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VSCI300 PATH > CV > Flashcards

CV Flashcards

1
Q

embryology of the heart: desc basics

A

cardiogenic cords –> endocardial tubes -> fuse
chambers = sinus venosum, primordium atrium and ventricle and bulbus cordis
endocardial cushions - valves
atria and ventricles septation
truncus arteriosis = pulm a and aorta

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2
Q

name the principle differences in foetal circulation

A

ductus venosus,
ductus arteriosis
foramen ovale (atrial defect)
umb a –> placenta and umb v –> body

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3
Q

what is etopica cordis

A

heart out of thorax

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4
Q

what is amorphous globosus

A

heartless furry blob

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5
Q

what does PDA cause

A

RV hypertrophy

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6
Q

what causes an atrial septal defect

A

failure of f. ovale to close

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7
Q

what would result in a L–> R shunt causing P equalising and hyperrtophy of L and RHS

A

VSD

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8
Q

fibrous formation around the valves leads to..

A

pulm and subaortic stenosis

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9
Q

what are the signs of Rsided CHF (histology)

A 
passive congestion
hepatomegaly/splenomegaly
nutmeg liver
oedema
tricusp and p valve dysfunction
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10
Q

what are the histological signs of L sided CHF?

A 
pulm congestion
oedema
fibrosis
haemosiderophages (heart failure cells)
aortic and mitral dysfunction
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11
Q

what 4 things does the tetralogy of fallot contain

A
  1. VSD
  2. P stenosis
  3. dextroposition of the aorta
  4. 2ry RV hypertrophy
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12
Q

why can the aorta cause mega oesophagus

A

if persistance RIGHT 4th AA

crosses oesoph and trachea - compresses

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13
Q

name some common causes of cardiac haemorrhages

A

septicaemia
endotox
agonal change in horses
pigs - mulberry heart

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14
Q

name some causes of hydropericardium

A
  1. inc vasc perm = arterivirus (PRRS), flu, STEC, erysipolas, TIII hypersens
  2. inc Hstatic (LHS CHF or fluid overload)
  3. dec osmotic p (hypoproteinaemia)
  4. dec drainage
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15
Q

name causes of haemopericardium

A 
atrial rupture (h-sarcoma)
aortic rupture in horses
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16
Q

causes of myocarditis

A

foreign body + bact penetration
haematogenous spread
local extension of inflammation

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17
Q

name causes of fibrinous pericarditis

A
  • FIP
  • pastuerella
  • haemophilus parasuis
  • strep
  • salmonella
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18
Q

what is another name for porcine polyserositis

A

glasser disease = haemophilus parasuis
fibrinous exudate
plueritis, pericarditis, polyarthritis

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19
Q

chronic inflammatory processes usually present with..

A

fibrosis

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20
Q

give two examples of proliferative fibrosing lesions of pericardium

A

hardware dz

strep infections

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21
Q

what is visceral gout?

A

uric acid is NOT excreted by kidneys and so builds up as crystals on surfaces –> inflammation caused

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22
Q

mineralisation might be caused by..

A

vit d toxicosis OR ingesting calcinogenic plants (solanum), hyperpara, johnes and gout

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23
Q

endocardiosis is a process which causes..

A

short fat nodular valves

24
Q

endocarditis results in what growths?

A

vegetative fibrinous growth as they try and destroy the bacteria which has attached onto the valves - instead often prevent valve fct and death.

25
Q

cardiomegaly is by 2 main processes..?

A

dilation

hypertrophy

26
Q

what is the difference bw concentric and eccentric hypertrophy>

A

concentric = smaller lumen, thick walls. from inc P/valv stenosis/systemic hypertension

eccentric = thick wall, normal lumen. from inc volume, valve regurg and VSD/ASD

27
Q

dilation is usually a ________ when the myocardial cells cant _______

A

acute response

enlarge they stretch instead

28
Q

there are 3 main types of cardiomyopathies

A
  1. dilated/congested - D, big heart. interstitial fibrosis
  2. hypertrophic - cats. ATE, concentric. fibrosis
  3. restrictive - rigid, decreased CO, same R and rhythm
29
Q

name 4 causes of myocardial necrosis

A
  1. ischemia hypoxia
  2. nutritional defic (vit e/selenium
  3. capture (monensin, thallium, plants)
  4. doxirubicin (chemo drug)
30
Q

descr the appearance of ischaemia (acute, s/a and chronic)

A 
acute = swollen myofibres, hyaline necrosis (v+ eosinophillic), idistinct striations and pyknotic nuclei
s/a = inflam cells and pcotisis
chronic = f-blast, collagen and capillaries seen
31
Q

desc the lesions and aetiology of mulberry heart disease

A 
lesions = necrosis, hydropericardium haem +
aietiology = vit e/selenium defic of piglets
32
Q

desc the lesions and aetiology of equine myocardial degeneration

A

petechial haem+ around coronary arteries, myocardial hyalinosis and VF
monensin intox

33
Q

desc the lesions and aetiology of doxirubucin overdose

A

chronic usually. pale myocardium, hyalinosis

34
Q

desc the type of myocarditis caused by septicaemias

A

purulent

35
Q

what bacterial infection can cause necrotic myocarditis?

A

septicaemia of clostridium chauvenoi

36
Q

what agent will cause granulomatos myocarditis?

A

fungi eg aspergilus

37
Q

name 3 protozoa to cause myocarditis

A
  1. sarcocystes
  2. toxoplasma gondii (also interstitial pneumonia)
  3. neospora
38
Q

name 2 nematodes which can live in the heart

A

dirofiliaria immitis - RA (black little wiggly worms)

angiostrongylus vasorum - pulm a (large white worms)

39
Q

what tumours can arise from endothelium?

A

haemangio-oma and sarcoma

40
Q

what tumours can arise from the muscle

A

rhabdosarcoma (v rare)

41
Q

what tumours canarise from the interstitial tissue?

A

fibroma and myxoma

42
Q

what 2 tumours can arise at the heart base?

A

chemo dectoma

paraganglioma

43
Q

what tumour can arise from the epi + pericardium?

A

mesothelioma

44
Q

what 2ry tumours can be found at the heart?

A

ectopic thyroid tissue –> adenoma or carcinoma

metastatic

45
Q

what are the 3 layers of a vessel and what differs bw elastic and muscular arteries

A

TI, TM and TA

in elastic TM has elastic laminae in

46
Q

name 3 types of capillary system?

A

continuous - tissue
fenestrated - glomeruli, intestine
discontinuous - BM, spleen

47
Q

what can cause anuerysms?

A

hypertension
thrombus - parasites, clot, tumour
cu deficiency - req for the elastin development

48
Q

give a reason for arterial hypertrophy

A

high BP OR Volume
muscular arteries commonly
pulm artery normally (under low P usually)

49
Q

give a cause of arterial TM mineralisation. TI mineralisation is normal in horses btw..

A

present if endocardial mineralisation in heart (obvs)

calcinogenic plants, Vit D toxicosis, johnes

50
Q

what is fibrinoid necrosis? why does it happen? give an example of disease its seen in

A

amorph, homogenous eosinophillic-ness
from tissue damage –> extravasation of protein+fibrin in vessel wall
mulberry, STEC and ureaemia

51
Q

what is virchows triad?

A

balance of intravascular coagulation

  1. endothelial injury
  2. abnormal flow
  3. hypercoagulobility
52
Q

what is DIC and what happens?

A

disseminated intravascular coagulation
systemic endo injury
PLT aggregation –> i.v activation of clotting and lots of microthrombi are produced –> embolic

53
Q

name 4 types of embolism

A
  1. septic
  2. parasitic
  3. fat - f#
  4. fibrocartilagenous - intravertebral disk
54
Q

what does arteritis look like histologically?

A

WBCs
fibrin deposits
necrosis

55
Q

what can cause phlebitis?

A

local/systemic inf
IV inj
omphalophlebitis (umb v) –> hepatic abscess and thrombi

56
Q

where do haemangiopericytomas usually grow?

A

around joints. whirls of fusiform cells

VSCI300 PATH (10 decks)

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