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My Packs: UWO (BIO 1002) > Cycle 4 BMP Workshop > Flashcards

Cycle 4 BMP Workshop Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

State the relation between:

Growth rate and Enzyme activity

A

Growth rate = Enzyme activity

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2
Q

State the relation between:

Temperature and Enzyme

A

Temperature increases, enzyme gains kinetic energy (bumping into one another, bind substrates)

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3
Q

What happens to an enzyme when there is too much thermal energy?

A

Enzyme denatures

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4
Q

True or False:

The tertiary structure is dependent on primary structure

A

True

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5
Q

State the relation between:

Primary structure and Temperature

A

COLD = MORE RIGID = WEAK ARRANGEMENT
HOT = LESS RIGID = STRONG ARRANGEMENT

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6
Q

What is photosynthesis?

A
  • Process performed by autotrophs
  • Endergonic (+ΔG): Need light energy
  • Redox reaction
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7
Q

Describe:

The redox reaction of photosynthesis

A
  • CO2 is reduced to G3P (used in respiration and other essential processes)
  • Water is oxidized to O2 (oxygenetic photosynthesis)
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8
Q

State:

The 2 phases of photosynthesis

A
  1. Light-dependent reactions (membrane of thylakoid)
  2. Calvin cycle (stroma)
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9
Q

What is in the genome of chlorophyll?

A

Complete transcriptional and translational apparatus (e.x. D1 protein)

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10
Q

What does bacteriorhodopsin do?

A

Captures light energy to move H+ against its concentration (proton gradient)
This proton gradient is used to produce ATP using ATP synthase

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11
Q

What is bacteriorhodopsin evolutionary similar to?

A

Channelrhodopsin

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12
Q

How is bacteriorhodopsin processes different from photosynthesis?

A
  1. Bacteriorhodopsin directly pumps protons outside cell
  2. Photosynthesis’ end goal is to produce organic molecules (glucose)
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13
Q

State:

The 8 steps of the Photosynthetic Electron Transport

A
  1. Light excites pigment in PSII (P680 to P680 excited)
  2. P680 excited gets oxidized by donating electron to electron carrier (P680 excited to P680+)
  3. Movement of electron carrier causing H+ movement across stroma to lumen (proton gradient)
  4. Electron transferred to PSI and excited by another photon (P700 to P700 excited)
  5. P700 excited donates electron to electron carrier
  6. Electron reduces NADP+ into NADPH
  7. Proton gradient formed creates proton-motive force
  8. ATP-synthase uses gradient to synthesize ATP
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14
Q

What are Light Dependent Reactions?

A

A series of redox reactions where electrons are excited by light in the photosystems
The excited state pigment harnesses enough energy to donate electron to electron carrier

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15
Q

State the trend of:

Subsequent electron acceptors and Redox potentials

A

Each subsequent electron acceptor has an increasing redox potential

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16
Q

State the relation between:

Redox potential and Ability to be oxidized

A

Negative redox potential = More easily oxidized

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17
Q

What is the purpose of having 2 photosystems?

A

To bridge the gap between the redox potential

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18
Q

What protein is P680 bound to?

A

D1

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19
Q

How does P680 pass electrons?

A

Undergoes redox reactions to pass electrons on to PS1

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20
Q

What would happen to P680 under high intensity light?

A

P680 excited state accumulates
* Usually steals electrons from water
* Under high intensity, steals electrons from D1

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21
Q

True or False:

Under normal conditions, D1 rate of repair is higher than rate of damage

A

True, so that D1 levels aren’t full on declining

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22
Q

State:

Location and purpose of Calvin Cycle

A

Happens in the stroma
Converts CO2 into sugar

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23
Q

What are the 3 important components of the Calvin Cycle?

A
  1. Fixation: CO2 fixation onto RuBP by Rubisco which produces PGA
  2. Reduction: ATP and NADPH reduces PGA to produce G3P (6 G3P)
  3. Regeneration: RuBP is regenerated from remaining 5 G3P
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24
Q

How much G3P is made from the Calvin Cycle? How much is needed for glucose formation?

A

Every three turns, produces one G3P
2 G3P = 1 molecule of glucose

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25
Q

How is oxygenic photosynthesis different from anoxygenic photosynthesis?

A

Oxygenic photosynthesis uses WATER instead of H2S to donate electrons

26
Q

True or False:

Water requires 1 photosystem to be fully oxidized

A

False, water needs 2 photosystem to be fully oxidized

27
Q

Define:

Anabolic reaction

A

Energy is required to build larger molecules from smaller ones (e.x. Amino acid to protein synthesis)
Endergonic (+ΔG)

28
Q

Define:

Catabolic reaction

A

Energy is released from energy rich molecules to obtain smaller molecules from larger ones (e.x. cellular respiration)
Exergonic (-ΔG)

29
Q

True or False:

Endergonic reactions can occur in the cell

A

False, endergonic reactions DO NOT occur in the cell

30
Q

Describe:

Energy Coupling

A

Exergonic pathway is spontaneous
Endergonic reactions require ATP to occur
Can couple “endergonic” reactions with ATP hydrolysis reaction

31
Q

What happens in substrate level phosphorylation? When does it occur?

A
  • ADP receives phosphate group from high-energy molecule/substrate, forming ATP
  • Occurs during the glycolysis (2 ATP net produced) and citric acid cycle (1 ATP produced from GTP)
32
Q

State:

The reactants and products of glycolysis

A
  • Reactants: Glucose, ATP, ADP, NAD+
  • Products: ATP, NADH, Pyruvate

Amounts: 1 Glucose produces 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 Pyruvate

(Requires 2 ATP per glucose molecule, produces 4 ATP, thus net production is 2 ATP)

33
Q

State:

The reactants and products of Pyruvate oxidation

A
  • Reactants: Pyruvate, NAD+, Coenzyme A (CoA SH)
  • Products: CO2, NADH, Acetyl Coenzyme A (Acetyle CoA)

1 Pyruvate = 1 CO2 + 1 NADH + 1 Acetyl CoA

34
Q

State:

The reactants and products of the Citric Acid Cycle

A
  • Reactants: Acetyl CoA, NAD+, GDP, Phosphate, FAD
  • Products: CoA, NADH, CO2, GTP, FADH2

1 Acetyl CoA = 3 NADH + 1 FADH2 + 2 CO2 + 1 GTP + 1 CoA

35
Q

What happens in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Converts free energy from NADH and FADH2 into ATP

36
Q

State:

The 2 components of oxidative phosphorylation

A
  1. Electron Tranport Chain
  2. Chemiosmosis
37
Q

For the electron transport chain, state:

  1. Type of process
  2. Where electrons come from
  3. How cofactors are organized
A
  1. Oxidative process
  2. Received from NADH and FADH2
  3. Organized from most negative to most positive redox potential (most easy to oxidize to most easy to reduce)
38
Q

How many cofactors/complexes are involved in the electron transport chain?

A

4

39
Q

What is the terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain? Why?

A

Oxygen, it has the highest affinity for electrons out of all cofactors

40
Q

What is the purpose of the electron transport chain?

A

The energy released from the electrons is used to drive proton pumping (proton gradient)

41
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A
  • A phosphorylation process
  • ATP synthase uses proton gradient to synthesize ATP
42
Q

True or False:

In the electron transport chain, the protein complexes are being reduced

A

False, the protein cofactors are being reduced NOT the protein complexes themselves

43
Q

True or False:

ATP is a product of the electron transport chain

A

False, ATP is a product of chemiosmosis NOT a product of the electron transport chain

44
Q

What is the product of the electron transport chain?

A

Water
(Protons are pumped out at each protein complex to form a proton gradient)

45
Q

State the relation between:

Electron Transport Chain and Chemiosmosis

A

Electron transport chain helps build the proton gradient to drive the proton motive force required during chemiosmosis

46
Q

What is the only place that protons can pass through to return to the matrix?

A

ATP synthase

47
Q

Why are protons used in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

There is a concentration difference and electric charge difference, which means a TON OF ENERGY

48
Q

What do uncouplers do?

A

Produce holes in the membrane, allow H+ protons to pass back through the membrane

49
Q

State:

The consequences of uncoupling

A
  • Free energy not conserved
  • Energy lost as heat
  • Disrupts ATP synthesis

Babies and hibernating bears have higher expression of protein uncoupler

50
Q

What forms of uncouplers are there?

A

Protein uncouplers
Chemical uncouplers

51
Q

State:

Function of Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

A

Brings pyruvate into the mitochondria under normal O2 conditions (sufficient oxygen)

52
Q

State:

Function of Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase

A

Blocks pyruvate dehydrogenase complex at low levels of O2

53
Q

What results from pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase activation?

A
  • Upregulation of glycolysis and fermentation to maximize ATP production
54
Q

What happens to pyruvate when pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase is activated?

A

Instead of pyruvate oxidation (aerobic respiration), it undergoes lactate or ethanol fermentation to generate ATP (anaerobic respiration)

55
Q

What is the difference in ATP production for aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A
  • Aerobic respiration uses oxidative phosphorylation, creating around 36 ATP/1 glucose
  • Anaerobic respiration relies on glycolysis and fermentation, creating only 2 ATP/1 glucose
56
Q

What is the Citric Acid Cycle also known as?

A

Kreb’s Cycle

57
Q

What is the Warburg effect?

A

Aerobic glycolysis
* Expressed in cancer cells
* Active pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase no matter how much O2

58
Q

What are the effects of the Warburg effect?

A
  • Increased activity of glucose transporters
  • Increased activity of hexokinase
  • Less ATP produced (4 ATP/1 glucose)
59
Q

Where does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

In the cytosol

60
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

In the mitochondria

61
Q

What enzyme converts glucose to pyruvate?

A

Hexokinase

My Packs: UWO (BIO 1002) (10 decks)

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