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My Packs: UWO (BIO 1002) > Cycle 11 Workshop > Flashcards

Cycle 11 Workshop Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Explain:

The meaning of epigenetics

A
  • “Epi-“ = “on top”
  • “Genetics” = “genomic sequence”
  • Tells us that it is something on top of our genomic sequence
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2
Q

Define:

Epigenetics

A

The study of changes in gene expression caused by mechanisms other than changes in the underlying DNA sequence

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3
Q

What is “on top” in epigenome?

A

Tags
* Methyl, acetyl groups
* Yellow blobs on top of genomic sequence

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4
Q

Differentiate between genome and epigenome

A
  • Genome: Consists of the DNA sequence
  • Epigenome: All the tags on top of the DNA sequence
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5
Q

True or False:

Tags are placed randomly on genome

A

False, tags are put on specific places?

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6
Q
  1. Where are methyl tags placed?
  2. Where are acetyl tags placed?
A
  1. SPECIFIC cytosine, part of DNA
  2. SPECIFIC lysine, part of histones
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7
Q
  1. What is cytosine?
  2. What is lysine?
A
  1. A nucleobase
  2. An amino acid (K, for short)
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8
Q

True or False:

Epigenetic tags are dynamic

A

True, they can be turned on and off

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9
Q

What does tagging in epigenome do?

A

Controls gene expression
* Like the edits in an essay
* Can tell you how to read the essay

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10
Q

What is turning on/off the epigenome tags?

A

Your life experiences

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11
Q

Define:

Behavioural genetics

A

The study of how epigenetic alterations induced by experience and environmental stress may affect animal behaviour

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12
Q

True or False:

People undergoing similar life experiences have different epigenomes

A

False, they have similar epigenomes

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13
Q

Why is DNA negatively charged?

A

Phosphate backbone

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13
Q

Can monozygotic twins have different epigenomes?

A

Yes, they have the same genomes but can have different epigenomes

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14
Q

What are histones positively charged?

A

Contains amino acid lysine

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15
Q

True or False:

There is an attraction between histones and DNA

A

True

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16
Q

What is it called when eukaryotic DNA and histone protein attract?

A

Nucleosome

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17
Q

How is it determined if a gene is transcribed?

A

How tightly DNA is wrapped around the Histone Proteins

18
Q

Compare:

Euchromatin vs. Heterochromatin

A

Euchromatin
* Open form
* CAN transcribe

Heterchromatin
* Closed form
* CANNOT transcribe

19
Q

Where do methylation patterns occur?

A

Only occurs on the cytosine at CpG regions

20
Q

State enzymes involved in methylation and what results from it

A
  • DNA Methyltransferase (DNMT)
  • DNMT3A, DNMT3B for de novo DNA
  • DNMT1 for maintenance
  • INACTIVATES transcription
21
Q

State the enzymes involved in demethylation and what results from it

A
  • Ten-Eleven Translocation (TET)
  • ACTIVATES transcription
22
Q

True or False:

Tags are inheritable

A

True

23
Q

What does transgenerational epigenetic inheritance imply?

A

Means that tags are stable, they are maintained

24
Q

True or False:

Newly synthesized strands are initially methylated

A

False, they are initially unmethylated

25
Q

Describe:

DNA methylation process

A
  1. DNMT3A and DNMT3B add methyl groups to de novo (new) DNA
  2. Newly synthesized strand has non-methylated cytosines but the parent strands maintain the same methylation pattern as before replication began
  3. DNMT1 recognizes hemi-methylated DNA and does methylation maintenance (methylate the cytosines in the new strand
26
Q

What is the the purpose of DNMT1?

A

Recognizes hemi-methylated sites at CpG islands

27
Q

State the enzymes involved in acetylation and what results from it

A
  • Histone Acetyltransferases (HATs)
  • Euchromatin (open)
  • INCREASES transcription
28
Q

State the enzymes involved in deacetylation and what results from it

A
  • Histone Deacetylases (HDACs)
  • Heterochromatin (close)
  • DECREASES transcription
29
Q

True or False:

Adding an Acetyl group to Lysine changes Lysine’s charge from positive to negative

A

False, it changes the charge from positive to neutral

30
Q

What do HATs do?

A
  • Acetylate lysine residues to remove positive charges
  • Reduces affinity between DNA and histones
  • Promoter is more accessible to RNA polymerase and transcription factors
31
Q

Define:

Epigenetic drift

A

Describes how the epigenome changes as we age
* E.x. Twins will have the same genome at birth, but as they grow, their epigenomes will begin to differ depending on each of their lifestyles

32
Q

True or False:

Epigenome is incredibly sensitive to envrionmental stimuli

A

True

33
Q

Do early life experiences lead to inheritable, long term epigenetic effects on gene expression? Or does life experiences later in life?

A

Early in life

34
Q

What do DNMT inhibitor drugs do?

A
  • Prevents DNA methylation
  • Allows for expression of certain genes
35
Q

How can epigenetics be utilizaed in cancer treatment?

A
  • Some tumor suppressor genes in cancer cells are hypermethylated
  • DNMT inhibitor inhibits methylation
  • Thus activates tmour suppressor gene
36
Q

How do we edit epigenome with precision?

A

CRISPR with dead Cas9

37
Q

Describe:

CRISPR in epigenetics

A
  • Dead Cas9 (dCas9), which can’t cut DNA is used
  • Guide RNA recruited to target by Cas9
  • dCas9 is fused to epigenetic enzyme
  • Results in either demethylation or methylation at targeted sites
38
Q

What produces your epigenetic clock?

A

Methylome

39
Q

What does the epigenetic clock do?

A

Used a biomarker for diseases
Tells you probability that you will develop a specific disease

40
Q

Define:

Chronological age

A

Calendar age (years since birth)

41
Q

Define:

Biological age

A

Influenced by your epigenome

42
Q

Define:

Epigenetic age acceleration

A

Biological age is older than chronological age (body ages faster due to epigenome)

43
Q

True or False:

Epigenetics are more correlated with health than SNPs are

A

True

My Packs: UWO (BIO 1002) (10 decks)

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