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biology 1001 > cycle 7 > Flashcards

cycle 7 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

sex

A

exchange of genetic material; mixing of genetic variation through sex to produce new genotypes and phenotypes

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2
Q

sex in sexually reproducing organisms

A

gametes fuse to generate new combinations of alleles in offspring

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3
Q

sex in asexually reproducing organisms

A

acquire DNA from another organism or their environment

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4
Q

dioecious

A

individuals of separate sexes mating

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5
Q

monoecious

A

individuals are both sexes in sexual reproduction- hermaphrodites (most plants are monoecious, have reproductive tissue of both sexes)

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6
Q

simultaneous hermaphrodites

A

simultaneously male and female (e.g. earthworms)

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7
Q

sequential hermaphrodiates

A

starts as one sex and develops into another (e.g. bluehead wrasse, starts as a female and develops into a male if the dominant male dies, clownfish do the opposite)

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8
Q

protogyny

A

female -> male

-female has better reproductive success as smaller, male has better as a larger organism

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9
Q

protandry

A

male->female
-males have better reproduce success at a smaller size, females have better reproductive success at a larger time (greater ability to produce more eggs at a bigger size)

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10
Q

sex in fungi and ciliates

A

can have 2 or more mating types, gametes of different mating types fuse, exchange nuclei between mating types

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11
Q

obligately sexual

A

only reproduces through sexual reproduction

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12
Q

facultatively sexual

A

can reproduce sexually or asexually

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13
Q

obligately asexual

A

only reproduces asexually

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14
Q

parthenogenesis

A

type of asexual reproduction in animals, females produce offspring without sex (offspring develop from unfertilized diploid eggs)

  • eggs remain diploid during gamete formation (no meiosis, clones)
  • OR DNA in haploid egg replicates- goes haploid to diploid (not clones)
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15
Q

asexual reproduction in unicellular organisms

A

divide through binary fission (bacteria, archaea) or by mitosis (unicellular eukaryotes)
-genetically identical offspring

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16
Q

sex in bacteria and archaea

A

bacterial conjugation, transferring plasmids

17
Q

origin and history of sex

A
  • life started with prokaryote LUCA (reproduces asexually but also likely sexually as well)
  • after meiosis evolved, most eukaryotes were able to reproduce sexually
18
Q

disadvantages of sex

A

it is risky (time-consuming, exposure to predation and STDs), costly (only 1/2 of genetic material is inherited- 2 fold cost of sex), and inefficient (producing males reduces reproductive output- only females grow the population)

19
Q

advantages of sex

A

generates variation not possible through asexual reproduction, leads to new and better combinations of alleles, leads to genetically distinct offspring, generates genotypes of higher fitness more quickly

20
Q

the lottery model

A

sexual populations have a greater diversity of offspring; increased probability of some offspring surviving/having favourable phenotypes (have variants to survive in a different environment)

21
Q

how does sex make better combinations of alleles?

A
  • brings good alleles together, will have high fitness
  • brings bad alleles together, low fitness (removed by selection)
  • highest fitness occurs with a combination of beneficial variants
22
Q

clonal interference

A

beneficial variants of different clones in asexually reproducing organisms cannot be combined together to create offspring with the highest fitness

23
Q

sexual selection

A

struggle for mates, traits favoured that increase mating success will increase individual fitness, even for exaggerated traits that can reduce survival

24
Q

intersexual selection

A

one sex chooses (females choose mates based on displays and physical traits- elaborate courtship, ornamentation, males compete for attention)

25
Q

which sex is the chooser in intersexual selection?

A

the sex that invests more in parental care, the one that has relatively few contributions to the next generation (must be selective to ensure the quality of offspring- usually females)

26
Q

intrasexual selection

A

individuals of one sex compete amongst themselves

  • males monopolize access to females (outcompete rivals, direct control of females, control of a resource important to females)
  • females compete too (territory, access to mates, resources)
27
Q

sperm competition

A
  • swimming speed (fastest sperm to get to the egg)
  • scrapers (scrape out sperm deposited by other males)
  • mating plugs (after mating, leave a plug to prevent other males from mating)
28
Q

the mating game

A

male of the highest fitness is the winner, the male of the lowest fitness is the loser (average fitness is the same throughout)

29
Q

lessons from the mating game

A
  • males (reproduction is limited by access to females, individual fitness can vary, higher potential fitness)
  • females (limited gametes, must choose mates wisely, individual fitness is often closer to the mean)
  • average fitness is similar for both sexes
30
Q

direct benefits of being choosy

A

attractive individuals are good parents; food, territory, and protection for offspring

31
Q

indirect benefits of being choosy

A

attractive individuals have good alleles, improve survival or attractiveness of offspring (better immunity, sexy sons)

32
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

genders have a distinct difference in size or appearance, males are often bigger and brighter in colour (the relative role in parental care affects the degree of sexual dimorphism)

33
Q

females provide most of the parental care

A

makes them unavailable for reproduction, male competition for females is high, males are under stronger sexual selection

34
Q

males provide most of the parental care

A

availability of males is limited, females are under stronger sexual selection

35
Q

biparental care

A

males are removed from seeking additional mating opportunities, both sexes compete for mates, sexual selection acts on both sexes (little to no dimorphism)

biology 1001 (11 decks)

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