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Block 10 > CV Physiology 1, Hassid > Flashcards

CV Physiology 1, Hassid Flashcards

1
Q

Cardioacceleratory center

A

sympathetic

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2
Q

Cardioinhibitory center

A

parasympathetic

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3
Q

parasympathetics innervate the heart via the

A

vagus nerve

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4
Q

the _____ vagus nerve ends at the SA node

A

left

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5
Q

the _____ vagus nerve ends at the AV node

A

right

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6
Q

conduction system in the heart

A

SA node -> Internodal pathways -> AV node -> AV bundle -> Bundle branches -> Purkinje fibers

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7
Q

pacemaker of the heart

A

SA node

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8
Q

conduction slows as it goes through the

A

AV node

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9
Q

ventricles do not depolarize _____ in health

A

spontaneously

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10
Q

_____ is the resting stable electrical potential of ventricular myocytes

A

phase 4

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11
Q

Phase _ is a rapid depolarization

A

0

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12
Q

Phase _ a small variable repolarization

A

1

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13
Q

Phase _ maintains the cells in a depolarized state

A

2

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14
Q

Phase _ is the bulk of the repolarization

A

3

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15
Q

__ channels maintain the ventricular myocytes in a hyperpolarized state (Phase 4)

A

K (specifically IK1

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16
Q

The ___ channel slightly repolarizes the ventricular myocyte in phase 1.

A

ITO (transient outward)

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17
Q

These two ion channels balance the electrical potential in ventricular myocytes during phase 2

A

Ca and K

18
Q

K channels active in hyperpolarized cells

A

IK1, IKATP, IKAch

19
Q

K channels active in depolarized cells

A

IKur, IKr, IKs

20
Q

_____ and _____ have essentially the same electrical activity as the ventricular muscle

A

bundle branch and purkinje fibers

21
Q

There is no plateau in the electrical potential in the _____, _____, and _____.

A

SA node, Atrial muscle, and AV node

22
Q

SA nodes are just a trigger so they do not need to

A

maintain depolarization

23
Q

When the SA node cells reach their polarized state, __ channels close and __ channels open

A

K; If (sodium)

24
Q

In the SA node, __ channels close and __ channels open at threshold.

A

If (sodium); Ca

25
Q

maximum conduction rate in the heart occurs in the _____ and the _____

A

Bundle of His; Purkinje cells

26
Q

The slowest conduction rate in the heart occurs in the _____ and the _____

A

SA node; AV node

27
Q

Absent any outside influences, the spontaneous discharge rate of the SA node would be

A

100-120 bpm

28
Q

The _____ and the _____ only have spontaneous activity if they are damaged.

A

atrial muscle; ventricular muscle

29
Q

There is spontaneous activity in the _____, _____, and _____ but at a lower rate than the SA node (but they are only activated if the SA node is blocked).

A

AV node; Bundle of His; Purkinje cell

30
Q

A decrease in HR, decrease in conduction velocity (particularly in the AV node), and decreased excitability of latent pacemakers are all consequences of _____ activity.

A

parasympathetic

31
Q

An increase in HR, increase in conduction velocity (particularly in the AV node), decreased threshold of Ca channels (thereby increasing the excitability of latent pacemakers and other cells) are all consequences of _____ activity.

A

sympathetic

32
Q

The strength of contraction is regulated by _____ and _____.

A

intracellular Ca levels during action potential; initial length of cardiac fibers

33
Q

Activation of the _____ receptor causes release of Ca from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

A

ryanodine receptor

34
Q

2 mechanisms that drive calcium out of the cells.

A

ATP-driven calcium pump (most important)

Na/Ca antiporter

35
Q

Ca is pumped back into the SR via an

A

ATP-driven pump

36
Q

3 most abundant catecholamines in the human body

A

Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine

37
Q

Epinephrine or Norepinephrine-triggered events leading to increased Ca levels in the cells and increased uptake into the SR

A

binds to beta-adrenergic receptor (cell membrane) -> … -> activation of adenylyl cyclase -> cAMP levels increase -> activation of PKA -> phosphorylation (activation) of cell membrane Ca channels and the ryanodine receptor (SR) and inhibition (via phosphorylation) of phospholamban which is an inhibitor of the Ca ATP pump into the SR

38
Q

Catecholamines accelerate the rate of these 3 things in cardiac myocytes.

A 
cardiac contraction (inotropy)
intracellular calcium decline
cardiac relaxation (lusitropy)
39
Q

Acetylcholine inhibits ____, causing _____

A

adenylyl cyclase; the opposite effects of catecholamines

40
Q

preload equals

A

end diastolic volume

41
Q

EDV-ESV=

A

SV

42
Q

2 responses to stretch that translate into increased cardiac force generation.

A

Fast response to stretch: increased Ca sensitivity of myofilaments by stretch
Slow response to stretch: activation of Ca channels by stretch

Block 10 (16 decks)

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