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My Packs: UWO (BIO 1002) > Cycle 1 BMP Workshop > Flashcards

Cycle 1 BMP Workshop Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What model system will be used in this course?

A

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (AKA Chlamy)

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2
Q

What makes Chlamydomonas the ideal model system?

A
  • Green algae
  • Photosynthetic
  • Unicellular eukaryote
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3
Q

How does Chlamy grow?

A

Binary fission

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4
Q

State the:

Generation/doubling time for Chlamy

A

~10 hours

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5
Q

What does TAP Media comprise off?

A

Macronutrients and micronutrients

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6
Q

Define:

Macronutrients

Give an example

A

Nutrients required in large quantities

Phosphate (required in DNA, RNA, component of ATP)

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7
Q

True or False:

Chlamy can be grown in liquid cultures and agar plate

A

True

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8
Q

Define:

Micronutrients

Give an example

A

Nutrients required in lesser quantities

Iron (Important in electron transport chain)

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9
Q

In a growth curve:

What does the x-axis and y-axis represent?

A

X-axis = Independent variable (time)
Y-axis = Dependent variable (# cells)

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10
Q

Define and describe:

Lag phase

A

Cells do not grow much, as culture is adapting to new environment

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11
Q

Define and describe:

Exponential phase

A

Exponential cell growth (steepest part of slope)

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12
Q

Why do cells growth fast in the exponential phase?

A

There are nutrients available for growth

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13
Q

Define and describe:

Stationary Phase

A

Cells stop dividing, due to a depletion in a nutrient

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14
Q

What is the depleted nutrient called in stationary phase?

A

Limiting nutrient

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15
Q

Define:

Homologous structures

A

Similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor

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16
Q

Describe:

Analogous structures

A

Features that have similar functions but are different structurally (e.g. proteins and genes involved) because these structures do not result from shared ancestry

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17
Q

Give an example of:

Homologous structures

A

Chlamy and animal flagella

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18
Q

Give an example of:

Analogous structures

A

Bacteria and Chlamy flagella

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19
Q

Describe:

Cilia/Flagella Structure

A

Dynein, walks towards the end causing the microtubules to bend, allowing a whip like motion
Microtubule: Protein polymer (protein chain) of tubulin

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20
Q

What types of cilia are there?

A

Motile cilia
Non-Motile (Sensory Cilia)

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21
Q

Describe:

Motile Cilia

A

Cilia that move, have dynein

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22
Q

Describe:

Non-Motile Cilia

A

Function as sensory receptors and don’t move (no dynein), have membrane proteins that interact with stimulus

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23
Q

Define:

Ciliopathies

A

Genetic mutations that affect cilia structure and/or function, causing disease

24
Q

What does it mean to have a genetically heterogeneous disease?

A

Same ciliopathy (phenotype) caused by different genetic mutations (genotype)

25
Q

In terms of ciliopathies, why is Chlamy a good model system?

A

Chlamy can be used to study human ciliopathies

26
Q

State:

The appearance of proteins in human, chlamy, and plants

A
  • Human-Chlamy: 10%
  • Human-Chlamy-Plant: 33%
  • Chlamy Plant: 26%
  • Only Chlamy: 2000ish proteins
27
Q

State the functions of:

Human-Chlamy Proteins

A

Flagella (dynein etc.)

28
Q

State the functions of:

Chlamy-Plant

A

Photosynthesis (chloroplasts etc.)

29
Q

State the functions of:

Human-Chlamy-Plant

A

Eukaryotic Processes (nucleus, mitochondria etc.)

30
Q

State:

How Chlamy is a Model System

A
  • Eyespot is similar to eye
  • Shares genes with humans
  • Eukaryotic, like humans
  • Has flagella homologous to human cilia
  • Known genome sequence (can find genetic basis of mutations)
  • Fast and easy to grow
  • Can be used for plants and humans
31
Q

Define:

Phototaxis

A

Ability of cell to move in relation to light

32
Q

What are the two types of phototaxis?

A

Positive Phototaxis: Cells move toward light
Negative Phototaxis: Cells move away from light

33
Q

True or False:

The eyespot is involved in photosynthesis

A

False

34
Q

What does the eyespot do? What gives it the ability to achieve this?

A

Gives Chlamy a sense of direction (know where light is coming from )
Channelrhodopsin

35
Q

What is channelrhodopsin and how does it work?

A

Light-gated ion channel
Light causes channel to open, positive ions (calcium ions) rush in

36
Q

What is the the positive ions rushing in known as?

A

Depolarization

37
Q

What does depolarization trigger?

A

Action potential

38
Q

What is the pumping out of sodium ions known as?

A

Repolarization

39
Q

Where are sodium ions pumped through?

A

Voltage-gated ion channel

40
Q

What does channelrhodopson comprise of?

A

Opsin (protein) + Retinal (pigment)

41
Q

True or False:

Opsin can interact with light

A

False, opsin is a protein and has no ability to interact with light

42
Q

Why can chlorophyll absorb light/photons?

A

Chlorophyll has a conjugated system of double bonds (alternating single and double), electrons are available for light absorption

43
Q

Define:

Absorption

A

Occurs when energy from the photon is transferred to an electron within a molecule, moving the electron into the excited state

44
Q

State the notation for:

Excited state chlorophyll

A

Chl*

45
Q

What are the two colors/wavelengths of light chlorophyll can absorb?

A

Blue
Red

46
Q

Why can’t chlorophyll use blue light?

A

Blue photons of light have more energy, making it too unstable and decays as heat to red energy level

47
Q

Why can’t chlorophyll absorb green light?

A

Doesn’t match energy gap between ground and excited state, must match in order to absorb

48
Q

Describe:

Photoisomerization

A

Trans-Retinal absorbs light and turns into Cis-Retinal, causing a change in opsin conformation

49
Q

What is rhodopsin?

A

Found in human eyes
Enables rod cells to be sensitive to light

50
Q

State the differences and similiarities:

Rhodopsin and Channelrhodopsins

A

Similarities
* Both involve an ion channel
* Both systems absorb light

Differences
* Rhodopsin is not the ion channel itself - triggers further downstream reactions (G-protein coupled receptor)

51
Q

True or False:

Channelrhodopsin and rhodopsin are analogous structures

A

True, they are NOT evolutionarily related

52
Q

What are the two types of photochemistry in Chlamy?

A

Photosystem (during photosynthesis)
* Using light for energy
* Oxidation of chlorophyll
* Electron is lost

Photoreceptor (during light perception)
* Using light for information
* Isomerization of retinal
* No electron lost, retinal shape changes

53
Q

How is the brain mapped using optogenetics?

A
  • Using channelrhodopsin, the opsin gene into virus
  • Distributes across neurons
  • Activate the neuron you want by exposing to blue light
  • See outcomes
54
Q

The action potential is triggered when…

A

Positively charged ions move into the cell

55
Q

True or False:

Bacteria flagella have dynein

A

False, bacteria flagella move by spinning not waving and thus don’t have dynein

My Packs: UWO (BIO 1002) (10 decks)

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