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Cycle 7 BMP Workshop Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the basis of the central dogma of genetics?

A

Transcription and translation

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2
Q

Transcription and translation are the two fundamental steps in what?

A

Protein synthesis

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3
Q

Why are proteins important?

A

Proteins are the functional units of the cell, used for every biological process in the cell

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4
Q

What can be transcribed off DNA

A

All RNAs
* tRNA
* rRNA
* mRNA
* miRNA
* Many others…

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5
Q

What is the only RNA that is translated into protein?

A

mRNA

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6
Q

Define:

Noncoding RNA

A

RNA that don’t get translated into a protein

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7
Q

Define and give examples of:

Housekeeping RNA

A

Always there/active, involved in transcription and translation of all genes
(rRNA, tRNA, snRNA)

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8
Q

Define and give examples of:

Regulatory RNA

A

Regulate gene expression or other processes in the cell
(miRNA and siRNA)

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9
Q

Define:

Non-template/coding/sense strand

A

Sequence of transcript matches this sequence

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10
Q

Define:

Template/anticoding/antisense strand

A

Sequence of transcript is complementary to this sequence

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11
Q

True or False:

mRNA is synthesized 3’ to 5’

A

WRONG, mRNA is synthesized 5’ to 3’

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12
Q

True or False:

In translation groups of 3 bases (codons) are read 5’ to 3’

A

True

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13
Q

What do each codon specify for?

A

An amino acid

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14
Q

True or False:

Codons appear in all RNAs

A

False, codons are unique to mRNAs, non-coding RNAs are not read as having codons

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15
Q

What does it mean that genetic code is “redundant”?

A

More than one group of 3 nucleobases codes for one amino acid

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16
Q

Define:

Silent Mutations

A

Base pair change that results in no change in amino acid encoded

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17
Q

Define:

Missense Mutation

A

Change in base pair results in change in amino acid encoded

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18
Q

Define:

Nonsense Mutation

A

Change in base pair causes premature truncation of protein in translation due to stop codon being formed instead

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19
Q

Define:

Frameshift mutation

A

An insertion or deletion in the sequence that shifts the entire reading frame

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20
Q

List:

The 4 types of gene mutations

A
  1. Silent
  2. Missense
  3. Nonsense
  4. Frameshift
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21
Q

List:

Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in transcription and translation

A

Timing and location
* Prokaryotes: Simultaneous transcription and translation occurs in cytoplasm
* Eukaryotes: Transcription occurs in nucleus, translation occurs in cytoplasm

RNA
* Prokaryotes: mRNA is directly transcribed
* Eukaryotes: pre-mRNA is first produced, must be processed into mature mRNA before translation eukaryotes

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22
Q

In a prokaryote:

  1. Which way does polymerase move?
  2. Which way does polymerase read?
  3. Which way does transcription occur?
A
  1. Polymerase moves towards whichever side has the longest strand of mRNA
  2. RNA polymerase reads 3’-5’
  3. Transcription occurs from 5’-3’, as the polymerase is reading from 3’-5’
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23
Q

In prokaryotes:

  1. What is the chain of multiple ribosomes known as?
  2. Which ribosome on the chain is the oldest?
A
  1. Polyribosome
  2. The one closest to the DNA (3’ end of the mRNA
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24
Q

True or False:

RNA complementary base pairs with itself

A

True

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25
Q

RNA can complementary base pair with itself. What does this allow it to do?

A

Form secondary structures

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26
Q

Define:

rRNA

A

Catalytic component of ribosome, which is made up of rRNA and protein

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27
Q

What is snRNA?

A

A type of housekeeping RNA, involved in snRNPs

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28
Q

What do snRNPs comprise of? What is their function?

A

Protein + RNA
Responsible for alternative splicing

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29
Q

Describe:

How snRNPs function

A
  • Bind to regulatory sequences in the intron (at intron-exon junctions)
  • Cuts out (splice out) the introns
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30
Q

True or False:

Chloroplasts and Mitochondria have their own transcription machinery but not translation machinery

A

False, chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own transcription and translation machinery

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31
Q

What are chloroplasts and mitochondria genome like?

A

Genome is greatly reduced

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32
Q

True or False:

Chloroplasts and mitochondria are prokaryote-like

A

True

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33
Q

What are the 3 key components of a transcription unit?

A
  1. Promoter
  2. Coding sequence
  3. Terminator
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34
Q

In a transcription unit:

What is the purpose of a promoter?

A

Regulates where, when and to what level a gene is expressed

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35
Q

In a transcription unit:

What is the function of a coding sequence?

A

Encodes the RNA product (tRNA, mRNA, rRNA, …)

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36
Q

In a transcription unit:

What is the function of a terminator?

A

Sequence that must be transcribed into RNA before it can be interpreted

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37
Q

In a transcription unit:

Where does RNA polymerase bind?

A

Promoter

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38
Q

In a transcription unit:

What is the coding sequence also known as?

A

Open reading frame

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39
Q

In a transcription unit:

What is the usual structure of the terminator?

A

Usually an inverted repeat

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40
Q

True or False:

The structure of a prokaryote and eukaryote transcription unit are different

A

Somewhat true; both prokaryotes and eukaryotes have a promoter, coding sequence, and terminator, they just may be structurally and mechanically different

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41
Q

In the transcription unit, where is the site that transcription starts? What is it known as?

A
  • On the 3’ end of the promoter
  • Known as the 1+ start site
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42
Q

What is between the promoter and coding sequence? What is between the coding sequence and terminator?

A
  • The 5’ UTR
  • The 3’ UTR

(UTR stands for Untranslated region)

43
Q

List:

The components of the transcription unit that are transcribed

A
  • 5’ and 3’ UTRs
  • Coding sequence
  • Terminator
44
Q

True or False:

The promoter is transcribed

A

False

45
Q

What is a regulatory sequence? Do 5’ and 3’ UTRs have regulatory sequences?

A

Regulatory sequences are sequences of capable of increasing/decreasing the expression of a specific gene
Yes, 5’ and 3’ UTRs have their own regulatory sequences

46
Q

How do coding sequences always start and end?

A
  • Always start with a start codon (AUG for methionine)
  • Always end with stop codon (UGA, UAA, UAG)
47
Q

What is the function of a promoter?

A

Site that initiates transcription

48
Q

In a prokaryotic promoter:

What are the sites that RNA polymerase binds to? Describe them

A

-35 and -10 regions
* Rich in adenine and thymine (as two hydrogen bonds between AT are easier to split than three hydrogen bonds between CG)
* Sequences at these sites are consensus sequences

49
Q

What do consensus sequences do? What happens when they are mutated?

A
  • The closer a given promoter matches the consensus sequence, the stronger it is
  • Could lead to decreased or increased gene expression
50
Q

In a prokaryotic promoter:

What is the SD box?

A

Shine-Dalgarno box
* Complementary base pairs with the RNA in a ribosome
* Tells the ribosome that the start codon is nearby

51
Q

How does prokaryotic transcription termination work?

A

An inverted repeat
* Terminator sequence transcribed into RNA and produces a hairpin loop
* The loop is recognized by RNA polymerase as a sign to stop transcribing

52
Q

In prokaryotic transcription, what helps RNA polymerase dissociate from DNA?

A

A series of adenine molecules found after the terminator sequence

53
Q

True or False:

Eukaryotic transcription directly produces mRNA

A

False, eukaryotic transcription produces pre-mRNA which must be processed

54
Q

List:

Reasons why pre-mRNA has to be processed

A
  1. Eukaryotic genes contains a lot of extra nucleobases that don’t need to be expressed
  2. Due to physical separation between transcription and translation, there is a need to increase the stability of mRNA so that it does not degrade
55
Q

What are the extra nucleobases that don’t get expressed in eukaryote genes called?

A

Introns

56
Q

List:

Modification made in mRNA processing

A
  1. Addition of a 5’ guanine cap
  2. Addition of a poly(A) tail
  3. Splicing out introns and joining together of exons
57
Q

What do eukaryotes have in their promoter instead of -35 and -10 regions?

A

TATA box (consists of thymines and adenines)

58
Q

True or False:

RNA polymerase can directly bind to the TATA box in eukaryotes

A

False, this is a big difference bewteen prokaryotes and eukaryotes:
* RNA polymerase is able to directly recognize the DNA at the promoter and bind in prokayotes
* Transcription factors recognize the promoter at TATA box first in eukaryotes, and RNA polymerase recognizes the transcription factors

59
Q

In eukaryotic promoters, what is the function of promoter proximal regions?

A

Along with distant regulatory sequences, they can either enhance or repress expression

60
Q

What are transcription factors

A
  • Proteins
  • Able to bind to other promoters, alter the way that RNA polymerase is able to bind
  • Encoded by genes (distant regulatory sites)
61
Q

Give the result when:

  1. RNA polymerase binding is enhanced
  2. RNA polymerase is blocked from binding
A
  1. Expression of the gene product is increased
  2. Expression of the gene product is decreased
62
Q

True or False:

In prokaryotes, all regulation occurs on the promoter

A

True

63
Q

How does eukaryotic transcription termination work?

A
  • Contains cleavage site in 3’UTR
  • Cleavage site is transcribed by RNA polymerase
  • Recognized by RNAses, cleaving the RNA
  • Stops RNA polymerase
64
Q

True or False:

The cleavage site in eukaryotes is not transcribed

A

False, it is transcribed

65
Q

True or False:

The poly(A) tail is transcribed

A

False, it is not transcribed

66
Q

In eukaryotic transcription termination:

How is the poly(A) tail added on? What is it’s purpose?

A

By an enzyme (poly(A) polymerase), to improve stability of the mature mRNA

67
Q

What does the addition of 5’ cap and poly(A) tail in eukaryotic pre-mRNA do?

A
  1. Improves stability of mRNA and protect it from degradation by RNases in the cytosol
  2. Aids in export through the nuclear envelope
68
Q

True or False:

5’ cap is involved in initiating translation

(Explain why)

A

True, since it can be recognized by the ribosome

69
Q

What is splicing carried out by?

A

snRNPs

70
Q

How does splicing work?

A
  1. RNA within snRNPs complementary base pair with 3’ and 5’ splice sites
  2. Forms cuts at those sites, allows for high specificity
71
Q

What is the purpose of alternative splicing?

A

Allows for massive protein diversity using a limited number of genes (get variants of mRNA from the same coding DNA (gene))

72
Q

True or False:

One gene can code for various different proteins

A

True

73
Q

In alternative splicing, how is a variant of the mRNA created?

A

Changing introns and exons based on demands of the cell

74
Q

What is the difference between constitutive splicing and alternative splicing?

A
  1. Constitutive splicing: All exons are included
  2. Alternative splicing: Some exons are cut out
75
Q

True or False:

Alternative splicing is not normal

A

False, it is a normal process

76
Q

How does translation start in an eukaryote?

A

The ribosome recognizes 5’ cap of mRNA and scans until it reaches AUG (start codon)

77
Q

Where does the end of translation occur in eukaryotes? How is this achieved?

A

Stop codons (UAA, UAG, UGA)
Release factors (proteins) eject the polypeptide from ribosome

78
Q

True or False:

Stop codons do not code for anything

A

True

79
Q

In what direction does translation occur?

A

5’ to 3’

80
Q

Identify if the following is “understood as” DNA or RNA:

Promoter

A

N/A (not transcribed)

81
Q

Identify if the following is “understood as” DNA or RNA:

-10/-35 regions

A

DNA (only in prokaryotes)

82
Q

Identify if the following is “understood as” DNA or RNA:

TATA Box

A

DNA (only in eukaryotes)

83
Q

Identify if the following is “understood as” DNA or RNA:

ATG & TAG/TAA/TGA (Translation start/stop)

A

RNA (mRNA)

84
Q

Identify if the following is “understood as” DNA or RNA:

Terminator

A

RNA (mRNA - hairpin loop)

85
Q

Identify if the following is “understood as” DNA or RNA:

PolyA signal

A

RNA (pre-mRNA)

86
Q

Identify if the following is “understood as” DNA or RNA:

Cleavage site

A

RNA (pre-mRNA)

87
Q

Identify if the following is “understood as” DNA or RNA:

Intronic splice sites

A

RNA (pre-mRNA)

88
Q

Identify if the following is “understood as” DNA or RNA:

SD box

A

RNA (mRNA)

89
Q

Identify if the following is “understood as” DNA or RNA:

Exons

A

RNA (mRNA)

90
Q

State the molecule associated with the site in DNA:

-10/-35 regions

A

RNA polymerase

91
Q

State the molecule associated with the site in DNA:

TATA box

A

Transcription factors

92
Q

State the molecule associated with the site in DNA:

ATG & TAG/TAA/TGA (translation start/stop)

A

tRNA (with its anticodon) and release factor

93
Q

State the molecule associated with the site in DNA:

Terminator

A

RNA polymerase

94
Q

State the molecule associated with the site in DNA:

PolyA signal

A

PolyA polymerase protein

95
Q

State the molecule associated with the site in DNA:

Cleavage site

A

RNase protein

96
Q

State the molecule associated with the site in DNA:

Intronic splice sites

A

snRNPS

97
Q

State the molecule associated with the site in DNA:

SD box

A

rRNA in ribosome

98
Q

State the molecule associated with the site in DNA:

Exons

A

tRNA (with its anticodon)

99
Q

What does the following complementary base pair with:

DNA

A
  • Self (alpha helix)
  • DNA (DNA replication)
  • mRNA
  • rRNA
  • tRNA
  • snRNA (all during transcription)
100
Q

What does the following complementary base pair with:

mRNA

A
  • Self
  • DNA (transcription)
  • snRNA (splicing of pre-mRNA in eukaryotes)
  • rRNA (SD box - translation initiation in prokaryotes)
  • tRNA (translation)
101
Q

What does the following complementary base pair with:

rRNA

A
  • Self
  • DNA (transcription)
  • mRNA (SD box - translation intiation in prokaryotes)
102
Q

What does the following complementary base pair with:

tRNA

A
  • Self
  • DNA (transcription)
  • mRNA (translation)
103
Q

What does the following complementary base pair with:

snRNA

A
  • Self
  • DNA (transcription)
  • Pre-mRNA (splicing in eukaryotes)
104
Q

What does the following complementary base pair with:

Proteins

A

Does not complementary base pair (no nucleotides)

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