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VSCI300 PATH > CV > Flashcards

CV Flashcards

1
Q

embryology of the heart: desc basics

A

cardiogenic cords –> endocardial tubes -> fuse
chambers = sinus venosum, primordium atrium and ventricle and bulbus cordis
endocardial cushions - valves
atria and ventricles septation
truncus arteriosis = pulm a and aorta

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2
Q

name the principle differences in foetal circulation

A

ductus venosus,
ductus arteriosis
foramen ovale (atrial defect)
umb a –> placenta and umb v –> body

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3
Q

what is etopica cordis

A

heart out of thorax

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4
Q

what is amorphous globosus

A

heartless furry blob

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5
Q

what does PDA cause

A

RV hypertrophy

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6
Q

what causes an atrial septal defect

A

failure of f. ovale to close

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7
Q

what would result in a L–> R shunt causing P equalising and hyperrtophy of L and RHS

A

VSD

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8
Q

fibrous formation around the valves leads to..

A

pulm and subaortic stenosis

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9
Q

what are the signs of Rsided CHF (histology)

A 
passive congestion
hepatomegaly/splenomegaly
nutmeg liver
oedema
tricusp and p valve dysfunction
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10
Q

what are the histological signs of L sided CHF?

A 
pulm congestion
oedema
fibrosis
haemosiderophages (heart failure cells)
aortic and mitral dysfunction
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11
Q

what 4 things does the tetralogy of fallot contain

A
  1. VSD
  2. P stenosis
  3. dextroposition of the aorta
  4. 2ry RV hypertrophy
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12
Q

why can the aorta cause mega oesophagus

A

if persistance RIGHT 4th AA

crosses oesoph and trachea - compresses

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13
Q

name some common causes of cardiac haemorrhages

A

septicaemia
endotox
agonal change in horses
pigs - mulberry heart

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14
Q

name some causes of hydropericardium

A
  1. inc vasc perm = arterivirus (PRRS), flu, STEC, erysipolas, TIII hypersens
  2. inc Hstatic (LHS CHF or fluid overload)
  3. dec osmotic p (hypoproteinaemia)
  4. dec drainage
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15
Q

name causes of haemopericardium

A 
atrial rupture (h-sarcoma)
aortic rupture in horses
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16
Q

causes of myocarditis

A

foreign body + bact penetration
haematogenous spread
local extension of inflammation

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17
Q

name causes of fibrinous pericarditis

A
  • FIP
  • pastuerella
  • haemophilus parasuis
  • strep
  • salmonella
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18
Q

what is another name for porcine polyserositis

A

glasser disease = haemophilus parasuis
fibrinous exudate
plueritis, pericarditis, polyarthritis

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19
Q

chronic inflammatory processes usually present with..

A

fibrosis

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20
Q

give two examples of proliferative fibrosing lesions of pericardium

A

hardware dz

strep infections

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21
Q

what is visceral gout?

A

uric acid is NOT excreted by kidneys and so builds up as crystals on surfaces –> inflammation caused

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22
Q

mineralisation might be caused by..

A

vit d toxicosis OR ingesting calcinogenic plants (solanum), hyperpara, johnes and gout

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23
Q

endocardiosis is a process which causes..

A

short fat nodular valves

24
Q

endocarditis results in what growths?

A

vegetative fibrinous growth as they try and destroy the bacteria which has attached onto the valves - instead often prevent valve fct and death.

25
cardiomegaly is by 2 main processes..?
dilation | hypertrophy
26
what is the difference bw concentric and eccentric hypertrophy>
concentric = smaller lumen, thick walls. from inc P/valv stenosis/systemic hypertension eccentric = thick wall, normal lumen. from inc volume, valve regurg and VSD/ASD
27
dilation is usually a ________ when the myocardial cells cant _______
acute response | enlarge they stretch instead
28
there are 3 main types of cardiomyopathies
1. dilated/congested - D, big heart. interstitial fibrosis 2. hypertrophic - cats. ATE, concentric. fibrosis 3. restrictive - rigid, decreased CO, same R and rhythm
29
name 4 causes of myocardial necrosis
1. ischemia hypoxia 2. nutritional defic (vit e/selenium 3. capture (monensin, thallium, plants) 4. doxirubicin (chemo drug)
30
descr the appearance of ischaemia (acute, s/a and chronic)
``` acute = swollen myofibres, hyaline necrosis (v+ eosinophillic), idistinct striations and pyknotic nuclei s/a = inflam cells and pcotisis chronic = f-blast, collagen and capillaries seen ```
31
desc the lesions and aetiology of mulberry heart disease
``` lesions = necrosis, hydropericardium haem + aietiology = vit e/selenium defic of piglets ```
32
desc the lesions and aetiology of equine myocardial degeneration
petechial haem+ around coronary arteries, myocardial hyalinosis and VF monensin intox
33
desc the lesions and aetiology of doxirubucin overdose
chronic usually. pale myocardium, hyalinosis
34
desc the type of myocarditis caused by septicaemias
purulent
35
what bacterial infection can cause necrotic myocarditis?
septicaemia of clostridium chauvenoi
36
what agent will cause granulomatos myocarditis?
fungi eg aspergilus
37
name 3 protozoa to cause myocarditis
1. sarcocystes 2. toxoplasma gondii (also interstitial pneumonia) 3. neospora
38
name 2 nematodes which can live in the heart
dirofiliaria immitis - RA (black little wiggly worms) | angiostrongylus vasorum - pulm a (large white worms)
39
what tumours can arise from endothelium?
haemangio-oma and sarcoma
40
what tumours can arise from the muscle
rhabdosarcoma (v rare)
41
what tumours canarise from the interstitial tissue?
fibroma and myxoma
42
what 2 tumours can arise at the heart base?
chemo dectoma | paraganglioma
43
what tumour can arise from the epi + pericardium?
mesothelioma
44
what 2ry tumours can be found at the heart?
ectopic thyroid tissue --> adenoma or carcinoma | metastatic
45
what are the 3 layers of a vessel and what differs bw elastic and muscular arteries
TI, TM and TA | in elastic TM has elastic laminae in
46
name 3 types of capillary system?
continuous - tissue fenestrated - glomeruli, intestine discontinuous - BM, spleen
47
what can cause anuerysms?
hypertension thrombus - parasites, clot, tumour cu deficiency - req for the elastin development
48
give a reason for arterial hypertrophy
high BP OR Volume muscular arteries commonly pulm artery normally (under low P usually)
49
give a cause of arterial TM mineralisation. TI mineralisation is normal in horses btw..
present if endocardial mineralisation in heart (obvs) | calcinogenic plants, Vit D toxicosis, johnes
50
what is fibrinoid necrosis? why does it happen? give an example of disease its seen in
amorph, homogenous eosinophillic-ness from tissue damage --> extravasation of protein+fibrin in vessel wall mulberry, STEC and ureaemia
51
what is virchows triad?
balance of intravascular coagulation 1. endothelial injury 2. abnormal flow 3. hypercoagulobility
52
what is DIC and what happens?
disseminated intravascular coagulation systemic endo injury PLT aggregation --> i.v activation of clotting and lots of microthrombi are produced --> embolic
53
name 4 types of embolism
1. septic 2. parasitic 3. fat - f# 4. fibrocartilagenous - intravertebral disk
54
what does arteritis look like histologically?
WBCs fibrin deposits necrosis
55
what can cause phlebitis?
local/systemic inf IV inj omphalophlebitis (umb v) --> hepatic abscess and thrombi
56
where do haemangiopericytomas usually grow?
around joints. whirls of fusiform cells

VSCI300 PATH (10 decks)

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