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My Packs: UWO (BIO 1002) > Cycle 5 BMP Workshop > Flashcards

Cycle 5 BMP Workshop Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How is respiration measured?

A

Using O2 Electrode Chamber

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2
Q

Using chlamydomonas:

State the process of preparing O2 Electrode Chamber

A
  1. Break the chlamy cells
  2. Purify the intact mitochondria
  3. Wash mitochondria
  4. Incubate isolated mitochondria with buffer (NADH + ADP + P)
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3
Q

What is measured in the O2 electrode chamber?

A

Speed of O2 consumption

This directly correlates to speed of respiration

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4
Q

List:

Ingredients of the Electron Transport Chain

A
  1. Mitochondria: Starts consumption if both mitochondria and NADH are present
  2. NADH: Starts consumption if both mitochondria and NADH are present
  3. ADP + P: Speeds up O2 consumption, only if NADH and mitochondria are present
  4. Uncoupler: Speeds up O2 consumption, only if NADH and mitochondria are present
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5
Q

Rank:

NADH, ADP+P, Uncouplers
Based on O2 consumption

A
  1. Uncoupler (Highest rate of O2 consumption)
  2. ADP+P
  3. NADH
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6
Q

Explain:

How ADP+P causes higher O2 consumption

A
  • Causes proton entry through ATP synthase
  • Makes easier for electron transport chain to pump H+
  • Consumes O2 faster
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7
Q

Explain:

How Uncouplers causes the highest rate of O2 consumption

A
  • Dissipates the proton gradient
  • Speeds up electron transport chain
  • Highest rate of O2 consumption
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8
Q

State the O2 consumption in the event of:

NADH, no mitochondria

A

No O2 consumption

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9
Q

State the O2 consumption in the event of:

NADH and Mitochondria

A

Low rate of O2 consumption

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10
Q

State the O2 consumption in the event of:

NADH, ADP+P, and mitochondria

A

High rate of O2 consumption

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11
Q

State the O2 consumption in the event of:

ADP+P and mitochondria, no NADH

A

No O2 consumption

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12
Q

State the O2 consumption in the event of:

Uncoupler, ADP+P, mitochondria; no NADH

A

No O2 consumption (no electrons for the electron transport chain)

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13
Q

What is the G3P from the Calvin Cycle sourced for?

A
  1. Energy through respiration
  2. Biosynthetic reactions
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14
Q

Define:

Cell growth

A

One cell divides into two cells

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15
Q

How is G3P used in cell growth?

A

Used as a source of carbon for the backbones of molecules needed for cell growth (e.g. nucleic acids, amino acids, fatty acids etc.)

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16
Q

What is the use of G3P in cell growth known as?

A

Autotrophic Cell Growth (as G3P originates from photosynthesis, an autotrophic process)

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17
Q

What is used in heterotrophic cell growth in chlamy?

A

Acetate, as it has acetate transporters

18
Q

What kind of metabolism does chlamy have? Explain

A

Mixotrophic Metabolism
* Autotrophic + Heterotrophic
* Autotrophic: Photosynthesis, lack glucose transporters so no growth in the dark
* Heterotrophic: External food source, cannot use light

19
Q

What are the two energy sources for chlamy? How does this benefit it?

A

Light (autotrophic) and acetate (heterotrophic), allows for highest growth rate

20
Q

What process does photosynthesis involve?

A

Gas exchange
6CO2 + 6H2O (photosynthesis) C6H12O6 + 6O2

21
Q

CO2 consumption occurs in:
O2 production occurs in:

A

CO2 consumption occurs in the Calvin Cycle
O2 production occurs in the Photosynthesis Electron Transport

22
Q

Explain:

How to measure photosynthesis

A
  1. Put a culture of chalmy into Co2 analyzer
  2. Expose the culture to varying light intensities
  3. Assess changes in CO2 levels
23
Q

Unit for CO2 fixation rate

A

CO2 fixation rate = μMol CO2 consumed/min/cell

24
Q

On the light response curve:

What occurs when the light intensity is 0?

A
  • No light = No photosynthesis
  • BUT cellular respiration is not light dependent
  • Thus, net CO2 release (net negative CO2 fixation rate)
25
Q

On the light response curve:

What is the light compensation point?

A
  • The rate of carbon loss (respiration) is equal to rate of carbon gain (photosynthesis)
  • Net CO2 fixation rate = 0
26
Q

On the light response curve:

What does the x-axis and y-axis represent?

A
  • X-axis: Light intensity
  • Y-axis: NET CO2 fixation rate
27
Q

On the light response curve:

What is the light-limited region?

A

A region where there is an approximate linear relationship between light intensity and rate of photosynthesis
* There is a net carbon gain = growth

28
Q

On the light response curve:

What is the light saturated point?

A
  • Rate of photosynthesis reaches maximum
  • Pmax = Maximum net rate of CO2 fixation
29
Q

What is the maximum rate of photosyntehsis/net rate of CO2 fixation limited by?

A

Maximum trunover rate of enzymes in the Calvin cycle, not substrates

30
Q

State:

The measure of carbon gain

A

Net Photosynthesis = Pmax = Gross Photosynthesis - Respiration

31
Q

What limits the rate of carbon fixation as a function of light?

A
  1. Enzymes: Rubisco has a limit to how fast it can turnover product, even with an abundance of NADPH and ATP
  2. Available CO2
32
Q

In enzyme kinematics:

What does no substrate equal?

A

Zero velocity

33
Q

In enzyme kinematics:

What is increasing velocity caused by?

A

Increasing substrate concentration

34
Q

In enzyme kinematics:

What is Km?

A

Measure of affinity
* It is the substrate concentration at which half of maximum velocity is reach (1/2 Vmax)
* Vmax is a measure of the max velocity

35
Q

In enzyme kinematics:

How do we interpret Km values?

A
  • Low Km = high affinity for substrate
  • High Km = low affinity for substrate
36
Q

What is a competitive inhibitor?

A
  • Resembles original susbtrate
  • Binds to active site
  • Binding can be reversible or irreversible
37
Q

What is the effect of an competitive inhibitor?

A

Increased Km (no change in 1/2 Vmax or Vmax)

38
Q

True or False:

Increasing substrate concentration can reduce effects of reversibly-bound inhibitors

A

True

39
Q

What is an inhibitor/activator in non-competitive (allosteric) regulation?

A

Can be inhibitor or activator
* Binds to allosteric site distant from active site
* Changes enzyme affinity for substrate
* Faster regulation than transcription
* ATP/ADP, NADH/NAD+ can act as allosteric inhibitors/activators of metabolism

40
Q

What is the advantage of enzyme regulation via non-competitive (allosteric) regulation?

A

It is FASTER to regulate at the level of enzyme activity versus transcription of translation

41
Q

What is a noncompetitive inhibitor?

A
  • Does not bind to active site; binds elsewhere
  • Causes a conformational change that makes the subtrate unable to bind
42
Q

What is the effect of a noncompetitive inhibitor?

A

Change in 1/2 Vmax or Vmax (no change in Km)

My Packs: UWO (BIO 1002) (10 decks)

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