CV Embryology Flashcards
What does a Acyanotic cardiac anomaly comprise?
No shunt or a left to right shunt
What does a Cyanotic shunt comprise of?
Right to left shunt
What does a no shunt comprise of?
Anomalies or aortic arches or Coartication of the aorta
Disruption of Retinoid signalling produces what type of effect?
AV Canal defect (Due to lack or remodeling of the AV cushions)
A patent foramen ovale is present; leaving a shunt open from the right atrium to the left atrium. This is a failure of closure of what embryological structure?
Foramen Ovale; open due to failure of Septum Secundum to close
Defects with the interventricular septum are due to what structure?
The membranous part of the septum
The interventicullar septum acts as a division for what structures?
Divides L. Atrium and Right Ventricle from each other as well as the ventricles
The membranous part of the interventricular septum is derived from what embryological structures?
Neural Crest Cells and Splanchnic Mesoderm
The muscular part of the interventricular septum is derived from what embryological structure(s)?
Splanchnic Mesoderm
The interventricular septum is formed via fusion of what three embryological structures?
Endocardial cushion, Right Bulbar Ridge, and Left Bulbar Ridge
What mechanism can lead to aortic or pulmonary valve defects?
Disruption of neural crest cells that contribute truncoconal cushions
Umbilical arteries become what in adults?
Medial Umbilical Ligaments
Foramen Ovale: Allows what to occur in the fetus?
Right atrium to pass blood into the left atrium
Oxygen rich blood in the fetus goes to what structures?
HRT, Cornary A. & Head
What is the purpose of the Ductus Venosus in the fetus?
Shunts blood around the liver
What does the ductus venosus become in an adult?
Ligamentum Hemosum
What does the left umbilical V. Become in an adult?
Round Ligament of the liver
When progressing form a fetal circulation to a neonatal circulation what happens to the foramen ovale?
Septum primum and septum secundum fuse and close the forame ovale; know it becomes the fossa ovalis.
What is the function of the ductus arteriosus in the fetus?
What is known as in adults?
1) Blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta
2) Ligamentum Arteriosum
What are the causes of the PDA not closing?
1) Low O2
2) PGE2 (Vasodilator); mediated by COX-2
What is a treatment for PDA?
COX -2 Inihibitor; Ibuprofen or Indomethacin
What is embryological basis for an Atrial Septal Defect?
ALso, what type of shunt is this?
Problems with Septum Primum; either Foramen Primum or Foramen Secundum
2) L - R Shunt (Acyanotic)
What is embryological etiology for a patent foramen ovale?
Excessive cell death and resorption of either the septum primum or inadequate development of the septum secundum.
What is the embryological etiology of a probe patent foramen?
Results from an incomplete adhesion between foramen ovale and the septum secundum; after birth
What is the classification and embryological etiology for a Ventricular Septal Defect?
1) Acyanotic (Can be Cynaotic if hole is big enough)
2) D/t failure of neural crest cells to migrate
What is the definition of a cleft valve?
It is a valve with a seperation (cleft) down the middle
What are the characteristics of a Complete AV Septal Defect?
Primum ASD continuous w/ VSD & Common Mitral Valve
What are the characteristics of a Transitional AV Septal Valve defect?
Large primum defect (ASD), Cleft Mitral Valve, & VSD
What are the characteristics of a partial AV Septal Defect?
Primum (ASD), Single AV valve annulus w/ two separate valve orifices, and cleft leaflet of mitral valve
What is the embryological etiology for a AV Septal defect?
Partial or complete failure of the endocardial cushions to form
How is a partial AV Septal defect classified in terms of Cyanotic or Acyanotic?
Acyanotic
How is a complete AV Septal defect classified in terms of Cyanotic or Acyanotic?
Cyanotic
What other embryological features would one see w/ a Complete AV Septal Defect?
Left Atrium and Ventricular septal defect
20% of people w/ Down’s Syndrome are associated w/ what defect?
AV Septal Defect
What is the embryological etiology for a “Corrected” Transposition of the Great Vessels?
Reversed rotation of the heart or Improper septation of the outflow tract
What are the characteristics of transposition of the great vessels?
2) Cyanotic or Acyanotic
3) Etiology
1) Great Vessels from wrong ventricles (Ex: Aorta from RV); Septal defects, and Persistent Ductus Arteriosus
2) R - L Shunt; Cyanotic
3) Neural Crest Cell; not undergoing proper spiraling during septation
What are some features for Truncus Arteriosus?
2) Cyanotic or Acyanotic
3) Embyrological Explanation for this defect?
1) Single great vessel, interventricular septal defect
2) Cyanotic
3) Truncal & Lobar ridges fail to form; neural crest cells did not migrate
What are some features of the tetralogy of Fallot?
2) Cyanotic or Acyanotic
3) Embryological Etiology?
1) Pulmonary stenosis; RV hypertrophy, interventricular septal defect, overriding aorta
2) Mixture w/ overriding aorta (Cyanotic)
3) Septation of outflow tract issue; Neural crest cells did not migrate
What are some features of Critical Aortic Stenosis?
2) Cyanotic or Acyanotic
1) Tachypnea, Poor feeeding, poor perfusion
2) Cyanotic
What are some features of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome?
2) Cyanotic or Acyanotic
3) Info
1) Mitral valve stenosis, left ventricle hypoplastic, aortic valve stenosis, aortic arch hypoplastic
2) Cyanotic
3) Depedent for survival on; PDA & ASD. Highest case of infant mortality
