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My Packs: UWO (BIO 1002) > Cycle 6 BMP Workshop > Flashcards

Cycle 6 BMP Workshop Flashcards

1
Q

Define:

Endosymbiosis

A

Organelles coming together to live together within the cell
(Endo - “Within”, Syn - “Come together”, Biosis - “Living”)

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2
Q

Explain:

Specialization in the Cell

A
  • Prokaryotic energy production is inefficient
  • Specialization of certain organelles increases efficiency
  • Specialized organelles allow for more efficient eukaryotic cells
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3
Q

True or False:

Organelles do not have their own electron transport chains

A

False. Organelles do have their own electron tranport chains and own ways of synthesizing proteins, similar to free floating prokaryotes

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4
Q

Do organelles divide separately from the cell?

A

Yes, organelles divide separately from the cell. Furthermore, organelles cannot be created by the cell once destroyed

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5
Q

True or False:

Organelles RNA is different from cellular DNA

A

True. Mitochondrial genome resembles that of heterotrophic bacteria while chloroplast genome resembles that of cyanobacteria

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6
Q

True or False:

The genome sizes of the modern mitochondria and chloroplast are larger than genome sizes of the ancestral organisms they originate from

A

False, the are significantly SMALLER than the genome sizes of the ancestral organisms they originate from

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7
Q

Where the genes from ancestral organisms of mitochondria and chloroplast go?

A
  1. Redundancy: Many genes found in aerobic bacteria and cyanobacteria are already found in the host cell
  2. Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT): Overtime, genes of one genome can be relocated to another genome
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8
Q

What changes in HGT?

A

Gene location, not gene function

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9
Q

What is required for proteins encoded by nuclear genes that need to be transported to other organelles?

A

A signal peptide

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10
Q

Why is HGT performed?

A
  1. Integrative control: The nuclear genome is the main boss, giving it more genes means more control
  2. Safety: Nucleus is much safer compared to the highly reactive environments of the mitochondria and chloroplast
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11
Q

How are the environments of mitochondria and chloroplast reactive? (Give example)

A

The electron transport chain creates reactive oxygen series, which can cause DNA damage

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12
Q

How is Horizontal Gene Transfer detected?

A

DNA Hybridization

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13
Q

Desribe:

The process of DNA hybridization

A
  1. Make labelled probe; SS DNA probe that identifies gene of interest
  2. Allow for hybridization of labelled probe with SS nuclear and mitochondrial DNA
  3. If gene of interest is present in genome, labelled probe will bind to the SS DNA
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14
Q

How can we tell if the gene of interest is present in a DNA Hybridization?

A

There is a band present

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15
Q

What are proteins uniquely found in eukaryotes called?

A

Eukaryotic signature proteins (ESPs)

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16
Q

Where are ESPs also found? What do they do?

A

Found in a group of archaea called Asgard
* DNA packaging, nuclear proteins, protein synthesis, cell signalling, cytoskeleton

17
Q

True or False:

Eukaryotes have a mixture of archeal and bacterial genes

A

True

18
Q

What do the genes from Archaea and Bacteria do in a Eukaryote?

A
  • Archaea: Genes for information processing and structure
  • Bacteria: Genes for Metabolism
19
Q

What characteristics do bacteria have as a prokaryote?

A
  • Fast doubling time
  • No nucleus, but circular chromosomal DNA
  • Plasmids non chromosomal DNA
20
Q

How are bacteria categorized? Explain the difference

A

Gram +ve/-ve; by using staining procedures:
* Gram +ve stains purple
* Gram -ve stains pink

21
Q

Describe:

The wall and membrane structure of Gram +ve/-ve bacteria

A
  • Gram +ve bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan wall with a cell membrane
  • Gram -ve bacteria have a thinner peptidoglycan wall sandwiched between two membranes (cell membrane and outer membrane)
22
Q

Describe:

Penicillin Mechanism of Action

A
  • Mimics the substrate in the active site
23
Q

What kind of inhibitor is penicillin?

A

Competitive inhibitor (irreversible; forms a covalent bond)

24
Q

Describe:

Bacterial cell wall (Peptidoglycan)

A
  • Peptide + Sugar (polysaccharide)
  • Cross-linking of peptide chains catalyzed by transpeptidase
25
Q

List:

Modes of Action by Antibiotics

A
  • Attack cell wall formation (e.x. penicillin, vancomycin)
  • Attack metabolic pathways (e.g. sulfonamides attack folate biosynthesis)
  • Attack protein synthesis (e.x. kanamycin, tetracycline, lincomycin)
  • Attack DNA replication/transcription (e.x. ciprofloxacin)
26
Q

How do we determine the proper antibiotic to use?

A

Exploit the biochemical differences between bacterial vs. our cells

27
Q

List:

Methods that differences between bacterial cells and our cells that antibiotics exploit

A
  • Humans do not make folate, thus antibiotics can be used to attack folate synthesis in bacteria
  • Antibiotics for attacking the ribosome for protein synthesis in bacteria
  • Human chromosomes are not circular, thus antibiotic can attack the processes required for DNA replication and synthesis
28
Q

Define:

DNA Gyrase

A

Circular genomes

29
Q

True or False:

Antiobiotic use will harm the mitochondria

A

Not necessarily
* Mitochondria divide VERY slowly
* Long term use of antibiotics may affect mitochondrial function but not for very long
* Can switch antibiotics for long-term use

30
Q

How is antibiotic resistance detected?

A

By seeing if there is a deadzone (no bacterial growth) when antibiotic is dripped onto bacteria in culture plate

31
Q

How is antibiotic resistance developed?

A
  1. Random mutations
  2. DNA from already ressistant cells
32
Q

True or False:

Mutations in DNA are rarely deleterious

A

False. Mutations from DNA are usually deleterious or neutral, rarely advantageous

33
Q

If most mutations are deleterious or neutral, how do bacteria develop advantageous mutations?

A

Bacteria has a fast generation time (20 minutes), meaning there is a very high rate of mutations increasing the likelihood of advantageous mutations
* REMEMBER: Mutations are NOT a response to antibiotics, they are RANDOM

34
Q

List:

Antibiotic Resistance Mechanisms (Intrinsic resistance)

A
  1. Increase expression of efflux pumps (pumps antibiotic out of bacteria)
  2. New protein with same function (antibiotic does not target that protein)
  3. Decrease expression of porin - influx (prevents antibiotic from getting in)
  4. Inactivation by modifying enzymes (targeting and breaking down antibiotics)
  5. Target site modification (antibiotic cannot inhibit protein)
35
Q

Define:

Intrinsic resistance

A

The ability to resist the action of that antibiotic as a result of inherent structural or functional characteristics

36
Q

What is the “last resort” antibiotic used?

A

Carbapenems (carb), a highly effective antibiotic

37
Q

True or False:

Bacteria can become carbapenem resistant

A

True; a change in expression of one of three proin genes can prevent the antibiotic from entering

My Packs: UWO (BIO 1002) (10 decks)

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