Cycle 5 BMP Workshop Flashcards

1
Q

How is respiration measured?

A

Using O2 Electrode Chamber

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2
Q

Using chlamydomonas:

State the process of preparing O2 Electrode Chamber

A
  1. Break the chlamy cells
  2. Purify the intact mitochondria
  3. Wash mitochondria
  4. Incubate isolated mitochondria with buffer (NADH + ADP + P)
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3
Q

What is measured in the O2 electrode chamber?

A

Speed of O2 consumption

This directly correlates to speed of respiration

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4
Q

List:

Ingredients of the Electron Transport Chain

A
  1. Mitochondria: Starts consumption if both mitochondria and NADH are present
  2. NADH: Starts consumption if both mitochondria and NADH are present
  3. ADP + P: Speeds up O2 consumption, only if NADH and mitochondria are present
  4. Uncoupler: Speeds up O2 consumption, only if NADH and mitochondria are present
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5
Q

Rank:

NADH, ADP+P, Uncouplers
Based on O2 consumption

A
  1. Uncoupler (Highest rate of O2 consumption)
  2. ADP+P
  3. NADH
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6
Q

Explain:

How ADP+P causes higher O2 consumption

A
  • Causes proton entry through ATP synthase
  • Makes easier for electron transport chain to pump H+
  • Consumes O2 faster
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7
Q

Explain:

How Uncouplers causes the highest rate of O2 consumption

A
  • Dissipates the proton gradient
  • Speeds up electron transport chain
  • Highest rate of O2 consumption
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8
Q

State the O2 consumption in the event of:

NADH, no mitochondria

A

No O2 consumption

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9
Q

State the O2 consumption in the event of:

NADH and Mitochondria

A

Low rate of O2 consumption

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10
Q

State the O2 consumption in the event of:

NADH, ADP+P, and mitochondria

A

High rate of O2 consumption

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11
Q

State the O2 consumption in the event of:

ADP+P and mitochondria, no NADH

A

No O2 consumption

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12
Q

State the O2 consumption in the event of:

Uncoupler, ADP+P, mitochondria; no NADH

A

No O2 consumption (no electrons for the electron transport chain)

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13
Q

What is the G3P from the Calvin Cycle sourced for?

A
  1. Energy through respiration
  2. Biosynthetic reactions
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14
Q

Define:

Cell growth

A

One cell divides into two cells

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15
Q

How is G3P used in cell growth?

A

Used as a source of carbon for the backbones of molecules needed for cell growth (e.g. nucleic acids, amino acids, fatty acids etc.)

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16
Q

What is the use of G3P in cell growth known as?

A

Autotrophic Cell Growth (as G3P originates from photosynthesis, an autotrophic process)

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17
Q

What is used in heterotrophic cell growth in chlamy?

A

Acetate, as it has acetate transporters

18
Q

What kind of metabolism does chlamy have? Explain

A

Mixotrophic Metabolism
* Autotrophic + Heterotrophic
* Autotrophic: Photosynthesis, lack glucose transporters so no growth in the dark
* Heterotrophic: External food source, cannot use light

19
Q

What are the two energy sources for chlamy? How does this benefit it?

A

Light (autotrophic) and acetate (heterotrophic), allows for highest growth rate

20
Q

What process does photosynthesis involve?

A

Gas exchange
6CO2 + 6H2O (photosynthesis) C6H12O6 + 6O2

21
Q

CO2 consumption occurs in:
O2 production occurs in:

A

CO2 consumption occurs in the Calvin Cycle
O2 production occurs in the Photosynthesis Electron Transport

22
Q

Explain:

How to measure photosynthesis

A
  1. Put a culture of chalmy into Co2 analyzer
  2. Expose the culture to varying light intensities
  3. Assess changes in CO2 levels
23
Q

Unit for CO2 fixation rate

A

CO2 fixation rate = μMol CO2 consumed/min/cell

24
Q

On the light response curve:

What occurs when the light intensity is 0?

A
  • No light = No photosynthesis
  • BUT cellular respiration is not light dependent
  • Thus, net CO2 release (net negative CO2 fixation rate)
25
# On the light response curve: What is the light compensation point?
* The rate of carbon loss (respiration) is equal to rate of carbon gain (photosynthesis) * Net CO2 fixation rate = 0
26
# On the light response curve: What does the x-axis and y-axis represent?
* X-axis: Light intensity * Y-axis: NET CO2 fixation rate
27
# On the light response curve: What is the light-limited region?
A region where there is an approximate linear relationship between light intensity and rate of photosynthesis * There is a net carbon gain = growth
28
# On the light response curve: What is the light saturated point?
* Rate of photosynthesis reaches maximum * Pmax = Maximum net rate of CO2 fixation
29
What is the maximum rate of photosyntehsis/net rate of CO2 fixation limited by?
Maximum trunover rate of enzymes in the Calvin cycle, not substrates
30
# State: The measure of carbon gain
Net Photosynthesis = Pmax = Gross Photosynthesis - Respiration
31
What limits the rate of carbon fixation as a function of light?
1. Enzymes: Rubisco has a limit to how fast it can turnover product, even with an abundance of NADPH and ATP 2. Available CO2
32
# In enzyme kinematics: What does no substrate equal?
Zero velocity
33
# In enzyme kinematics: What is increasing velocity caused by?
Increasing substrate concentration
34
# In enzyme kinematics: What is Km?
Measure of affinity * It is the substrate concentration at which half of maximum velocity is reach (1/2 Vmax) * Vmax is a measure of the max velocity
35
# In enzyme kinematics: How do we interpret Km values?
* Low Km = high affinity for substrate * High Km = low affinity for substrate
36
What is a competitive inhibitor?
* Resembles original susbtrate * Binds to active site * Binding can be reversible or irreversible
37
What is the effect of an competitive inhibitor?
Increased Km (no change in 1/2 Vmax or Vmax)
38
# True or False: Increasing substrate concentration can reduce effects of reversibly-bound inhibitors
True
39
What is an inhibitor/activator in non-competitive (allosteric) regulation?
Can be inhibitor or activator * Binds to allosteric site distant from active site * Changes enzyme affinity for substrate * Faster regulation than transcription * ATP/ADP, NADH/NAD+ can act as allosteric inhibitors/activators of metabolism
40
What is the advantage of enzyme regulation via non-competitive (allosteric) regulation?
It is FASTER to regulate at the level of enzyme activity versus transcription of translation
41
What is a noncompetitive inhibitor?
* Does not bind to active site; binds elsewhere * Causes a conformational change that makes the subtrate unable to bind
42
What is the effect of a noncompetitive inhibitor?
Change in 1/2 Vmax or Vmax (no change in Km)