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biology 1001 > cycle 3 > Flashcards

cycle 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

n value

A

number of unique nuclear chromosomes present in an organism

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2
Q

coefficient of n (ploidy)

A

number of unique sets of chromosomes that are present in an organism (e.g. humans are 2n)

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3
Q

C value

A

amount of DNA in one set of an organism’s nuclear chromosomes, genome size (count # of chromatids)

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4
Q

coefficient of C

A

how many times the entire genome is present in a cell (changes throughout the cell cycle)

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5
Q

are n and C related?

A

no

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6
Q

n and C in mitosis

A

n stays the same throughout, C doubles after S phase until cytokinesis

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7
Q

n and C in meiosis

A

n divides by 2 after the first division, C divides by 2 after the first division and then divides by 2 again after cytokinesis II

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8
Q

DNA structure

A

2 strands run antiparallel to confer polarity (5’ phosphate end lines up with 3’ hydroxyl end), backbone is composed of alternating sugars and phosphate groups

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9
Q

complementary base pairing

A

A and T (double bonds), C and G (triple bonds)- Chargaff’s rule

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10
Q

pyrimidines

A

C, T, U

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11
Q

purines

A

A, G

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12
Q

how does DNA replicate?

A

semi-conservatively (each strand is used as a template to make a new strand)

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13
Q

replisomes

A

carry out DNA replication, composed of many proteins (all enzymes involved)

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14
Q

DNA helicase

A

cuts hydrogen bonds between DNA bases to produce replication forks

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15
Q

DNA polymerase 3

A

goes from 5’ to 3’ end adding nitrogenous bases

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16
Q

leading strand

A

replicated continuously

17
Q

lagging strand

A

replicated in fragments (Okazaki fragments)

18
Q

Wilkins and Franklin

A

discovered double helix structure

19
Q

Watson and Crick

A

came up with nitrogenous base pairing rules, finalized structure of DNA

20
Q

Meselson and Stahl

A

discovered the semi-conservative manner of replication

21
Q

initiation of DNA replication

A

begins with unwinding of DNA at origin of replication (ori) by DNA helicase (uses ATP as energy source), unwound area is called a replication bubble, primase synthesized RNA primers so DNA polymerase can work, SSBs keep the bubble unwound

22
Q

elongation of DNA replication

A

DNA polymerase III adds complementary base pairs in 5’ to 3’ direction (sliding clamp protein tethers enzyme to DNA), bases are linked through H-bonds in a process called polymerization, DNA polymerase I removes RNA primers and ligase seals gaps between

23
Q

lagging strand issue with removing RNA primers

A

removes primer at end of chromosome and gap can’t be filled in by new bases because there is no available 3’ end, loses part of DNA sequence

24
Q

cell senescence

A

irreversible cell cycle arrest (no more cell division, telomeres are too short)

25
Q

Hayflick limit

A

the number of times a cell divides before cell division stops (60-70)

26
Q

telomeres

A

non-coding regions at the end of chromosomes that prevent against DNA loss (TTAGGG)

27
Q

telomerase

A

special enzyme that fills in the gap of RNA primer on lagging strand, brings its own template to extend the 3’ end of DNA (has its own template- RNA), afterwards DNA polymerase elongates

28
Q

cell senescence

A

irreversible cell cycle arrest (no more cell division, telomeres are too short)

29
Q

Hayflick limit

A

the number of times a cell divides before cell division stops (60-70)

30
Q

telomeres

A

non-coding regions at the end of chromosomes that prevent against DNA loss (TTAGGG)

31
Q

in which types of cells does telomerase act?

A

stem cells, embryonic cells, germ cells, cancer cells

32
Q

topoisomerase

A

catalyzes the unknotting of DNA

33
Q

primase

A

constructs RNA primers

34
Q

what happens if p53 fails near the time for apoptosis?

A

telomerase activates- turns into cancer cell

35
Q

mechanisms that ensure the inheritance of sameness

A

complimentary base pairing, semi-conservative replication, proofreading (DNA polymerase 3)

36
Q

DNA polymerase 1

A

5’ to 3’ exonuclease, removes RNA primers and fills in gaps

biology 1001 (11 decks)

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