CV Embryology

Question 1

What does a Acyanotic cardiac anomaly comprise?

Answer 1

No shunt or a left to right shunt

Question 2

What does a Cyanotic shunt comprise of?

Answer 2

Right to left shunt

Question 3

What does a no shunt comprise of?

Answer 3

Anomalies or aortic arches or Coartication of the aorta

Question 4

Disruption of Retinoid signalling produces what type of effect?

Answer 4

AV Canal defect (Due to lack or remodeling of the AV cushions)

Question 5

A patent foramen ovale is present; leaving a shunt open from the right atrium to the left atrium. This is a failure of closure of what embryological structure?

Answer 5

Foramen Ovale; open due to failure of Septum Secundum to close

Question 6

Defects with the interventricular septum are due to what structure?

Answer 6

The membranous part of the septum

Question 7

The interventicullar septum acts as a division for what structures?

Answer 7

Divides L. Atrium and Right Ventricle from each other as well as the ventricles

Question 8

The membranous part of the interventricular septum is derived from what embryological structures?

Answer 8

Neural Crest Cells and Splanchnic Mesoderm

Question 9

The muscular part of the interventricular septum is derived from what embryological structure(s)?

Answer 9

Splanchnic Mesoderm

Question 10

The interventricular septum is formed via fusion of what three embryological structures?

Answer 10

Endocardial cushion, Right Bulbar Ridge, and Left Bulbar Ridge

Question 11

What mechanism can lead to aortic or pulmonary valve defects?

Answer 11

Disruption of neural crest cells that contribute truncoconal cushions

Question 12

Umbilical arteries become what in adults?

Answer 12

Medial Umbilical Ligaments

Question 13

Foramen Ovale: Allows what to occur in the fetus?

Answer 13

Right atrium to pass blood into the left atrium

Question 14

Oxygen rich blood in the fetus goes to what structures?

Answer 14

HRT, Cornary A. & Head

Question 15

What is the purpose of the Ductus Venosus in the fetus?

Answer 15

Shunts blood around the liver

Question 16

What does the ductus venosus become in an adult?

Answer 16

Ligamentum Hemosum

Question 17

What does the left umbilical V. Become in an adult?

Answer 17

Round Ligament of the liver

Question 18

When progressing form a fetal circulation to a neonatal circulation what happens to the foramen ovale?

Answer 18

Septum primum and septum secundum fuse and close the forame ovale; know it becomes the fossa ovalis.

Question 19

What is the function of the ductus arteriosus in the fetus?

What is known as in adults?

Answer 19

1) Blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta

2) Ligamentum Arteriosum

Question 20

What are the causes of the PDA not closing?

Answer 20

1) Low O2

2) PGE2 (Vasodilator); mediated by COX-2

Question 21

What is a treatment for PDA?

Answer 21

COX -2 Inihibitor; Ibuprofen or Indomethacin

Question 22

What is embryological basis for an Atrial Septal Defect?

ALso, what type of shunt is this?

Answer 22

Problems with Septum Primum; either Foramen Primum or Foramen Secundum

2) L - R Shunt (Acyanotic)

Question 23

What is embryological etiology for a patent foramen ovale?

Answer 23

Excessive cell death and resorption of either the septum primum or inadequate development of the septum secundum.

Question 24

What is the embryological etiology of a probe patent foramen?

Answer 24

Results from an incomplete adhesion between foramen ovale and the septum secundum; after birth

Question 25

What is the classification and embryological etiology for a Ventricular Septal Defect?

Answer 25

1) Acyanotic (Can be Cynaotic if hole is big enough) | 2) D/t failure of neural crest cells to migrate

Question 26

What is the definition of a cleft valve?

Answer 26

It is a valve with a seperation (cleft) down the middle

Question 27

What are the characteristics of a Complete AV Septal Defect?

Answer 27

Primum ASD continuous w/ VSD & Common Mitral Valve

Question 28

What are the characteristics of a Transitional AV Septal Valve defect?

Answer 28

Large primum defect (ASD), Cleft Mitral Valve, & VSD

Question 29

What are the characteristics of a partial AV Septal Defect?

Answer 29

Primum (ASD), Single AV valve annulus w/ two separate valve orifices, and cleft leaflet of mitral valve

Question 30

What is the embryological etiology for a AV Septal defect?

Answer 30

Partial or complete failure of the endocardial cushions to form

Question 31

How is a partial AV Septal defect classified in terms of Cyanotic or Acyanotic?

Answer 31

Acyanotic

Question 32

How is a complete AV Septal defect classified in terms of Cyanotic or Acyanotic?

Answer 32

Cyanotic

Question 33

What other embryological features would one see w/ a Complete AV Septal Defect?

Answer 33

Left Atrium and Ventricular septal defect

Question 34

20% of people w/ Down's Syndrome are associated w/ what defect?

Answer 34

AV Septal Defect

Question 35

What is the embryological etiology for a "Corrected" Transposition of the Great Vessels?

Answer 35

Reversed rotation of the heart or Improper septation of the outflow tract

Question 36

What are the characteristics of transposition of the great vessels? 2) Cyanotic or Acyanotic 3) Etiology

Answer 36

1) Great Vessels from wrong ventricles (Ex: Aorta from RV); Septal defects, and Persistent Ductus Arteriosus 2) R - L Shunt; Cyanotic 3) Neural Crest Cell; not undergoing proper spiraling during septation

Question 37

What are some features for Truncus Arteriosus? 2) Cyanotic or Acyanotic 3) Embyrological Explanation for this defect?

Answer 37

1) Single great vessel, interventricular septal defect 2) Cyanotic 3) Truncal & Lobar ridges fail to form; neural crest cells did not migrate

Question 38

What are some features of the tetralogy of Fallot? 2) Cyanotic or Acyanotic 3) Embryological Etiology?

Answer 38

1) Pulmonary stenosis; RV hypertrophy, interventricular septal defect, overriding aorta 2) Mixture w/ overriding aorta (Cyanotic) 3) Septation of outflow tract issue; Neural crest cells did not migrate

Question 39

What are some features of Critical Aortic Stenosis? 2) Cyanotic or Acyanotic

Answer 39

1) Tachypnea, Poor feeeding, poor perfusion | 2) Cyanotic

Question 40

What are some features of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome? 2) Cyanotic or Acyanotic 3) Info

Answer 40

1) Mitral valve stenosis, left ventricle hypoplastic, aortic valve stenosis, aortic arch hypoplastic 2) Cyanotic 3) Depedent for survival on; PDA & ASD. Highest case of infant mortality