer 11

potential reproductive output (depends on age of reproductive maturity, # of offspring produce per reproductive event, # of reproductive events in an individual’s lifetime)

Question 12

generation time

Answer 12

the average time between 2 generations (smaller organism -> shorter GT)

Question 13

age structure

Answer 13

number of people of each age

Question 14

self-imposed controls on population growth

Answer 14

birth control, one-child policy (indirectly- health, education, working women, culture)

Question 15

human impacts on population growth in other species

Answer 15

1. conservation management (move, cull, facilitate reproduction)
2. biological control (introduce a species to control another)
3. introduction of exotic species
4. habitat alterations, habitat loss, climate change
5. fishing, hunting
6. agriculture

Question 16

components of the food web

Answer 16

decomposers, primary producers (plants), primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumers

Question 17

trophic cascade

Answer 17

animals in food web get wiped out, changes dynamic

Question 18

predator-prey

Answer 18

one gains, one loses

Question 19

herbivory

Answer 19

one gains, one loses

Question 20

competition

Answer 20

both lose

Question 21

commensalism

Answer 21

one gains, one neutral

Question 22

mutualism

Answer 22

both gain

Question 23

parasitism

Answer 23

one gains, one loses

Question 24

interspecific interactions

Answer 24

predator-prey, herbivory, competition, commensalism, mutualism, parasitism

Question 25

adaptations evolved from interspecific interactions

Answer 25

mind-controlling fungal parasites, chloroplast-stealing slugs

Question 26

gut-brain axis

Answer 26

brain -epithelial function, mucin production, mobility -> gut (produces neuromodulators) -behaviour, stress response, emotion, appetite -> brain

Question 27

coevolution

Answer 27

interacting organisms evolve reciprocally (can lead to an evolutionary arms race)

Question 28

Anthropocene

Answer 28

new geological period starting 70 years ago, due to human activities leaving a long-lasting distinctive mark (beginning marked by the nuclear fallout from atomic bomb tests)

Question 29

the boundary of the Anthropocene

Answer 29

6th mass extinction- increased rate of extinction due to human activity (hunting, climate change, etc)

Question 30

one health concept

Answer 30

the well-being of people, animals and the environment through collaborative problem solving

Question 31

faecal transplants

Answer 31

exposure to antibiotics -> lose bacteria needed for digestion -> risk for infection -> fecal transplant -> introduces new gut bacteria

Question 32

things that characterize the Anthropocene

Answer 32

characterized by concrete, plastics, and other technofossils (green cities and fecal transplants)