Cumulative Deck Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

conscious

A

the information about yourself and your environment you are currently aware of

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

effects of authoritarian parenting style

A
  • distrust others and withdrawal from peers- obedient attitudes are more important than discussions on why the rules are what they are- punishment used more than reinforcement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

clinical psychologists

A

psychologists with a Ph. D. and specialize in research, assessment, and therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

frequency distribution

A

a distribution of observed frequencies of occurrence of the values of a variable. Such as types of pets owned by the class. A graph showing a bar for dogs, cat, turtles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

stress reactions

A

reactions to stressors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

function of dopamine

A

motor movement and alertness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

frontal lobotomy

A

type of lesioining that was used to treat mentally ill patiens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

examples of stimulants

A

caffeine, cocaine, amphetamines and nicotine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

echoic memory

A

a split-second perfect memory of a sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

initiative vs. guilt

A

third stage of psychosocial stage theorya child aged 3 - 6 years begin to take initiative that conflicts with parental wishes. Over-controlling parents may instill feelings of guilt and damage self-esteem. Supportive parents encourage emerging independence while providing appropriate controls.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

concurrent validity

A

measures how much of a characteristic a person has now. type of criterion-related validity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Louis Terman

A

a Stanford professor, came up with Stanford-Binet IQ test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

delusions

A

beliefs that have no basis in realitycommon delusions are persecution and grandeur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

tardive dyskinesia

A

muscle tremors and stiffness caused by extensive use of anti psychotic drugs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

dispositional/person attribution

A

personality traits; Charley did well on a math test because he is good at math

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

diffusion of responsibility

A

reduction in sense of responsibility often felt by individuals in a group; may be responsible for the bystander effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

population

A

anyone or anything that could possibly be selected to be in the sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

UCR

A

physical reactions that is natural.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

orgasm (Sexual Response Cycle)

A

rhythmic genital contractions that may help conception, respiration and heart rate increase further, males ejaculate, often accompanied by a pleasurable euphoria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

castration anxiety

A

part of Freud’s psychosexual stage theorythe fear that if they misbehave, they will be castrated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

risk

A

participants cannot be placed in significant mental or physical risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Muller-Lyer illusion

A

demonstrates that some perceptual rules are learned from culture and not innate. Example of cultural learning of perspective is the use of angles in the architecture of your environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Mary Ainsworth

A

conducted study on what infants would do if their parents left them alone, then came backcategorized results into secure attachments (66%), avoidant attachments (21%) and anxious/ambivalent attachments (12%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

regression

A

returning to an earlier, comforting form of behavior. Biff starts to suck his thumb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

frequency polygon

A

Frequency distribution can be easily represented by frequency polygon aka a line graph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

response criteria (receiver operating characteristics)

A

signal detection theory how motivated people are to detect certain stimuli and expectations for what they want to perceive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

telegraphic

A

second stage in language acquisitioncombination of the words into simple commands and sentences; meaning clear, syntax absent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Stanford-Binet IQ test

A

-divide mental age by chronological age, then multiply by 100-all adults have mental age of 20-compare: Weschler tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

dependent variable

A

This is the variable that is studied. Let’s say we are experimenting to find out the effect that the simpsons has on people’s tendency to be violent. The dependent variable would be the violence people experience after watching the Simpsons. The Simpsons episode would be the independent variable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

line of best fit

A

the line drawn through the scatter plot that minimizes the distance of all the points from the line. The slope of this best fit line can reveal correlation coefficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

stressors

A

stressful life events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

DSM-IV-TR

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders uses an axial approach for diagnosis. These axis include

  1. Clinical Disorder - schitzophrenia, run of the mill psychological disorders
  2. Developmental and Personality Disorder - retardation, antisocial, paranoid
  3. Medical Disorder - diabetes, cancer, brain impairment
  4. Pysiological disorder - divorce, new school change (stress), fired from job
  5. Global Assesment of Functionality

The dms does not include the causes or the treatment of these disorders since the causes and treatment are widely contested.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

paraphilia

A

the sexual attraction to an object, person, or activity not usually seen as sexualmost paraphilias occur more commonly in men than in women, except for masochism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

institutional review board

A

reviews research proposal for ethical violations and/or procedural errors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

avoidance-avoidance conflict

A

decision between two unfavorable outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Jung’s unconscious

A

consists of collective unconscious and personal unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

percentile

A

the distance of a score from 0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Drive Reduction Theory

A

behavior is motivated by biological needsdoes not explain all behaviors, such as adrenaline addicts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

self-theory

A

created by Carl Rogersbelieved that people needed unconditional positive regard in order to self-actualize

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

frustration-aggression hypothesis

A

the feeling of frestration makes aggression more likely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

overabundance of dopamine

A

schizophrenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

vestibular sense. How is it measured?

A

how our body is oriented in space. Three semicircular canals in the inner ear contain fluid that causes hair cells in the canal to move. These hair cells activate neurons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

recall

A

retrieving a memory with an external cue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

belief perseverance

A

tendency to maintain a belief even after the evidence we used to form the belief is contradictedcompare: confirmation bias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

door-in-the-face

A

after people refuse a large reques, hey will look more favorably upon a follow-up request that seems, in comparison, much more reasonable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

intern’s syndrome

A

the tendency to see in oneself the characteristics of disorders about which one is learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

informed consent

A

participants must know that they are involved in research and give their consent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

hindbrain

A

structures in the top part of the spinal cord, controls basic biological functions that keep us alive. These include pons, cerebelum, and medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

rationalization

A

coming up with a beneficial result of an undesirable occurrence. Biff thinks he is free to find someone else better

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

psychosurgery

A

the purposeful destruction of part of the brain to alter a person’s behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Binocular Cues

A

Depth perception that depends on two eyes Binocular Disparity: Both eyes see objects with slightly different angles, brain gets both images. The closer the object becomes the more disparity. The farther the object is the less disparity between the images of the two eyes. Convergence: Eyes move closer to each other to keep focus as object gets closer to our face

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

examples of hallucinogens/psychedelics

A

LSD, peyote, psilocybin mushrooms, marajuana

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

psychodynamic theorists

A

Carl Jung and Alfred Adler

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Galen

A

a Roman philosopher who maintained that psychological illnesses were influenced by biological factors and could therefore be treated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

psychoanalysts

A

people trained specifically in Freudian methods who may or may not hold medical degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

similarity, proximity and reciprocal liking

A

the three factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Alfred Binet

A

wanted to design test to find children who would need help in school and created mental age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

random selection

A

randomly selecting the sample group, increases the likelihood that the sample represents the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

penis envy

A

part of Freud’s psychosexual stage theorygirls are jealous of boys’ penises

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

variance

A

the average of the squared differences of each number from the mean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Howard Gardner

A

multiple intelligences theoristSpatial, Linguistic, Logical-mathematical, Bodily-kinesthetic, Musical, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Naturalistic[In his garden grew many different kinds of smart plants]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

fugue

A

dissociative disorderhaving psychogenic amnesia and finding oneself in an unfamiliar environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

UCR

A

physical reactions that is natural.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

repression

A

pushing thoughts out of conscious awareness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

dissociative identity disorder

A

dissociative disorderseveral personalities that may represent different ages and both sexes, people with DID commonly have a history of sexual abuse or some other childhood traumarare outside of US; DIDers may be role-playing b/c of their therapists’ questions and media portrayals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

fissures

A

wrinkles in the cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

decay

A

not using a memory or connections to a memory for a long period of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Gordon Allport

A

theorized that in order to have a full understanding of someone’s personality, you needed to look at their personal traitsposited three types of personal traits: cardinal dispositions, central and secondary dispositions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

amplitude

A

the height of a sound wave, measured in decibels. The more amplitude the louder the sound or the brighter the color.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

id

A

contains instincts and psychic energy, called Eros and Thanatosexists entirely in the unconscious mindpropelled by pleasure principle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

schizophrenia

A

disordered, distorted thinking often demonstrated through delusions and/or hallucinations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

scatter plot

A

a series of points plotted on a graph. Used to plot correlations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

basic research

A

research that explores questions that are of interest of psychologists that are not intended to have immediate, real-world applications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

linguistic relativity hypothesis

A

Benjamin Whorf language may control or limit our thinking- studies show effect of labeling on how we think about people, objects, or ideas, but do not show that language changes what we can think about

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

abnormality

A
  1. maladaptive and/or disturbing to the individual2. disturbing to others3. unusual, unshared by many others of the same population4. irrational, doesn’t make sense to the average person
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

correlation

A

a relationship between two variables without ascribing cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

created psychoanalytic theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

availability heuristic

A

judging a situation based on examples of similar situations that come to mind initially

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

criticisms of Freud

A
  • little empirical evidence- all reactions can be taken as proof for psychoanalystic theory- little predictive power, only diagnose psychological issue can not predict.; Contemporary research finds it hard to believe that personality is determined by the age of 5, Freud over estimated the importance of sex and childhood. only explains past actions- feminists find “penis envy” objectionable, Karen Horney and Nancy Chodorow posit “womb envy”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

sampling error

A

the extent to which a sample differs from the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

chromosonal abnormality only one X chromosome in the 23rd pair causes shortness, webbed necks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

blind spot

A

where the optic nerve leaves the retina, calls such because has no rods or cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

explicit (declarative) memory

A

conscious memories of facts or events we actively tried to remember

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

naturalistic observation

A

unobtrusive observation on subjects in their natural habitats, control is sacrificed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

histogram

A

Frequency distribution can be easily represented by histogram aka a bar graph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Barnum effect

A

the tendency for people to see themselves in vague, stock descriptions of personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

binging

A

eating large amounts of food in a short amount of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

opponent-process theory

A

the theory that sensory receptors in the retina come in pairs. opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. If one receptor in a pair is stimulated, its counterpart is prohibited from firing. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green. Explains colorblindness and afterimages. For afterimages, basically if you stare at red for a long time, you have fatigued this sensor, then when you look at a blank wall the opponent process (green) fires. For color blindness, opponent-process theory works, because of the whole idea that sensory receptors come in pairs, and dichromatic color blind people have difficulty seeing colors that are paired in accordance to the opponent-process theory. Therefore a color blind person would have difficulty sensing red and green or yellow and blue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Weber’

A

s law for hearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

convergent thinking

A

thinking pointed toward one solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

gate-control theory

A

when a higher priority pain message coincides with a lower priority pain message, only the higher one will be felt. Endorphins and other drugs such as opiates like morphine swing the gate shut.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

confounding variable

A

any difference between the experimental and control conditions, besides the changes of the independent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Mood or affective disorder

A

experience extreme or inappriate behavior. Major depressive disorder is one of the most common mood or affective disorder.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

drugs used to treat unipolar depression

A

tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, and serotonin-reuptake-inhibitor drugs (Prozac) which all tend to increase the activity of serotonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

brain plasticity

A

the ability of other parts of the brain to take over functions of damaged regions. Declines as hemispheres of the cerebral cortex lateralize.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

integrity vs. despair

A

eighth stage of psychosocial stage theoryFrom age 65 to death, people who look back on their lives with satisfaction develop a sense of wholeness and integrity. Those in despair look back with regret and disappointment in the lives they have led.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

triadic reciprocality/reciprocal determinism

A

the person (traits), the environment, and the person’s behavior each influence both of the other two in a constant looplike fashion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

just-world belief

A

misfortunes befall people who deserve them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

confirmation bias

A

the tendency to look for evidence that confirms our beliefs and ignore evidence that contradicts what we think is truecompare: belief perseverence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

mere-exposure effect

A

old stimuli are preferred over new stimuli, because on some level the old stimuli are remembered and known, regardless of consciouss awareness of the old stimuli. The unconscious might recognize the stumuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

language acquisition devicealso called nativist theory of language acquisition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

symptom substitution

A

when, after a person is successfully treated for one psychological disorder, that person begins to experience a new psychological problem. This belief is held by psychoanalysts that believe that the unconscious root of the problem must be solved in order to prevent symptom substitution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

group test

A

test administered to a large group of people, less expensive, more objectivecompare: individual test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Management Theory

A

consists of theory x and theory y

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

controls the automatic functions of our bodydivided into two categories: sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemscompare: Somatic Nervous System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

comparative psychologists

A

look at the psychology of non-human animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

plateau phase (Sexual Response Cycle)

A

respiration and heart rate continue at an elevated level, genitals secrete fluids in preparation for coitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

drugs used to treat anxiety disorders

A

barbiturates (Miltown) and benzodiazepines (Xanax and Valium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

in-group

A

people of their own group, seen as more diverse than people of out-groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

central dispositions

A

more apparent than secondary dispositions, but less so than cardinal dispositions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

delta sleep/slow-wave sleep

A

stages 3 and 4’s other names due to the delta waves that exist during these stagesreplenishes the body’s chemical supplies, releasing growth hormones in children and fortifying the immune system. we move into stages 3 and 4, which are sometimes called delta sleep (also called slow-wave sleep) because of the delta waves that exist during these stages. The slower the wave (slow waves are low-frequency waves), the deeper the sleep and less aware we are of our environment. A person in delta sleep is very difficult to wake up. If you are awakened out of delta sleep, you may be very disoriented and groggy. Delta sleep seems to be very important in replenishing the body’s chemical supplies, releasing growth hormones in children, and fortifying our immune system. A person deprived of delta sleep will be more susceptible to illness and will feel physically tired. Increasing exercise will increase the amount of time we spend in stages 3 and 4.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

midbrain

A

coordinates simple movements with sensory information contains reticular formation. Ex: if you move your head to the left, the midbrain coordinates with your eyes to keep your eyes focused on the text.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

genital (psychosexual stages)

A

fifth and final stage, fixation here is normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

EQ (emotional intelligence)

A

ability to identify, assess, and control the emotions of oneself, of others, and of groups; helps people achieve what they want to achieveroughly corresponds to Gardner’s interpersonal and intrapersonalsupported by Daniel Goldman

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

positive symptoms

A

excesses in behavior, thought, or moodexamples: neologisms, hallucinationscompare: negative symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

attribution theory

A

how people determine the cause ofwhat they observe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

dream analysis

A

one of the three methods used by psychoanalysts. the patient reports the literal content (manifest content) to the psychoanalyst who interprets it to become what it really means (latent/hidden content)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

measures of central tendency

A

mean, median, mode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

superego

A

exists in both the unconscious mind and the conscious mindsense of conscience. Ego moderates between the superego which has the sense of right and wrong and the id.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

intrinsic motivators

A

rewards we get internallymost effective at continuing a behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Moro reflex

A

startled, fling limbs out, quickly retract them, make himself as small as possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

standard deviation

A

the square root of the variance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

frequency polygon

A

line graph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

instrumental conditioning

A

behavioral therapyinvolves using rewards and/or punishments to modify a person’s behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

cerebellum

A

part of hindbrainlooks like smaller version of brain stuck onto the underside of brain, coordinates HABITUAL muscle movements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

generativity vs. stagnation

A

seventh stage of psychosocial stage theoryFrom age 40 - 65, adults need to express their caring about future generations by guiding/mentoring others or producing creative work that enriches the lives of others. Failing this, people become stagnant and preoccupied with their own needs and comforts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

field experiment

A

conducted in the world, more realistic than laboratory experiment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

hypnosis

A

one of the three methods used by psychoanalysts. an altered state of consciousness in which psychoanalysts believe that people are less likely to repress troubling thoughts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

biopsychology

A

explains human thought and behavior in terms of biological processes only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

insight therapies

A

psychoanalytic/psychodynamic treatments and humanistic therapiesa variety of therapies which aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

iconic memory

A

a split-second perfect photograph of a scene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

homeostasis

A

a balanced internal state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

mood congruent memory

A

the greater likelihood of recalling an item when our mood matches the mood we were in when the event happened

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

self-concept

A

a person’s global feeling about himself and herself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Jean Piaget’s cognitive development stage theory

A

created by Jean Piaget1. sensorimotor stage (birth to about 2 years)2. preoperational stage (2 to about 7 years)3. concrete operations (8 to about 12 years)4. formal operations (12 years through adulthood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

resistance (GAS)

A

hormones are released t maintain physiological readiness described in alarm reaction, if it lasts too long, can deplete resources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

voyeur

A

paraphiliasomeone who becomes sexually aroused by watching others engage in some kind of sexual behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

coercion

A

participation must be voluntary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

measures of central tendency

A

mean, median, mode

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

eidetic (photographic) memory

A

the ability to remember with great accuracy visual information on the basis of short-term exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

old memories can be recalled, new memories (except procedural) cannot be made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

George Kelley

A

proposed personal-construct theory of personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

antagonists

A

drugs that block neurotransmitters. However, instead of acting like the neurotransmitter, they simply prevent the natural neurotransmitters from using that receptor site. Other drugs prevent natural neurotransmitters from being reabsorbed back into a neuron, creating an abundance of that neurotransmitter in the synapse. No matter what mechanism they use, drugs gradually alter the natural levels of neurotransmitters in the brain. The brain will produce less of a specific neurotransmitter if it is being artificially supplied by a psychoactive drug.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

reflex

A

specific, inborn, automatic responses to certain specific stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

semantic network theory

A

memories are linked to one another like spiderwebs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

afferent neurons

A

neurons that take information from the senses to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

opiates

A

drugs that act as agonists for endorphins and reduce pain and elevate mood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

conversion disorder

A

somatoform disorder a severe physical problem with no biological cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

anal retentive

A

Used to describe people that are meticulously neat and a bit compulsive. Occurs due to fixation on the anal stage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Eros

A

one of the 2 Instincts in id. Eros is the life instinct. Eros is responsible for desire for sex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

secondary dispositions

A

less apparent than central dispositions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

General Anxiety Disorder

A
  • constant low-level anxiety such as cosntantly feeling nervous.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

medulla

A

part of hindbraincontrols blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

longitudinal research

A

study of one group of participants over time+ precisely measures the effects of development on a specific group- time consuming, results may take years to develop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

secondary prevention

A

methods to avoid occurrence of disease in people at risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

somatotype theory

A

William Sheldonidentified three body types: endomorphs (fat), mesomorphs (muscular), and ectomorphs (thin)each body type associated with certain personality traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

archetypes

A

universal concepts we all share as part of the human species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

random assignment

A

each subject has an equal chance of being placed in either the experimental or the control group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

displacement

A

redirecting one’s feelings towards another person or object. When people displace negative emotions like anger, they often displace them onto people whoa re less threatening than the source of the emotioncompare: projection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

superiority

A

the desire to achieve theorized by Adler to motivate people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

cause of mood or affective disorders according to different theorists

A

Psychanalysts believe that mood disorders are caused by anger directive inward and overly strict suger ego. Behaviorists believe that mood disorders bring along some sort of reinforcement such as sympathy and attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

dissociation theory

A

created by Ernest Hilgard hypnosis causes us to divide our consciousness voluntarily; one part stays tuned to reality, another part to the hypnotist. In an experiment investigating hypnotism and pain control, Hilgard asked hypnotized participants to put their arm in an ice water bath. Most of us would feel this intense cold as painful after a few seconds, but the hypnotized participants reported no pain. However, when Hilgard asked them to lift their index finger if any part of them felt the pain, most participants lifted their finger. This experiment demonstrated the presence of a hidden observer, a part or level of our consciousness that monitors what is happening while another level obeys the hypnotist’s suggestions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

divergent thinking

A

thinking that searches for multiple possible answers to a questionassociated with creativity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

predictive validity

A

measures future performancetype of criterion-related validity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

cognitive psychologists

A

examine human thought and behavior in terms of how we interpret, process, and remember environmental events

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

valid

A

measures what it’s supposed to measure accurate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

olfactory bulb. Difference between smell and all other senses in terms of the brain?

A

Gathers information from olfactory nerves and sends the information to the limbic system instead of the thalamus like all other senses. The limbic system is composed of amygdala and hippocampus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

side effects of stimulants

A

disturbed sleep, reduced appetite, increased anxiety, heart problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

occipital lobes

A

at the very back of the brainimpulses from the right half of each retina is processed in the right occipital lobe and vice versa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Raymond Cattel

A

16 PF (personalty factor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Hippocrates

A

a Greek philosopher who maintained that psychological illnesses were influenced by biological factors and could therefore be treated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

componential/analytic intelligence

A

the ability to compare and contrast, explain, and analyzepart of triarchic theory by Robert Sternberg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

speed test

A

large number of questions asked in a short amount of time, insufficient time is givengoal: see how fast someone can solve problemscompare: power test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

mesomorphs (muscular)

A

according to William Sheldonaggressive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

triadic reciprocality/reciprocal determinism

A

the person (traits), the environment, and the person’s behavior each influence both of the other two in a constant looplike fashion. So if brad thinks he is friendly (trait) , he will go to parties (environment), talk to people at these parties (behavior). The more Brad talks to people at parties the more he is reasured that he is friendly (trait)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

lesioning

A

the removal or destruction of part of the brainexample: frontal lobotomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

treatment of narcolepsy

A

treated with medication and changing sleep patterns (naps at certain times of the day)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

Freudian ego psychologist

A

a Freudian psychologist who downplays the importance of the unconscious and focuses on the conscious role of the ego not able ego psychologist Alfred Adler believed people were motivated by inferiority and superiority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

cardinal dispositions

A

one trait that plays a pivotal role in virtually everything a small number of people do

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

standardization samples

A

a group of people representative of the people who normally will take the test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

somatoform disorders

A

when a person manifests a psychological problem through a physiological problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

reality principle

A

followed by egonegotiate between the desires of the id and the limitations of the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

Two Factor Theory

A

Stanley Schacter- better than James-Lange and Cannon-Bard- both physical responses and cognitive labels combine to cause emotion- experiment showed that aroused people felt emotions more intensely than not aroused people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

counterbalancing

A

using subjects as their own control group by having half of them be experimental first and half of them be control first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

Womb Envy

A

Horney and Chodorow’s belief that men are jelous of women’s reproductive capability. Contradiction to Freud’s penis envy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

experimenter bias

A

the unconscious tendency for researchers to treat members of the experimental and control groups differently to increase the chance of confirming their hypotheses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

agonist

A

drugs that mimic neurotransmitters. psychoactive drugs are small enough to pass through the blood-brain barrier. These molecules either mimic or block naturally occurring neurotransmitters in the brain. The drugs that mimic neurotransmitters are called agonists. These drugs fit in the receptor sites on a neuron that normally receive the neurotransmitter and function as that neurotransmitter normally would

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

belief bias

A

when people’s preexisting beliefs interfere with their logical reasoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

latency (psychosexual stages)

A

forth stage, calm and low psychosexual anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

humanistic psychology

A

also called the third forceview people as innately good and able to determine their own destinies through the exercise of free will focus on self-concept and self-esteem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

dependent variable

A

This is the variable that is studied. Let’s say we are experimenting to find out the effect that the simpsons has on people’s tendency to be violent. The dependent variable would be the violence people experience after watching the Simpsons. The Simpsons episode would be the independent variable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

population

A

anyone or anything that could possibly be selected to be in the sample

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

continuity

A

developing steadily from birth to death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

order of sound in your ear

A

ear canal -> eardrum/tympanic membrane -> (3 bones known collectively as obssicles) hammer (malleus bone) -> anvil (incus bone) -> stirrup (stapes bone) -> oval window -> cochlea (snail’s shell filled with fluid) -> hair at bottom of cochlea -> organ of Corti (neurons activated by the hair) -> auditory nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

frequency

A

the length of the waves and determines pitch, measured in megahertz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

cornea

A

a protective covering of the eye that initially takes in the light reflected by an object. Also the cornea helps to focus on light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

reality principle

A

followed by ego negotiate between the desires of the id and the limitations of the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

personality

A

the unique attitudes, behaviors, and emotions that characterize a person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

insane

A

a legal term used to describe people who, because of a psychological disorder, cannot be held fully responsible for their crimesNGRI= not guilty by reason of insanity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

A

a book used by psychologists to determine if someone has a psychological disorderdoes not include discussion of causes or treatments because different factions of psychology have different ideas about the causes and treatmentslatest version is the DSM-IV-TR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

tertiary prevention

A

methods to diagnose and treat existent disease in early stages before it causes significant morbidity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

prefrontal lobotomy

A

a type of psychosurgeryan operation involving the cutting off of the main neurons leading to the frontal lobe of the brainreduced level of functioning and awareness to a vegetative state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

chunking

A

grouping items in about 7memory tool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

Charles Spearman

A

(spearman = penis = trying to get the g strap

intelligence theoristused factor analysis (statistical technique that measures the correlations between different items) to conclude that underlying many different specific abilities “g” factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

double binds

A

cognitive-behavioral cause for schizophreniacontradictory messagescompare: double blinds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

systematic desensitization

A

behavioral therapydeveloped by Joseph Wolpe, a type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with imagined, gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli, eventually replacing the feelings of anxiety with relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

measures of variability

A

attempt to depict the diversity of the distribution. range, variance, and standard deviation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

attachment

A

the reciprocal relationship between parent and child

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

John Watson

A

studied Ivan Pavlov’s conditioning experiments, main proponent of behaviorism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

operationalize

A

to explain how you will measure variables such as the independent and dependent variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

Thanatos

A

one of the 2 instincts in id. Thanatos is the death instinct. Thanatos is seen in aggression.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

undifferentiated schizophrenia

A

exhibit disordered thinking, but none of the other symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

heritability

A

the measure of the percentage of a trait that is inherited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

rationalization

A

coming up with a beneficial result of an undesirable occurrence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

kinesthetic sense

A

the position and orientation of specific body parts, because receptors in muscles send information to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

approach-avoidance conflict

A

one event/goal has both good and bad outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

part of the Autonomic Nervous Systemslowing body down after a stress responsecompare: Sympathetic Nervous System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

synapse

A

the space beween the terminal buttons of one neuron and the dendrites of the next neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
128
Q

manifest content

A

The first part out of two of dreamsL: literal content of dreams compare: latent content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
129
Q

image

A

mental pictures created in mind, not necessarily visual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
130
Q

sleep apnea

A

when a person stops breathing for short periods of time during the night- robs the person of deep sleep- causes attention and memory problems- Since these individuals do not remember waking up during the night, apnea frequently goes undiagnosed. Overweight men are at a higher risk for apnea. Apnea can be treated with a respiration machine that provides air for the person as he or she sleeps.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
130
Q

contact theory

A

contact between hostile groups will reduce animosity, but only if the groups are made to work toward a goal that benefits all and necessitates the participation of all (superordinate goal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
131
Q

electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

detects brain waves, used in sleep research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
133
Q

subliminal

A

stimuli below absolute threshold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
134
Q

secure attachments (66%)

A

Mary Ainsworth’s baby experimentconfidently explore novel environment when parents are present, distressed when they leave, go to parents when they return

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
134
Q

self-esteem

A

A measure of how much you value and respect yourself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
134
Q

primary prevention

A

methods to avoid occurrence of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
135
Q

motor cortex

A

in the frontal lobesends signals to muscles, controlling voluntary movementsbottom of cortex controls top of body and vice versa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
136
Q

resistance

A

patient objections to the psychoanalyst’s interpretationthe psychoanalyst usually sees this as a sign that the analyst is heading in the right direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
136
Q

false-consensus effect

A

the tendency of people to overestimate the number of people who agree with them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
137
Q

Somatoform disorders, Common somatoform disorders

A

Psychological condition caused by physical symptom. Common disorders include hypochrondriasis and conversion disorder. Someone suffering from hypochrondriasis might have several complaints to tell a doctor and the doctor will not be able to locate the cause. Also hypochrondriasis suffers believe that they small things such as headaches are indicative of terminal illness. Conversion disorder the patient will report the existence of a severe physical problem and then believe that they trully have this problem (e.g. blindness).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
138
Q

biopsychology

A

Also known as neuroscience. Explains cognition in terms of genetics, neurotransmitters, hormones. Biology basically

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
140
Q

George Kelley

A

proposed personal-construct theory of personality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
141
Q

free associate

A

one of the three methods used by psychoanalysts. to say whatever comes to mind without thinking, supposed to bypass the ego’s censoring and defenses and go straight into the unconscious where the problems are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
143
Q

naturalistic observation

A

unobtrusive observation on subjects in their natural habitats, control is sacrificed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
144
Q

activation-synthesis theory

A

dreams are nothing more than the brain’s interpretations of what is happening physiologically during REM sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
145
Q

sensory cortex (somato-sensory cortex)

A

receives incoming touch sensations from the rest of the bodybottom of sensory cortex receives sensations from top of body and vice versa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
146
Q

aptitude test

A

test that measures ability or potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
148
Q

hypothesis testing

A

reason from a hypothesisstarts in formal operations (12 years through adulthood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
149
Q

anal (psychosexual stages)

A

second stage, toilet trainingfixation: overly controlling (retentive), out of control (expulsive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
149
Q

ectomorphs (thin)

A

according to William Sheldonfriendly and outgoing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
151
Q

family therapy

A

a type of group therapy used to treat families

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
152
Q

LaPiere study

A

discovered that although people had bad attitudes towards Asians, they still treated them wellconclusion: attitude does not necessarily reflect behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
154
Q

approach-approach conflict

A

decision between two favorable outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
154
Q

Dominant sense of babies

A

Dominant sense of babies is hearing and then this dominant sense changes to vision as the baby matures. Vision is impaired when baby is born

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
155
Q

anonymity/confidentiality

A

both protect privacy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
155
Q

reaction formation

A

expressing the opposite of how one truly feels. Biff says he hates her.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
156
Q

preparedness

A

biological predisposition to learn some things more quickly than others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
158
Q

laboratory experiment

A

conducted in a lab, a highly controlled environment. Psychologists prefer laboratory setting for experimenting, because a controlled experiment can more easily show a relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
158
Q

psychodynamic theorists

A

psychologists who are influenced by Freud’s work but have significantly modified his original theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
159
Q

institutional review board

A

reviews research proposal for ethical violations and/or procedural errors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
161
Q

frontal lobes

A

part of the cerebral cortexresponsible for abstract thought and emotional controlcontains: Broca’s area and motor cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
162
Q

normal curve

A

theoretical bell-shaped curve for which the area under the curve lying between any two z scores has been predetermined. 68 % of scores fall within 1 standard deviation of the curve. 95% fall within 2 standard deviations, 98% fall within 3 deviations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
163
Q

abnormal psychology

A

the study of people who suffer from psychological disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
164
Q

internals

A

people who are ore motivated to eat by internal hunger cues (empty stomach)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
165
Q

posthypnotic amnesia

A

people forget events that occurred during hypnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
166
Q

Max Wertheimer

A

a Gestalt psychologist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
166
Q

Theta Waves

A

While we are awake and in stages 1 and 2, our brains produce theta waves, which are relatively high-frequency, low-amplitude waves. However, the theta waves get progressively slower and higher in amplitude as we go from wakefulness and through stages 1 and

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
167
Q

oral (psychosexual stages)

A

first stage, pleasure through mouthfixation: overeating, smoking, childlike, dependence on things and people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
167
Q

postconventional

A

examines rights and values involved in choice- steal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
168
Q

projection

A

believing that the feelings one has toward someone else are actually held by the other person and directed at oneselfcompare: displacement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
170
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

set up the first psychological laboratory, trained subjects in introspection. He was one of the first to draw a distinction between perception and sensation. Through the use of introspection. He conducted an experiment where he played a sound and the test subject tried to say what the sound was. Wundt found that sensation and perception are different, because the test subject could identify whether they heard the sound faster than they could identify the sound they heard.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
171
Q

range

A

the distance between the highest and lowest score in a distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
173
Q

heuristic

A

a rule of thumb, generally but not always truetypes: availability heuristic and representativeness heuristicaffected by: belief bias and belief perseverance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
174
Q

unconditional positive regard

A

a kind of blanket acceptance important in Carl Rogers’ self-theory. Unconditional positive regard is needed in order for people to strive towards self actualization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
175
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

examined a person’s total experience, not just bits and pieces of it; second wave of psychology. Usually deals with understanding visual deception.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
176
Q

perceptual set

A

Based off of schemata, mental representation of the world based off of past perception. a predisposition to perceiving something in a certain way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
177
Q

cones

A

cells activated by colorcompare: rods

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
177
Q

scatter plot

A

a series of points plotted on a graph. Used to plot correlations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
178
Q

function of serotonin

A

mood control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
178
Q

constancy

A

the ability to maintain a constant perception of an object despite changes in direct appearance that are attributed to changes in the angle of your view or light shining on it. Types of constancy include size, shape, and brightness constancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
178
Q

trephination

A

a operation that removes a circular section of bone from the skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
179
Q

Categories of disorder in DSM

A
  1. Anxiety
  2. somato form disorder
  3. dissociative disorder
  4. mood or affective disorder
  5. schizophrenia
  6. personality
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
180
Q

range

A

the distance between the highest and lowest score in a distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
181
Q

recency effect

A

Ebbinghaus believed that the order in which we memorize things matters in our later retrieval of the memory. predicts that we are more likely to recall items presented at the end of a listcompare: primacy effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
182
Q

figure-ground relationship

A

A Gestalt principle of perceptual organization that states that we automatically separate the elements of a perception into the feature that clearly stands out and its less distinct background.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
183
Q

counseling psychologists

A

psychologists with a graduate degree in psychology and treat less severe problems than clinical psychologists do

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
184
Q

Stanley Schacter

A

created Two Factor Theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
184
Q

criticisms of Jean Piaget’s cognitive development theory

A
  • underestimates children- too discontinuous. Due to the emphasis on language in these tests, older boys had an advantage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
186
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

theory of emotion that the body changes and understanding of the emotion occurs simultaneously from cues in the thalamus- inaccurate about the thalamus playing such a big role, other structures such as the amygdala are involved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
187
Q

Jean Piaget

A

created cognitive-development theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
188
Q

authoritative parenting style

A

set, consistent standards that are reasonable and explainedencourage children’s independence, but not past point of violating rulespraise as much as punishexplanations encouraged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
189
Q

operationalize

A

to explain how you will measure variables such as the independent and dependent variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
190
Q

Flynn effect

A

performance on intelligence tests has been increasing steadily throughout the century, probably due to better environmental factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
190
Q

instrumental aggression

A

aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
191
Q

place theory

A

hair cells in the cochlea respond to different frequencies of sound based on where they are located in the cochlea. Some hair bends in response to high pitches others due to low pitches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
191
Q

drive

A

an impulse to act in a way that satisfies this need

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
192
Q

measures of variability

A

attempt to depict the diversity of the distribution. range, variance, and standard deviation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
193
Q

trust vs. mistrust

A

first stage of psychosocial stage theoryduring the first year of life, infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
193
Q

experiment

A

only experiments can show cause and effect relationships through the manipulation of the independent variable and subsequent observation of the dependent variable while controlling for confounding variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
194
Q

insomnia

A

problems getting to sleep/staying asleep at nightaffects up to 10% of people. Treated with changed behavior, like less caffeine, exercise ect. No medicine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
194
Q

purging

A

getting rid of food through vomiting, excessive exercise, or laxative use.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
194
Q

theory y (Management Theory)

A

employees are internally motivated to do good workhas more benefits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
195
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

basic needs are fulfilled before other needs physiological (hunger, thirst, sex)safety (safe, secure, out of danger)belongingness and loveesteem (approval and recognition)self-actualization (fulfill unique potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
196
Q

determinism

A

the belief that what happens is dictated by what has happened in the pastcompare: free will

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
198
Q

standard deviation

A

the square root of the variance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
199
Q

line of best fit

A

the line drawn through the scatter plot that minimizes the distance of all the points from the line

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
200
Q

language acquisition

A

natural unconscious process of language development in humans that occurs without instruction, but needs exposure1. babbling 2. telegraphic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
201
Q

mesomorphs (muscular)

A

according to William Sheldonaggressive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
203
Q

absolute threshold

A

the smallest amount of stimulus we can detect 50% of the time. This 50% is to account for other stimulation that might impede or indvidual variation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
204
Q

stratified sampling

A

randomly sampling each strata (category of people, for example race or gender) of the population, so that the final sample reflects the population more accurately

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
206
Q

short-term (working) memory

A

memories currently using and are aware of in consciousness- short-term memories will fade in 10 to 30 seconds if mused - capacity is limited to about 7 items

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
207
Q

myelin sheath

A

a fatty covering around the axon that speeds neural impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
208
Q

endomorphs (fat)

A

according to William Sheldonshy and secretive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
208
Q

cardinal dispositions

A

one trait that plays a pivotal role in virtually everything a small number of people do

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
209
Q

locus of control

A

Julian Rotterinternal locus of control- they are responsible for what happens to themexternal locus of control- outside forces are responsible for what happens to theminternals tend to be healthier, more politically active and do better in school

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
210
Q

top-down processing

A

information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations. Use schemata to produce perceptual set. compare: bottom-up processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
211
Q

hallucination

A

perception without sensory stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
212
Q

Henry Harlow

A

study on monkeys with two wire frame monkey mothers, one with milk, one that was soft- monkey babies preferred soft mother over milk motherconclusion: physical comfort is important in the formation of attachment with parents- wireframe baby monkeys became more stressed and frightened than normal baby monkeys when put into new situations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
213
Q

efferent neurons

A

neurons that take information from the brain to the rest of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
214
Q

which two reflexes help babies eat

A

rooting and sucking reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
214
Q

free will

A

an individual’s ability to choose his or her own destinycompare: determinism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
216
Q

personality

A

the unique attitudes, behaviors, and emotions that characterize a person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
216
Q

bystander intervention

A

the act of helping strangers in an emergency situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
218
Q

informed consent

A

participants must know that they are involved in research and give their consent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
219
Q

self-help groups

A

a type of group therapy that does not involve a therapist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
220
Q

Alfred Adler

A

a Freudian psychologist who downplays the importance of the unconscious and focuses on the conscious role of the ego who also believed people were motivated by inferiority and superiority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
222
Q

repression

A

the pushing down into the unconscious events and feelings that cause so much anxiety and tension that our conscious mind cannot deal with them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
223
Q

frequency polygon

A

line graph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
224
Q

Fixation

A

Occurs during any of freud’s psychosexual phase where the person is either over or under gratified.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
226
Q

George Sperling

A

demonstrated sensory memory by flashing a grid of 9 letters for 1/20th of a secondalso: iconic memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
226
Q

recognition

A

the process of matching a current event or fact with one already in memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
228
Q

incentive

A

stimuli that we are drawn to due to learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
229
Q

humanism

A

stresses individual choice and free will, most of our behaviors are chosen due to physiological, emotional, or spiritual needs. Famous humanist rogers and maslow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
230
Q

anxiety hierarchy

A

a rank-ordered list of what the client fears, from least frightening to most frightening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
231
Q

alarm reaction (GAS)

A

heart rate increases, blood is diverted away from other body functions to muscles needed to react, activates the sympathetic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
232
Q

anal expulsive personality

A

Results from a fixation in the anal stage, where the person has is very messy and disorganized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
233
Q

behaviorism

A

psychologists should only look at behavior and causes of behavior, not elements of consciousness; fourth wave of psychology; dominant school of thought from the 1920s to 1960s. Strictly focuses on conditioning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
233
Q

blind sight

A

some blind people can respond to visual stimuli because on some level of consciousness is able to “see”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
234
Q

archetypes

A

universal concepts we all share as part of the human species. E.g. shadow represents evil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
235
Q

corpus callosum

A

the nerve bundle that connects the two hempisheres cut in split-brain patients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
237
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

examined a person’s total experience, not just bits and pieces of it; second wave of psychology. Usually deals with understanding visual deception.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
239
Q

eclectic

A

drawing from multiple perspectives of psychology; fifth wave of psychology; most current psychologists are eclectic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
241
Q

William Masters and Virginia Johnson

A

Sexual Response Cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
242
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

consists of nerves not encased in boneDivided into two categories: somatic and automatic nervous systemcompare: Central Nervous System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
242
Q

determinism

A

people have no influence over what happens to them and that their choices are predetermined by forces outside of their controlcompare: free will. Determinism is believed by psychanalysts and behavioralists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
243
Q

resolution (Sexual Response Cycle)

A

respiration and heart rate return to normal resting states, men experience a refractory period- a time period that must elapse before another orgasm, women do not have a similar refractory period and can repeat the cycle immediately

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
244
Q

correlation coefficient

A

range from -1 and +1. If there is a positive correlation, the presence of one thing indicates the presence of the other. If there is a negative correlation, the presence of one indicates the absence of the other. -1 and +1 indicate strong correlations, 0 indicates the weakest type of correlation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
246
Q

limbic system

A

Hippocampus and amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
246
Q

Freudian ego psychologist

A

a Freudian psychologist who downplays the importance of the unconscious and focuses on the conscious role of the egonotable ego psychologist Alfred Adler believed people were motivated by inferiority and superiority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
246
Q

masochist

A

paraphiliasomeone who is aroused by having pain inflicted upon them

247
Q

identity vs. role confusion

A

fifth stage of psychosocial stage theoryFrom age 12 - 20, the major task is to build a consistent identity, a unified sense of self. Failure of teens to achieve a sense of identity results in role confusion and uncertainty about the future.

247
Q

Within group differences are greater than

A

between group differences. If boys are said to out perform girls in IQ tests, then the average boy has more of a relation to the average girl. The highest score guy and the lowest scoring guy are more different from each other compared to their differences between them and the average girl

248
Q
A
249
Q

relearning

A

after learning and forgetting, learning again becomes faster

250
Q

post-traumatic stress disorder

A

anxiety disorderflashbacks or nightmares following a person’s involvement in or an observation of an extremely troubling event, these memories cause anxiety

251
Q

behaviorism

A

psychologists should only look at behavior and causes of behavior, not elements of consciousness; fourth wave of psychology; dominant school of thought from the 1920s to 1960s. Strictly focuses on conditioning

252
Q

what are thorazine and haldol?

A

antipsychotic drugs. A side effect of these drugs is tardive dyskinesia, aka muscle tremors

253
Q

Compare how each of these Psychological Perspectives would explain introvertedness

A

Behavioral - Believe that the introvert was conditioned to be shyCognitive - The introvert does not find value in multiple connectionsBiopsychology - Believes the introvert inherted introvertedness as a geneHumanistic - Believes the introvert can satisfy his social need through only a few people. Psychoanalytic - Believe that some traumatic childhood experience that has been repressed has caused introvertedness.Socioculture - Believe culture determines introvertedness

255
Q

examples of opiates

A

morphine, heroin, methadone, codeine

257
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

Seligman’s combined behavioral and cognitive theory that we learn to feel helpless due to prior experiences. This helplessness is unwarranted, since these aspects are controllable. May result is passivity and depression.

258
Q

counterconditioning

A

behavioral therapy a kind of classical conditioning developed by Mary Cover Jones in which an unpleasant conditioned response is replaced with a pleasant one

259
Q

response/subject bias

A

when subjects behave in ways they think the observer wants them to behave

261
Q

castration anxiety

A

part of Freud’s psychosexual stage theorythe fear that if they misbehave, they will be castrated

263
Q

achievement motivation

A

desire to master complex tasks and knowledge, desire to reach personal goals, desire to figure out worldregardless of benefits

265
Q

debriefing procedures

A

participants must be told the purpose of the study and provided with ways to contact the researchers about study results

265
Q

hallucinogens/psychedelics

A

drugs that cause changes in perceptions of reality, including sensory hallucinations, loss of identity, and vivid fantasiesstay in body for a long timeeffects are less predictable

266
Q

ego

A

follows the reality principlejob is to negotiate between the desires of the id and the limitations of the environment exists in both the unconscious mind and the conscious minduses defense mechanisms to protect the conscious mind from the threatening thoughts buried in the unconscious

267
Q

flat affect

A

a characteristic of disorganized schizophrenicslack of emotinal reactivity

268
Q

sensorimotor stage (birth to about 2 years)

A

first stage of Jean Piaget’s cognitive-development theoryobject permanencebehavior governed by senses and reflexes. Object permanence is developed

269
Q

Criticisms of Lawrence Kohlberg

A

Carol Gilligan noted that his research was based on boys, her research showed that boys and girls had different moral attitudes, but was later disprovedHowever, her criticism brought attention to how possible gender differences may change how we develop

270
Q

split-half reliability

A

test is split into two, each half is tested, if the scores are consistent, then the test is reliable (the closer the correlation is to +1, the more reliable)

271
Q

personal-construct theory of personality

A

George Kelleypeople, in their attempts to understand the world, develop their own individual systems of personal constructspeople’s behavior is based on how they interpret the world

272
Q

Heinz dilemma

A

stealing a drug he cannot afford in order to save his wife’s life

274
Q

debriefing procedures

A

participants must be told the purpose of the study and provided with ways to contact the researchers about study results

275
Q
A
275
Q

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A

when an electric current is passed through one (unilateral ECT) or both (bilateral ECT) hemispheres of the braincauses the patient to have a brief seizure after the shock, so muscle relaxant is given to reduce the effects

276
Q

thalamus

A

part of forebrainlocated at top of brain stemreceives sensory signals from spinal cord and sends hem to the appropriate areas in the rest of the forebrain

277
Q

demand characteristics

A

cues about the purpose of the study. You want to reduce these, so that the subjects have no idea what is being studied so that the subjects can experience less response bias

278
Q

extrinsic motivators

A

rewards received for accomplishments that are outside ourselvesvery effective for a short amount of time

280
Q

Theory for the cause of somatoform disorders

A
  1. Psychoanalists believe somatoform disorders are caused by unresolved unconscious issues
  2. Behaviorists believe that these somatoform disorder suffers are being reinforced. The hypochondriasis may be rewarded with a great deal of attention
281
Q

interference

A

other information competes with what you’re trying to recalltwo types: retroactive and proactive

281
Q

heritability

A

a measure of how much of a trait’s variation is explained by genetic factorcan range from 0 to 1, with 0 being completely environmentally affected and 1 as completely genetically affected

283
Q

industry vs. inferiority

A

fourth stage of psychosocial stage theorya child from age 6 through puberty extends social functioning beyond the family. The child must learn that productivity is valued in this sphere to achieve a sense of competence or he will develop a sense of inferiority.

284
Q

attitude

A

set of beliefs and feelings

285
Q

collective unconscious

A

unconscious passed down through the species explains the similarities across culturescontains archetypes

287
Q

variance

A

Provides the most even more than the range about how spread out the scores are

the average of the squared differences of each number from the mean

289
Q

locus of control. Who created this theory?

A

Rotter (seems like a voodo type name)

internal locus of control- they are responsible for what happens to themexternal locus of control- outside forces are responsible for what happens to theminternals tend to be healthier, more politically active and do better in school

290
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

located in temporal lobeinterprets both written and spoken speech

291
Q

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

A

created by Hans Seyledescribes the general response animals have to a stressful event1. alarm reaction2. resistance3. exhaustion

292
Q

paranoid schizophrenia

A

schizophrenia characterized by delusions of persecution

293
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

relationship between performance and arousal that states that performance increases with physiological or mental arousal, but only up to a point

293
Q

assimilation

A

the incorporation of experiences into existing schemata

293
Q

self-theory

A

created by Carl Rogersbelieved that people needed unconditional positive regard in order to self-actualize

294
Q

percentile

A

the distance of a score from 0

296
Q

rehearse

A

repeatmemory tool

296
Q

in-group bias

A

people have a preference for members of their own group

297
Q

Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)

A

a sophisticated 3D X ray of the brain

298
Q

night terrors

A

feelings of terror or dread usually affecting childrenoccurs during stage 4 sleep

298
Q

construct validity

A

correlates the new test with another already-proved-to-be-valid test. Issue is finding a valid test to correlate to

299
Q

trichromatic theory

A

there are three types of cones in the retina (blue, red and green) that activate in different combinations to produce all the colors of the visible spectrumdoes not explain afterimages and color blindness

301
Q

psychoanalysis

A

human behavior, experience, and cognition are largely determined by irrational drives; third wave of psychology

303
Q

p value

A

the percent chance that the findings were due to chance

304
Q

information processing model

A

a continuous alternative of Piaget’s stage theory

306
Q

field experiment

A

conducted in the world, more realistic than laboratory experiment

307
Q

Carl Rogers

A

humanistcreated client-centered therapy/person-centered therapy

309
Q

displacement

A

redirecting one’s feelings towards another person or object. When people displace negative emotions like anger, they often displace them onto people whoa re less threatening than the source of the emotioncompare: projection

309
Q

free will

A

an individual’s ability to choose his or her own destinycompare: determinism

311
Q

nxious/ambivalent attachments (12%)

A

Mary Ainsworth’s baby experimentshow extreme stress when parents leave, but resist being comforted when they return

312
Q

nonconscious

A

The nonconscious controls your body processes such as heart rate and digestion.

313
Q

Ernest Hilgard

A

dissociation theory. Tried to guard again hypnosis

313
Q

personal unconscious

A

resembles Freud’s view of the unconscious contains the painful or threatening memories and thoughts the person does not wish to confront

315
Q

conventional

A

choice based on how others will view them- steal

317
Q

tardive dyskinesia

A

Parkinsonian-like, chronic muscle tremors

318
Q

big five personality traits

A

extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to experience, and emotional stability (or neuroticism)

318
Q

fluid intelligence

A

the ability to solve abstract problems and pick up new information and skills, seems to decrease over timecompare: crystallized intelligence

319
Q

externals

A

people whoa re motivated to eat by external food cues, such as attractiveness or availability

321
Q

mnemonic aids

A

memory aidsmemory tool

322
Q

heritability

A

the measure of the percentage of a trait that is inherited

322
Q

humanistic psychology

A

also called the third forceview people as innately good and able to determine their own destinies through the exercise of free willfocus on self-concept and self-esteem

323
Q

assignment

A

the process by which subjects are put into a group, experimental or control

324
Q

Describe sensory adaption, sensory habituation, and ,cocktail-party phenomenon

A

Sensory adaption is the decreasing responsiveness to stimuli due to constant stimulation. Like you feel cold when you first get into a pool, then you stop feeling so cold. Sensory habituation explains the cocktail-party phenomenon, since the sensory habituation says that sensation is due partially to how much we focus on it. So if you are talking with your friend at a party, and someone across the room says your name, you will focus on them. This is called the cocktail-party phenomenon

326
Q

test-retest reliability

A

correlation between a person’s score on one administration of the test with the same person’s score on a subsequent administration of the test

327
Q

nomothetic

A

the belief taht the same basic set of traits can be used to describe all people’s personalitiesHans Eyesenck’s introversion-extroversion scale and stable-unstable scaleRaymond Cattel’s 16 PF (personalty factor), big five personality traits

327
Q

J.P. Guilford

A

primary mental ability theory has well over 100 different abilities[The combination of GUILE and over 100 different abilities made her invincible]

328
Q

normal curve

A

theoretical bell-shaped curve for which the area under the curve lying between any two z scores has been predetermined

330
Q

Age’s effect on Sleep

A

age affects the pattern. Babies not only spend more total time sleeping than we do (up to 18 hours), they also spend more time in REM sleep. As we age, our total need for sleep declines as does the amount of time we spend in REM sleep.

331
Q

action potential

A

the local voltage change across the cell wall as a nerve impulse is transmitted

331
Q

preoperational stage (2 to about 7 years)

A

second stage of Jean Piaget’s cognitive-development theoryuse of symbols to represent real-world objectsstart using language, but limited in the ways of thinking about objects and their relationships

331
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

behaviorist, expanded the ideas to include reinforcement

333
Q

eclectic

A

drawing from multiple perspectives of psychology; fifth wave of psychology; most current psychologists are eclectic

334
Q

Bandura, Ross, and Ross’s experiment

A

Bobo doll experimentaggressive models lead to aggressive children

335
Q

Garcia effect

A

taste aversion, when nausea and a food are paired, the food will be averted in the future

336
Q

concepts of conservation

A

the properties of objects remain the same even when their shapes changestarts in concrete operations (8 to about 12 years)

337
Q

criticism of trait theories

A

underestimate importance of the situation. Not one is always conscientious.

339
Q

narcolepsy

A

periods of intense sleepiness and falling asleep at unpredictable and inappropriate timesaffects less than 0.001% of people

340
Q

dependent personality disorder

A

rely too much on the attention and help of others

342
Q

somnambulism

A

sleep walking usually occurring in children occurs during stage 4 sleep

344
Q

intellectualization

A

undertaking an academic, unemotional study of a topic

344
Q

unconditional positive regard

A

blanket acceptance and support of a person regardless of what the person says or doeshumanistic therapists believe that this will help clients accept and take responsibility for themselves

346
Q

idenitification

A

part of Freud’s psychosexual stage theorywhen a person emulates and attaches themselves to an individual who they believe threatens them. Seves 2 purposes: boys stop fearing father and boy break away from attachment to mom by acting like men

347
Q

Dythmic disorder

A

A mood or affective disorder that is basically depression lasting for more than 2 years.

347
Q

Harold Kelley

A

put forth a theory that explains the kind of attributions people make based on three kinds of information: consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus

349
Q

semantic memory

A

general knowledge of the world, stored as facts, meanings, or categories rather than sequentially

349
Q

pleasure principle

A

The pleasure principle wants immediate gratification. Id is directed by the pleasure principle.

349
Q

case study

A

a full, detailed picture of one subject or a small group of subjects; not reflective of population, as a result findings cannot be generalized

350
Q

feature detectors

A

discovered by Hubel and Weisel, nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement. Feature detectors are located in the visual cortex.

350
Q

overgeneralization

A

misapplication of grammar rules

352
Q

temperaments

A

heritablethe emotional style and characteristic way of dealing with the worldthought to influence the development of his or her personality

353
Q

reliable

A

can be replicated, consistent

354
Q

flashbulb memory

A

highly detailed memory of the moment and circumstances in which a piece of surprising news is heard

355
Q

intellectualization

A

undertaking an academic, unemotional study of a topic. Begins to study and research the causes of failure in relationships

356
Q

structuralism

A

the idea that the mind operates by combining subjective emotions and objective sensations (sensations meaning a stimulus’s effect on our senses)

357
Q

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

anxiety disorderwhen persistent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) cause someone to feel the need (compulsion) to engage in a particular action

358
Q

survey method

A

kind of correlational research in which surveys are filled out; difficult to control for confounding variables, because surveys are mailed out and people take the survey at different times of the day, different places, take different amounts of time to fill out the survey. Surveys are a research method where the independent variable is not manipulated

359
Q

distinctiveness

A

how similar this situation is to other situations in which we have watched the individual

360
Q

ventromedial hypothalamus

A

causes animal to feel full when stimulated

362
Q

afterimage

A

an image (usually a negative image) that persists after stimulation has ceased

363
Q

metabolic rate

A

how quickly body uses energy

365
Q

levels of processing model

A
  • long/short-term memory doesn’t exist- instead, deeply (elaboratively) or shallowly (maintenance) memory
367
Q

bottom-up processing vs top-down processing

A

Bottomup processing is slower but more accurate. Top down processing is faster but prone to more errors

368
Q

self-efficacy

A

Refers to one’s belief about one’s ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes. Those with high levels for a particular task are more likely to succeed than those with low levels. Bandura believed self-efficacy effected personality.

369
Q

clang associations

A

a characteristic of disorganized schizophrenicsa string of nonsense words that rhyme

370
Q

difference threshold (just-noticeable difference)

A

the smallest amount of change needed in a stimulus before we can detect a changecomputed by Weber’s law

372
Q

biopsychology

A

Also known as neuroscience. Explains human thought and behavior in terms of genetics, neurotransmitters, hormones. Biology basically

373
Q

arousal theory

A

motivated by the need for an optimum level of excitement or arousalperformance is best at optimum levels of arousal, depending on how difficult the task is (Yerkes-Dodson law)

374
Q

superiority

A

the desire to achievetheorized by Adler to motivate people

376
Q

language acquisition theory

A

the ability to learn a language rapidly as children

377
Q

denial

A

not accepting the ego-threatening truth. Biff continues to act as if he and Muffy are still together. He waits by her locker, calls her every night, and plans their future dates.

378
Q

bottom-up processing (feature analysis)

A

we use only the features of the object itself to perceive itcompare: top-down processing

379
Q

reliable

A

can be replicated, consistent

380
Q

group matching

A

Assigning to either control or experimental based on specific requirements. If you were testing the relationship between IQ and gender, then you would group match so that the experimental and control groups had equal amounts of both genders

381
Q

penis envy

A

part of Freud’s psychosexual stage theorygirls are jealous of boys’ penises

383
Q

Weber’s law for sight

A

constant for vision: 8%

384
Q

repression

A

pushing thoughts out of conscious awareness

386
Q

Down’s syndrome

A

extra chromosome on the 21st pairrounded face, shorter fingers and toes, slanted eyes set far apart, different extents of mental retardation

387
Q

hypochondriasis

A

somatoform disorderminor problems are thought to be severe physical illness, frequent physical problems with no apparent cause

389
Q

sublimation

A

channeling one’s frustration toward a different goalviewed as a particularly healthy defense mechanism

390
Q

Compare how each of these Psychological Perspectives would explain introvertedness

A

Behavioral - Believe that the introvert was conditioned to be shyCognitive - The introvert does not find value in multiple connectionsBiopsychology - Believes the introvert inherted introvertedness as a geneHumanistic - Believes the introvert can satisfy his social need through only a few people. Psychoanalytic - Believe that some traumatic childhood experience that has been repressed has caused introvertedness.Socioculture - Believe culture determines introvertedness

391
Q

norms of reciprocity

A

if someone does something nice for you, you feel obligated to do something nice for them

392
Q

ex post facto study

A

research in which subjects are chosen based on a pre-existing condition all other variables are controlled

394
Q

Ventromedial

A

Part of the hypothalamus that when stimulated causes the animal to stop eating

395
Q

Gordon Allport

A

theorized that in order to have a full understanding of someone’s personality, you needed to look at their personal traitsposited three types of personal traits: cardinal dispositions, central and secondary dispositions

396
Q

posthypnotic suggestion

A

a suggestion that a hypnotized person have a certain way after hypnosis

397
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

people in individualist cultures systematically seem to overestimate the role of dispositional factors in influencing another person’s actions

399
Q

algorithm

A

a problem solving technique that guarantees the correct solution by trying every possibility

401
Q

mental age

A

an average 5-year-old will have the mental age of 5a below average 5-year-old may have the mental age of 3an above average 5-year-old may have the mental age of 8

402
Q

self-efficacy

A

Refers to one’s belief about one’s ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes. Those with high levels for a particular task are more likely to succeed than those with low levels

403
Q

cognitive therapy

A

developed by Aaron Beck, usually used in treatment of depression, involves trying to get clients to engage in pursuits that will bring them success. Along thw way the patient will realize the irrational thought

405
Q

situation-relevant confounding variables

A

differences between the experimental and control situations that may affect the experiment

405
Q

prototype

A

what concepts are based on, the most typical example of a particular concept

406
Q

self-report inventories

A

questionnaires that ask people to provide information about themselvesexample: Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI)

408
Q

long-term potention

A

repeated firings between neurons strengthen the connection between them

409
Q

nerve (sensorineural) deafness

A

when the hair cells in the cochlea are damaged, usually by loud noise

410
Q

covert behavior

A

Behavior that can be subjectively perceived only by the person performing the behavior. Thoughts and feelings are covert behaviors.

411
Q

retina

A

a screen on the back of your eye, where the inverted light is reflected. The retina contains specialized neurons activated by different wave lenghts

412
Q

reticular formation

A

a netlike collection of cells throughout the midbrain that controls general body arousal and he ability to focus our attentionif it does not function, you will fall into a coma

414
Q

functional fixedness

A

an example of rigiditythe inability to see a new use for an object

415
Q

criticism of trait theories

A

underestimate importance of the situation

415
Q

implosive therapy

A

behavioral therapya type of counterconditioning that has the client imagine the most anxiety inducing thing first, in the hopes that they will realize that their fear is irrational

417
Q

obesity

A

severely overweight, unhealthy eating habits, some are genetically predisposed

418
Q

phallic (psychosexual stages)

A

third stage, babies realize genderboys have Oedipus complex, girls have Electra complexfixation: later problems in relationships

420
Q

framing

A

the way a problem is presented

421
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

part of the Autonomic Nervous Systemmobilizes our body to respond to stresscompare: Parasympathetic Nervous System

422
Q

nomothetic

A

the belief taht the same basic set of traits can be used to describe all people’s personalitiesHans Eyesenck’s introversion-extroversion scale and stable-unstable scaleRaymond Cattel’s 16 PF (personalty factor)big five personality traits

423
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

set up the first psychological laboratory, trained subjects in introspection. He was one of the first to draw a distinction between perception and sensation. Through the use of introspection. He conducted an experiment where he played a sound and the test subject tried to say what the sound was. Wundt found that sensation and perception are different, because the test subject could identify whether they heard the sound faster than they could identify the sound they heard.

425
Q

idenitification

A

part of Freud’s psychosexual stage theorywhen a person emulates and attaches themselves to an individual who they believe threatens them. Seves 2 purposes: boys stop fearing father and boy break away from attachment to mom by acting like men

427
Q

protected sleep

A

ego protects us from unconscious by representing everything in symbols

428
Q

projective tests

A

used by psychoanalystsinvolve asking people to interpret ambiguous stimuliexample: Rorschach inkblot test, thematic apperception test (TAT). Reveal unconscious thought. Critisized because they rely too heavily on the therapists interpretation

429
Q

teratogens

A

certain chemicals or agents that can cause harm if ingested/contracted by the mother. Even though the placenta filters out harmful chemicals, tetraogens such as alcohol can pass through the placent

430
Q

demand characteristics

A

cues about the purpose of the study. You want to reduce these, so that the subjects have no idea what is being studied so that the subjects can experience less response bias

431
Q

valid

A

measures what it’s supposed to measure; accurate

432
Q

individual test

A

test administered on a one-on-one basis, more expensive, less objective. e.g. rorsach test.compare: group test

433
Q

concrete operations (8 to about 12 years)

A

third stage of Jean Piaget’s cognitive-development theorystart to think more logically about complex relationshipsconcepts of conservation

434
Q

rigidity (mental set)

A

the tendency to fall into established thought patterns

435
Q

existential therapy

A

humanistic therapy that focuses on helping clients achieve a subjectively meaningful perception of their lives

437
Q

procedural memory

A

memories of skills and how to perform them

439
Q

Babinski reflex

A

foot stroked, spread toes

440
Q

rapid eye movement (REM)

A

As you go back through stage 3 and 2, right before stage 1 our brain produces a period of intese activity. The more stress we experience during the day, the more time we will spend in REM sleep. Lack of REM sleep interfers with memory. Dreams occur during REM sleep

441
Q

factor analysis

A

a statistical technique used to reduce the vast number of different terms we use to describe people to 16 or five basic traitsgroups the traits that correlate under a common factor

443
Q

achievement test

A

test that measures what one has accomplished or learned

445
Q

terminal buttons

A

also called: end buttons, terminal branches of axon, also called synaptic knobs branched end of the axon that contains neurotransmitter

447
Q

depressants

A

drugs that slow down body processesexamples: alcohol, barbiturates, anxiolytics (tranquilizers/antianxiety drugs ex: Valium). lows down our reactions and judgment by slowing down brain processes. The inhibition of different brain regions causes behavioral changes. For example, when enough alcohol is ingested to affect the cerebellum, our motor coordination is dramatically affected, eventually making it difficult or impossible for the user to even stand. Because it is so widespread, more research has been done on alcohol than on any other psychoactive drug.

448
Q

transduction

A

the process in which signals are transformed into neural impulses

449
Q

psychotherapy

A

therapeutic interaction or treatment contracted between a trained professional and a client, patient, family, couple, or group. Preffered by behaviorists, psychoanalysts, and humanists

451
Q

prosocial behavior

A

behavior in which you help others created Skinner box

452
Q

response/subject bias

A

when subjects behave in ways they think the observer wants them to behave

454
Q

sampling

A

the process by which subjects are selected

456
Q

selective attention

A

determines what is encoded from sensory memory to short-term memory

457
Q

lack of serotonin

A

associated with clinical depression

459
Q

William James

A

published psychology’s first textbook: The Principles of Psychology, created functionalism

460
Q

pupil

A

dilates and becomes smaller to allow the right amount of light into your eye. The muscle that controls the pupil is the iris

460
Q

tip-of-the-tongue-phenomenon

A

condition of being almost, but not quite, able to remember something; used to investigate the nature of semantic memory

461
Q

correlation coefficient

A

range from -1 and +1. If there is a positive correlation, the presence of one thing indicates the presence of the other. If there is a negative correlation, the presence of one indicates the absence of the other. -1 and +1 indicate strong correlations, 0 indicates the weakest type of correlation.

463
Q

babbling stage

A

innate, represents a baby’s experimentation with phonemesafter this stage, the baby loses the phonemes unused in the primary language

464
Q

deinstitutionalization

A

1960s and 1970s governmental policy that focused on releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community and closing mental hospitals in order to save money and benefit the former inpatients. Patients were provided drugs, but this technique of deinstitutionalization did not work

466
Q

catatonic schizophrenia

A

engage in odd movements such as remaining motionless in strange postures for hours at a time, move jerkily and quickly for no apparent reason or alternate between the twowhen motionless, may display waxy flexibilityincreasingly less common form of schizophrenia in United States

468
Q

antipsychotic drugs (neuroleptics)

A

block the receptor sites for dopamine, used to treat schizophrenia, may result in tardive dyskinesiaexamples: Thorazine or Haldol

470
Q

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

A

anxiety disorderconstant, low-level anxiety

471
Q

latent content

A

the second part of dreams: the unconscious meaning of the manifest contentcompare: manifest content

472
Q

Erik Erikson

A

neo-Freudian theoriest who believed in basics of Freud’s theory but adapted it to fit his own observationscreated psychosocial stage theory

473
Q

psychosocial stage theory (eight stages)

A

created by Erik Erikson1. trust vs. mistrust2. autonomy vs. shame and doubt3. initiative vs. guilt4. industry vs. inferiority5. identity vs. role confusion6. intimacy vs. isolation7. generativity vs. stagnation8. integrity vs. despair

474
Q

psychoanalysis

A

a set of techniques developed by Freud for exploring underlying motives and a method of treating various mental disorders

476
Q

initial excitement (Sexual Response Cycle)

A

genital areas become engorged with blood, penis becomes erect, clitoris swells, respiration and heart rate increase

477
Q

SSherif’s camp study

A

Robbers Cave studydivided the campers into two groups and had them compete –> disliked each otherhad the two groups work together –> improved relations

478
Q

schemata

A

mental representations of how we expect the world to be. Background information.

480
Q

hunger motivation

A

stomach feels full –> we feel full (balloon experiment)

481
Q

somatotype theory

A

William Sheldonidentified three body types: endomorphs (fat), mesomorphs (muscular), and ectomorphs (thin)each body type associated with certain personality traits

483
Q

William James

A

published psychology’s first textbook: The Principles of Psychology, created functionalism

484
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

Being selected for an experiment inherently changes behavior, since the subject know that they are being studied

486
Q

consciousness

A

level of awareness

487
Q

positively skewed

A

when a distribution has a high outlier, there are more low scores than high scores due to the outlier. This makes sense since the high score is considered to skew the graph. It is difficult to make times between outliers and mode, because mode is really not effected too much by outliers

489
Q

REM rebound

A

individuals deprived of REM sleep will experience more and longer periods of REM sleep the next time they are allowed to sleep normally

491
Q

lens. Process by which lens conducts its task

A

curved and flexible in order to focus the light through a called accommodation. Light is flipped upside down and inverted when it passes the lens.

493
Q

cognitive triad

A

theorized by Aaron Beckunreasonably negative ideas that people have about themselves, their world and their futures. failure is attributed to internal, global and stable causes. success is attributed to external, specific and unstable causes

495
Q

frequency polygon

A

Frequency distribution can be easily represented by frequency polygon aka a line graph

497
Q

tolerance

A

a physiological change that produces a need for more of the same drug in order to achieve the same effect compare: reverse tolerance. olerance will eventually cause withdrawal symptoms in users. Withdrawal symptoms vary from drug to drug. They range from the headache I might get if I do not consume any caffeine during the day to the dehydrating and potentially fatal night sweats (sweating profusely during sleep) a heroin addict experiences during withdrawal. Dependence on psychoactive drugs can be either psychological or physical or can be both. Persons psychologically dependent on a drug feel an intense desire for the drug because they are convinced they need it in order to perform or feel a certain way. Persons physically dependent on a substance have a tolerance for the drug, experience withdrawal symptoms without it, and need the drug to avoid the withdrawal symptoms. Different researchers categorize psychoactive drugs in different ways, but four common categories are stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, and opiates.

498
Q

effects of alcohol

A

slowed down reactions and judgment, impaired motor coordination

499
Q

inappropriate affect

A

a characteristic of disorganized schizophrenicsexpressing contradictory behavior when describing or experiencing an emotion (e.g., smiling when discussing something sad; laughing when talking about the death of a loved one).

500
Q

mere exposure effect

A

the more one is exposed to something, the more one will come to like it

502
Q

basic research

A

research that explores questions that are of interest of psychologists that are not intended to have immediate, real-world applications

503
Q

self-actualization

A

to reach one’s highest potential

505
Q

Phineas Gage

A

a railroad worker involved in an accident that damaged the front part of his brain

507
Q

panic disorder

A

anxiety disorderacute episodes of intense anxiety without any apparent provocation, panic attacks tend to increase in frequency, people suffer more anxiety from anticipating the attacks

509
Q

Alexandra Luria

A

studied a patient with eidetic memory who could repeat a list of 70 letters or digits and remember it up to 15 years later

510
Q

What are false positives? Which theory explains false positive?

A

when we think we perceive a stimulus that is not there. Signal Detection Theory

512
Q

lateral hypothalamus

A

causes animal to eat when stimulated

513
Q

ex post facto study

A

research in which subjects are chosen based on a pre-existing condition; all other variables are controlled

514
Q

self-actualize

A

to reach one’s full potentialbelieved by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

516
Q

Alfred Adler

A

a Freudian psychologist who downplays the importance of the unconscious and focuses on the conscious role of the ego who also believed people were motivated by inferiority and superiority

517
Q

personal-construct theory of personality

A

(White girls interpret the world differently) Kelly people, in their attempts to understand the world, develop their own individual systems of personal constructs (these constructs are opposites e.g. smart and dumb). people’s behavior is based on how they interpret the world also known as the fundamental postulate

518
Q

biopsychology

A

Also known as neuroscience. Explains human thought and behavior in terms of genetics, neurotransmitters, hormones. Biology basically

520
Q

random assignment

A

each subject has an equal chance of being placed in either the experimental or the control group

521
Q

episodic memory

A

memories of specific events, stored in a sequential series of events

523
Q

rods

A

cells that respond to black and whiteoutnumber cones 20:1compare: cones

524
Q

group matching

A

Assigning to either control or experimental based on specific requirements. If you were testing the relationship between IQ and gender, then you would group match so that the experimental and control groups had equal amounts of both genders

525
Q

bipolar disorder (manic depression)

A

dissociative disorderdepressed and manic (feelings of high energy) episodeslinked with more receptors for acetylcholine. Usually do not make good descisions during these manic episodes

526
Q

hypothesis

A

a relationship between two variables

528
Q

experiment

A

only experiments can show cause and effect relationships through the manipulation of the independent variable and subsequent observation of the dependent variable while controlling for confounding variables

529
Q

inferiority

A

the fear of failuretheorized by Adler to motivate people

531
Q

circadian rhythm

A

a daily cycle of activity observed in many living organisms

533
Q

biopsychology

A

Also known as neuroscience. Explains cognition in terms of genetics, neurotransmitters, hormones. Biology basically

534
Q

Phobia

A

Unwarranted fear of a situtation (spiders) nigga. Spider man?

535
Q

phobia

A

anxiety disorderan intense, unwarranted fear of a situation or object

536
Q

consistency

A

how similarly the individual acts in the same situation over time

537
Q

negatively skewed

A

when a distribution has a low outlier, there are more high scores than low scores due to the outlier

538
Q

superego

A

exists in both the unconscious mind and the conscious mindsense of conscience

540
Q

priming

A

the activation, sometimes unconsciously of information, therefore predisposing you to a response

541
Q

phi phenomenon

A

flashing lights will appear to be one moving light

542
Q

temporal lobes

A

unlike occipital lobes, sound from either ear is processed in both temporal lobescontains Wernicke’s area

543
Q

endomorphs (fat)

A

according to William Sheldonshy and secretive

544
Q

random selection

A

randomly selecting the sample group, increases the likelihood that the sample represents the population

545
Q

discontinuity

A

developing with some stages of rapid growth and some of relatively little change

546
Q

laboratory experiment

A

conducted in a lab, a highly controlled environment. Psychologists prefer laboratory setting for experimenting, because a controlled experiment can more easily show a relationship

548
Q

Barnum effect

A

the tendency for people to see themselves in vague, stock descriptions of personality

550
Q

histogram

A

Frequency distribution can be easily represented by histogram aka a bar graph

551
Q

brain lateralization/hemispheric specialization

A

specialization of function in each hemisphere

552
Q

stage theories

A

theories in which development is thought to be discontinuousexample: Freud’s stage theory see developmental psychology chapter 9

554
Q

sleep spindles? Which stage of sleep do most people spend time in the most

A

short bursts of rapid brain waves that start to appear in stage 2 sleep. People spend approximately 50 percent of their time asleep in stage 2. Approximately 25 percent is spent in REM, 20 percent in deep sleep (stages 3 and 4), and only about 5 percent in stage 1.

555
Q

attributional style

A

a person’s characteristic way of explaining outcomes of events in his or her life

556
Q

hypnotic suggestibility

A

some people are more easily hypnotized than othersricher fantasy life, follow directions well, and able to focus intensely on a single task for a long period of time

558
Q

retrieval

A

two types of retrieval: recognition and recall

559
Q

dissociative disorders

A

disruptions in conscious processes

561
Q

Thomas Bouchard

A

Studied twins found high correlation between IQ of twincs that were raised in different house holds. Therefore found that IQ is somewhat genetic and a bit environmental. One critism of this experiment in that since both twins are identical they could be treated the same by their environment, causing the same effective psychological environment. Therefore environment not genetics would have caused the high correlation in IQ

562
Q

stereotypes

A

ideas about what members of different groups are like, and these expectations may influence the way we interact with members of these groups

563
Q

need

A

one of our requirements for survival

565
Q

sleep onset

A

the stage between wakefulness and sleep. Our brain produces alpha waves when we are drowsy but awake. We might experience mild hallucinations (such as falling or rising) before actually falling asleep and entering stage 1

567
Q

Functional MRI

A

combination of MRI and PET

568
Q

self-esteem

A

A measure of how much you value and respect yourself

570
Q

standardized

A

tested on a standardization sample and made to fit norms

571
Q

Raymond Cattel

A

16 PF (personalty factor)

572
Q

anonymity/confidentiality

A

both protect privacy

574
Q

secondary dispositions

A

less apparent than central dispositions

575
Q

long-term memory

A

permanent storage

577
Q

metacognition

A

thinking about thinkingstarts in formal operations (12 years through adulthood)

579
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A

showed that recovered memories could be constructed or false recollections of events

581
Q

dopamine hypothesis

A

high levels of dopamine are associated with schizophrenia

582
Q

introspection

A

the purposeful and rational self-observation of one’s mental state; first wave of psychology. This method suffers, because sometimes we can not accurately describe our thoughts and feelings.

583
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

an expectation that causes others to act in ways that make that expectation come true

584
Q

amygdala and hippocampus

A

hippocampus- arms surrounding the thalamus amygdala- structures near the end of each hippocampal arm involved in processing and perceiving emotion. The hippocampus is crucial for processing memory, Memory is not stored in the hippocampus

585
Q

Albert Bandura

A

believed that personality is created by an interaction between the person (traits), the environment, and the person’s behavior

586
Q

somatic treatments

A

the use of drugs to treat mental illness. The treatment preffered by biomedical psychologists

588
Q

Festinger and Carlsmith experiment

A

Subjects asked to perform a boring task and then lie to the next subject that it was fun. One group was paid $1 and the other group was paid $20. The group paid $1 said that the boring task was fun, because they didn’t have much of an external motivation to lie.

589
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

behaviorist, expanded the ideas to include reinforcement

591
Q

comparative psychologists

A

look at the psychology of non-human animals

592
Q

contralateral control

A

each hemisphere of the brain controls the opposite side of the body

593
Q

equipotentiality

A

any animal can be conditioned to do anythingopposite to instinctive drift

594
Q

Sexual Response Cycle

A

created by William Masters and Virginia Johnson1. initial excitement2. plateau phase3. orgasm4. resolution

595
Q

valid

A

measures what it’s supposed to measure, accuratecompare: reliability

596
Q

sensory memory

A

a split-second holding tank for incoming sensory information

597
Q

determinism

A

the belief that what happens is dictated by what has happened in the pastcompare: free will

598
Q

face validity

A

&quotif it looks like it works&quot

599
Q

flooding

A

in systematic desenitization, flooding is confronting the most anxiety filled thing on the anxiety hierarchy first in the hopes that if the patient withstands the anxiety, he/she will realize how irrational the fear is.

601
Q

personal unconscious

A

resembles Freud’s view of the unconscious contains the painful or threatening memories and thoughts the person does not wish to confront

603
Q

Broca’s area

A

in the frontal loberesponsible for controlling the muscles involved in producing speech

604
Q

serial position effect (curve)

A

when recall of a list is affected by the order of items in a listprimacy effect and recency effect

605
Q

regression

A

returning to an earlier, comforting form of behavior

606
Q

theory x (Management Theory)

A

(legalism) people will only work for benefits or threatened with punishments

607
Q

psychopharmacology/chemotherapy

A

the use of drugs to treat psychological problems

609
Q

subconscious

A

information that we are not consciously aware of but we know must exist due to behavior like priming and mere-exposure. Information in your subconscious affects how you process information and includes implicit memories. The unconscious is a term used mostly by psychodynamic theorists to refer to troubling thoughts that we have actively pushed out of our conscious minds.

610
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

Being selected for an experiment inherently changes behavior, since the subject know that they are being studied

612
Q

humanism

A

stresses individual choice and free will, most of our behaviors are chosen due to physiological, emotional, or spiritual needs. Famous humanist rogers and maslow.

613
Q

temperaments

A

heritablethe emotional style and characteristic way of dealing with the worldthought to influence the development of his or her personality

614
Q

disorganized schizophrenics

A

use language oddly with neologisms and/or clang associationsalso show inappropriate affect and flat affect

615
Q

function of acetylcholine

A

neuro transmitter motor movement

616
Q

constructed memory

A

may report false details of a real event or might even be a recollection of an event that never occured

617
Q

papillae

A

the bumps on your tongue that contain taste buds. Chemicals from food are absorbed by taste buds.

618
Q

James-Lange theory

A

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

619
Q

reaction formation

A

expressing the opposite of how one truly feels

620
Q

big five personality traits

A

extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to experience, and emotional stability (or neuroticism)

621
Q

Jung’s unconscious

A

A psychodynamic an offshoot of freud’s psychanalytic consists of collective unconscious and personal unconscious

622
Q

sadist

A

paraphiliasomeone who is aroused by inflicting pain on someone else

624
Q

stimulants

A

drugs that speed up body processes. including autonomic nervous system functions such as heart and respiration rate. This dramatic increase is accompanied by a sense of euphoria. The more-powerful stimulants, such as cocaine, produce an extreme euphoric rush that may make a user feel extremely self-confident and invincible. All stimulants produce tolerance, withdrawal effects, and other side effects (such as disturbed sleep, reduced appetite, increased anxiety, and heart problems) to a greater or lesser degree that corresponds with the power of the drug.

625
Q

free will

A

the ability to choose their own destiniescompare: determinism

626
Q

self-actualize

A

to reach one’s full potentialbelieved by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

627
Q

content validity

A

how well a measure reflects the entire range of material it’s supposed to be testing

629
Q

pleasure principle

A

followed by idimmediate gratification

630
Q

psychodynamic theory of gender development

A

gender development is a competition for your opposite sex parent, when you realize you can’t win, you imitate your same-sex parentdifficult to verify this idea

631
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

thick walls surrounding the brain’s blood vessels that protect the brain from harmful chemicals

632
Q

cross-sectional research

A

participants of different ages to compare how certain variables may change over life span+ produces quick results- results may be due to factors other than age, such as historical evens and cultural change

633
Q

superordinate goal

A

a goal that benefits all and necessitates the participation of all

635
Q

bulimia

A

has two phases: binging and purgingmostly women

636
Q

foot-in-the-door

A

if you can get people to agree to a small request, they will become more likely to agree to a follow-up request that is larger

637
Q

proactive interference

A

old information interferes with the recall of newer informationcompare: retroactive interference

638
Q

John Watson

A

studied Ivan Pavlov’s conditioning experiments, main proponent of behaviorism

640
Q

negatively skewed

A

when a distribution has a low outlier, there are more high scores than low scores due to the outlier

641
Q

introspection

A

the purposeful and rational self-observation of one’s mental state; first wave of psychology. This method suffers, because sometimes we can not accurately describe our thoughts and feelings.

643
Q

cognitive triad

A

theorized by Aaron Beckpeople’s beliefs about themselves, their worlds, and their futures

645
Q

Libido

A

Psychic energy that results due to fixation

647
Q

criticisms of Freud

A
  • little empirical evidence- all reactions can be taken as proof for psychoanalystic theory- little predictive power; only explains past actions- feminists find “penis envy” objectionable, Karen Horney and Nancy Chodorow posit “womb envy”
648
Q

social readjustment rating scale (SRRS)

A

designed by Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahemeasures stress using life-change units (LCUs)regardless of posiive or negative, events may have the same LCU countshows correlation between stress and disease

649
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

judging a situation based on how similar the aspects are to prototypes the person holds in his or her mind

651
Q

preconventional

A

reasoning limited to how things affect themselves- don’t steal the drug

652
Q

psychosexual stages

A

theorized by Sigmund Freud1. oral2. anal3. phallic4. latency5. genital

653
Q

projective tests

A

used by psychoanalystsinvolve asking people to interpret ambiguous stimuliexample: Rorschach inkblot test, thematic apperception test (TAT)

654
Q

frequency distribution

A

a distribution of observed frequencies of occurrence of the values of a variable. Such as types of pets owned by the class. A graph showing a bar for dogs, cat, turtles

655
Q

experiential intelligence

A

the ability to use their knowledge and experiences in new and creative wayspart of triarchic theory by Robert Sternberg

656
Q

DMS - anxiety disorders

A
  1. Phobia
  2. general axiety
  3. panic disorder
  4. obsessive compulsive disorder
  5. posttraumatic stress disorder
657
Q

situation attribution

A

situational influence; Charley did well on a math test because the test was easy

658
Q

What kind of psychologists use “client”?

A

therapists other than psychologists with a biomedical orientation and psychoanalysts

660
Q

line of best fit

A

the line drawn through the scatter plot that minimizes the distance of all the points from the line

661
Q

psychiatrists

A

medical doctors and are the only therapists permitted to prescribe medication

662
Q

repression

A

the pushing down into the unconscious events and feelings that cause so much anxiety and tension that our conscious mind cannot deal with them

664
Q

optic chasm

A

the place nerves from both eyes join and cross over within the brain

665
Q

preventative efforts

A

psychological problems can be treated proactively, or before they become severe, suffering and cost to client will go down.

666
Q

sampling

A

the process by which subjects are selected

667
Q
A
669
Q

secondary drives

A

learned drives

670
Q

id

A

contains instincts and psychic energy, called Eros and Thanatos exists entirely in the unconscious mindpropelled by pleasure principle. Wants instant gratification. You see this in babies that cry

671
Q

denial

A

not accepting the ego-threatening truth

672
Q

Weber’s law

A

the change needed to make a noticeable difference to something is proportional to the original intensity of the stimulus

673
Q

compliance strategies

A

strategies to get others to comply with your wishes

674
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals contained in terminal buttons that enable neurons to communicate

675
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

created psychoanalytic theory

676
Q

Daniel Goldman

A

supports EQ (emotional intelligence)[a heart of gold]

677
Q

signal detection theory

A

Claims that there are competing stimuli that try to gain our attention. a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (“signal”) amid background stimulation (“noise”). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and detection depends partly on a person’s experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue. Signal detection criteria takes into account our response criteria which accounts for how motivated we are to see the object.

678
Q

reliability

A

results are consistent can be duplicatedcompare: reliability

679
Q

waxy flexibility

A

characteristic of catatonic schizophrenicsfeature of catatonic schizophrenia in which people rigidly maintain the body position or posture in which they are placed by others

679
Q

psychoanalysts

A

people trained specifically in Freudian methods who may or may not hold medical degrees

680
Q

Rosenthal and Jacobsen’s experiment

A

“Pygmalion in the Classroom”when teachers expect students to do well and show intellectual growth, they do, example of self-fulling prophecy

682
Q

psychoanalysis

A

human behavior, experience, and cognition are largely determined by irrational drives; third wave of psychology

682
Q

power test

A

questions are asked in increasing difficulty level, sufficient time is givengoal: see what the ceiling difficulty level iscompare: speed test

683
Q

experimenter bias

A

the unconscious tendency for researchers to treat members of the experimental and control groups differently to increase the chance of confirming their hypotheses

684
Q

split-brain patients

A

patients whose corpus callosums have been cut, operation pioneered by Sperry.

686
Q

lack of dopamine

A

Parkinson’s disease

687
Q

creativity

A

original/novel but still fits the situation

688
Q

hostile aggression

A

aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain

689
Q

central dispositions

A

more apparent than secondary dispositions, but less so than cardinal dispositions

690
Q

counterbalancing

A

using subjects as their own control group by having half of them be experimental first and half of them be control first

691
Q

hypothesis

A

a relationship between two variables

692
Q

UCS

A

Natural event or thing that stimulates

693
Q

morphemes

A

the smallest unit of meaningful soundcompare: phonemes

694
Q

self-report inventories

A

questionnaires that ask people to provide information about themselvesexample: Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI)

695
Q

defense mechanism

A

psychological strategies brought into play by the unconscious mind to manipulate, deny, or distort reality

696
Q

hypothalamus

A

part of forebraincontrols several metabolic functions, including body temperature, sexual arousal, hunger, thirst and the endocrine system, which secretes chemicals

697
Q

Cause of anxiety disorder according to different types of psychologists

A
  1. Psychoanalytic psychologists believe that anxiety disorder is caused by conflict between id, ego, and super ego
  2. Behaviorists - believe that anxiety is learned through either classical or operant conditioning
  3. Cognitive Psychologists - Believe that anxiety is caused by dyfunctional way of thinking. For example someone with general anxiety disorder might feel like they have to excell at everything they do
698
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

controls voluntary muscle movementscompare: Autonomic Nervous System

699
Q

projection

A

believing that the feelings one has toward someone else are actually held by the other person and directed at oneselfcompare: displacement. Believes that the girl still cares for him

701
Q

Did deinstitutionalization work?

A

No, because the former patients were unable to care for themselves, ending up homeless and delusional.

702
Q

permissive parenting style

A

unclear guidelines for their children rules are constantly changed or aren’t enforced consistently. Children are more likely to be dependent and have emotional control problems

703
Q

order effect

A

the order of the experimental/control group activities may affect the results. So if we were testing IQ and alcohol. Then taking 1 IQ test before alcohol and the taking another IQ test after alcohol, might produce results that state that IQ goes up with alcohol, because the subject had the practice of IQ test number 1 before taking test number 2. The problem of order effect can be fixed by counterbalancing. Having one person take the IQ test first and then alcohol, and having another person take IQ with alcohol and then take an IQ when sober

704
Q

autokinetic effect

A

When you stare at a light for too long, the light will appear to move.

705
Q

psychogenic amnesia

A

dissociative disorderwhen a person cannot remember things and a physiological basis cannot be foundcompare: organic amnesia

705
Q

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT or RET)

A

Cognitive behavioral therapy developed by Albert Ellis. Therapists look to expose and confront the dysfunctional thoughts of their clients. So if I had social phobia, the therapist would say that it is unlikely that i would fail during my spheech and then make me contemplate the worst scenario. Sometimes rational emotive therapy involves going out and experiencing this behavior.

706
Q

Monocular Cues

A

Not dependent on two eyes

707
Q

pons

A

part of hindbrainconnects the hindbrain with the midbrain and forebrain, involved in the control of facial expressions

708
Q

reverse tolerance

A

the first dose lingers in the body and enhances the effect of the second dose although it may be smallercompare: tolerance

709
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

chemicals that change the chemistry of the brain and induce an altered state of consciousness

710
Q

functionalism

A

Why we behave how we do? functionism differed from structuralism in that functionalism did not focus on the elements consciousness, funtionalism focused on the purpose of consciousness, and how this consciousness functioned in our lives. Functionalism used evolution to explain behavior.

711
Q

Weschler test

A

yields deviation IQ scores, mean is 100, standard deviation is 15, scores form a normal distributionalso has subscores for verbal and performance

712
Q

client-centered therapy/person-centered therapy

A

developed by Carl Rogers, this humanistic therapy includes unconditional positive regard and active listening

714
Q

Robert Sternberg

A

created triarchic theory, which consists of 1. componential/analytic intelligence 2. experiential intelligence 3. contextual/practical intelligence. Believed that intelligence was based on context

715
Q

UCS

A

Natural event or thing that stimulates

716
Q

phonemes

A

the smallest units of sound used in a languagecompare: morphemes

717
Q

modeling

A

behavioral therapy and cognitive therapy. Modeling can be used to treat phobia by having the client observe someone else interact calmly with the anxiety inducing object

719
Q

major (unipolar) depression

A

mood or affective disorderunhappiness for more than two weeks without a clear reasonother symptoms: loss of appetite, fatigue, change in sleeping patterns, lack of interest in normally enjoyable activities, feeling of worthlessnesslinked with low levels of serotonin and norepinephrine

720
Q

non-directive

A

humanistic therapists do not tell the clients what to do but seek to help the clients choose a course of action for themselves.

721
Q

intimacy vs. isolation

A

sixth stage of psychosocial stage theoryFrom age 21 - 40, the major task is to achieve intimacy (deeply caring about others and having meaningful experiences with them). Otherwise, we experience isolation, feeling alone and uncared for in life

722
Q

effects of authoritative parenting style

A

children are more socially capable and perform better academically

723
Q

primary drives

A

biological needs

724
Q

Albert Bandura

A

believed that personality is created by an interaction between the person (traits), the environment, and the person’s behavior

725
Q

adrenal glands

A

produce adrenaline, which causes rest of body to go into fight or flight mode

726
Q

function of endorphins

A

pain control involved in addictions

728
Q

object permanence

A

objects continue to exist outside of visual rangestarts in sensorimotor stage (birth to about 2 years)

729
Q

Gestalt therapy

A

developed by Fritz Perlsan existentialist approach to psychological treatment with the goal of helping the client become aware of his or her thoughts, behaviors, experiences, and feelings and to “own” or take responsibility for them

730
Q

interneurons

A

in the brain or spinal cord, neurons that take messages and send them elsewhere in the brain or spinal cord

731
Q

psychodynamic theorists

A

Carl Jung and Alfred Adler

732
Q

aversive conditioning

A

behavioral therapypairing a habit a person wishes to break with an unpleasant stimulus

733
Q

axon

A

wirelike structure ending in the terminal buttons that extends from the cell body

735
Q

Incentive Theory

A

behavior is not pushed by a need, but by a desire (incentive)

736
Q

order effect

A

the order of the experimental/control group activities may affect the results. So if we were testing IQ and alcohol. Then taking 1 IQ test before alcohol and the taking another IQ test after alcohol, might produce results that state that IQ goes up with alcohol, because the subject had the practice of IQ test number 1 before taking test number 2. The problem of order effect can be fixed by counterbalancing. Having one person take the IQ test first and then alcohol, and having another person take IQ with alcohol and then take an IQ when sober

738
Q

collective unconscious

A

unconscious passed down through the species explains the similarities across cultures contains archetypes

739
Q

avoidant attachments (21%)

A

Mary Ainsworth’s baby experimentresist being held by the parents and will explore novel environment, don’t go to parents for comfort when they return

740
Q

cognitive psychologists

A

examine human thought and behavior in terms of how we interpret, process, and remember environmental events

741
Q

unconditional positive regard

A

a kind of blanket acceptance important in Carl Rogers’ self-theory

742
Q

p value

A

the percent chance that the findings were due to chance

743
Q

social cognition

A

how people think about themselves and the social world; more specifically, how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information to make judgments and decisions

745
Q

pluralistic ignorance

A

“no one believes, but everyone thinks that everyone believes”

746
Q

stage theories

A

theories in which development is thought to be discontinuousexample: Freud’s stage theory see developmental psychology chapter 9

747
Q

prejudice

A

an undeserved, usually negative, attitude toward a group of peoplecompare: discrimination

748
Q

transference

A

when patients begin to have strong feelings (negative or positive) toward their therapiststhe psychoanalyst sees this as a redirection of strong emotions felt toward people with whom they have had troubling relationships onto their therapists

749
Q

rooting reflex

A

in born reflex for babies when touched on cheek, will turn head to put object in mouth

750
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

displayed by children of mothers who drink heavily during pregnancy, small, malformed skulls and mental retardation are symptoms

751
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

the ability to use knowledge accumulated over time, seems to stay the same or increase over timecompare: fluid intelligence

752
Q

abstract reasoning

A

manipulation of objects and contrasting ideas without seeing themstarts in formal operations (12 years through adulthood)

753
Q

visual cliff experiment

A

created by E.J. Gibson, used to determine when infants can perceive depth

754
Q

negative symptoms

A

deficits in behavior, thought, or moodexamples: flat affect, catatoniacompare: positive symptoms

755
Q

Whar are false negatives? Which theory explains false negatives

A

not perceiving a stimulus that is present

756
Q

association area

A

any area of the cerebral cortex that is not associated with receiving sensory information or controlling muscle movements. These parts are used for thought and humor.

757
Q

language acquisition device

A

the ability to learn a language quickly as childrenalso called nativist theory of language acquisition

758
Q

Freud’s Thoughts on Sleep (f)

A

Freud thought that even during sleep, our ego protected us from the material in the unconscious mind (thus the term protected sleep) by presenting these repressed desires in the form of symbols. So showing up naked at school would represent a symbol in this type of analysis, perhaps of vulnerability or anxiety. This type of dream analysis is common. Check any bookstore, and you will find multiple dream interpretation books based on this theory. However, popularity does not imply validity. Researchers point out that this theory is difficult to validate or invalidate. How do we know which are the correct symbols to examine and what they mean? The validity of the theory cannot be

tested. Consequently, this analysis is mostly used in psychoanalytic therapy and in pop psychology rather than in research.

759
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A

little regard for other people’s feelingscriminals have a high incidence of antisocial personality disorder

760
Q

out-group

A

people of other groups, seen as more homogeneous than people of in-groups

761
Q

self-serving bias

A

the endency to take more credit for good outcomes than for bad ones

762
Q

dendrites

A

Part of neuron that recieves neurotransmitter messages

763
Q

Global assesment functioning

A

used as fifth axis for psychologists examing client that pleads insanity. Scores range from 1 to 100. The higher the score the better functionality. global assesment of functioning measures overall level of functionality.

764
Q

grasping reflex

A

object in hand or foot will grasp

765
Q

paranoid personality disorder

A

feel persecuted

766
Q

Max Wertheimer

A

a Gestalt psychologist

768
Q

Portion Emission Tomography (PET)

A

measures how much of a certain chemical parts of the brain is using. Also the parts of the brain used.

769
Q

sampling error

A

the extent to which a sample differs from the population

771
Q

fovea

A

located at the center of your retina and contains the highest concentration of cones

772
Q

primacy effect

A

Ebbinghaus believed that the order in which we memorize things influences if we are able to retrieve these memories.predicts that we are more likely to recall items presented at the beginning of a listcompare: recency effect

773
Q

idiographic theorists

A

oppose nomothetic theoristsbelieve that people need to be represented by few traits that best characterize them

774
Q

implicit (nondeclarative) memory

A

unintentional memories that we might not even realize we have

775
Q

zoophilia

A

paraphiliaattraction to animals

776
Q

line of best fit

A

the line drawn through the scatter plot that minimizes the distance of all the points from the line. The slope of this best fit line can reveal correlation coefficient

777
Q

case study

A

a full, detailed picture of one subject or a small group of subjects; not reflective of population, as a result findings cannot be generalized

778
Q

idiographic theorists

A

oppose nomothetic theoristsbelieve that people need to be represented by few traits that best characterize them

779
Q

preconscious

A

information abut yourself or your environment that you are not currently thinking about, but could be

780
Q

lack of acetylcholine

A

Alzheimer’s disease

781
Q

Hans Eyesenck

A

introversion-extroversion scale and stable-unstable scale

782
Q

correlation

A

a relationship between two variables without ascribing cause

783
Q

state-dependent memory

A

recalling events encoded while in a particular state of consciousness, like sleepiness

784
Q

defense mechanism

A

psychological strategies brought into play by the unconscious mind to manipulate, deny, or distort reality

785
Q

covert behavior

A

Behavior that can be subjectively perceived only by the person performing the behavior. Thoughts and feelings are covert behaviors.

786
Q

role theory

A

hypnosis is not an alternate state of consciousness; hypnotized people are just filling out the “role” of a hypnotized person

787
Q

retroactive interference

A

learning new information interferes with the recall of older informationcompare: proactive interference

788
Q

fetishism

A

paraphiliaattraction to objects

789
Q

functionalism

A

Why we behave how we do? functionism differed from structuralism in that functionalism did not focus on the elements consciousness, funtionalism focused on the purpose of consciousness, and how this consciousness functioned in our lives. Functionalism used evolution to explain behavior. James referred to the stream of consciousness

790
Q

biopsychology

A

explains human thought and behavior in terms of biological processes only

792
Q

L.L. Thurstone

A

primary mental ability theory has seven main abilities: verbal comprehension, word fluency, number facility, spatial visualization, associative memory, perceptual speed and reasoning[THOR juggled SEVEN STONEs]

793
Q

lithium

A

a metal used to trea the manic phase of bipolar disorder

794
Q

parietal lobes

A

contains sensory cortex (somato-sensory cortex)

795
Q

active listening

A

empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifiespart of Carl Rogers’ client-centered therapy

796
Q

ego

A

follows the reality principlejob is to negotiate between the desires of the id and the limitations of the environmentexists in both the unconscious mind and the conscious minduses defense mechanisms to protect the conscious mind from the threatening thoughts buried in the unconscious

797
Q

pedophilia

A

paraphiliaattraction to children

798
Q

forebrain

A

controls thought and reasoncontains thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala and hippocampus

799
Q

Aaron Beck

A

cognitive theorist who believes that the cognitive triad causes depression

800
Q

Central Nervous System

A

consists of the brain and spinal cord nerves encased in bonecompare: Peripheral Nervous System

801
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

a sophisticated 3D magnetic field image of the brain. Same function as CAT, except more sophistcated and no x-ray

802
Q

organic amnesia

A

when a person cannot remember things and there is a biological reasoncompare: psychogenic amnesia

803
Q

Hans Eyesenck

A

introversion-extroversion scale and stable-unstable scale

804
Q

contextual/practical intelligence

A

the ability to apply their knowledge to real-world situationspart of triarchic theory by Robert Sternberg

805
Q

confounding variable

A

any difference between the experimental and control conditions, besides the changes of the independent variable

806
Q

sucking reflex

A

object in mouth will suck

807
Q

positively skewed

A

when a distribution has a high outlier, there are more low scores than high scores due to the outlier. This makes sense since the high score is considered to skew the graph. It is difficult to make times between outliers and mode, because mode is really not effected too much by outliers

808
Q

discrimination

A

unfair treatment of a person or group on the basis of prejudice, this is a behavior compare: prejudice

809
Q

effects of permissive parenting style

A

emotional control problems are are more dependent

810
Q

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

A

dissociative disorderdepression only during certain times of the year, usually winter

811
Q

authoritarian parenting style

A

strict standards for their children’s behavior and apply punishments for violations of these rules

812
Q

exhaustion (GAS)

A

parasympathetic nervous system returns body back to normal, more vulnerable to disease especially if resources were depleted

813
Q

equivalent-form reliability

A

correlation between performance on different forms of the test

814
Q

information-processing theory

A

more stress causes more dreams about your stress, dream content relates to daily concerns. The brain is dealing with daily stress and information during REM dreams and the function of REM may be to integrate information processed during the day into our memories

815
Q

ectomorphs (thin)

A

according to William Sheldonfriendly and outgoing

816
Q

sublimation

A

channeling one’s frustration toward a different goalviewed as a particularly healthy defense mechanism. Studying for 3 ap exams

817
Q

state theory

A

theory that hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness

818
Q

fetal alcohol effect

A

less severe version of FAS, learning disabilities or behavioral problems later in life

819
Q

ganglion cells

A

Ganglion cell’s axons make up the optic nerve. If enough cones and rods are stimulated, then the next layer of bipolar cells, called ganglion cells send the neural impulse to a specific region in the thalamus called the lateral geniculate nucleus.

820
Q

autonomy vs. shame and doubt

A

second stage of psychosocial stage theorya toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently failure to do so causes shame and doubt

821
Q

neologisms

A

a characteristic of disorganized schizophrenicsmade up words

822
Q

A test may be reliable, but its results might not be valid

A

A test can not be valid if its results are not reliable

823
Q

What kind of psychologists use “patient”?

A

psychologists with a biomedical orientation and psychoanalysts

824
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg

A
  • experimented on children regarding moral development using the Heinz dilemma - created three broad categories of responses: preconventional, conventional, postconventional
825
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

extra X chromosomeminimal sexual development and personality traits like extreme introversion

826
Q

situation-relevant confounding variables

A

differences between the experimental and control situations that may affect the experiment

827
Q

three-box/information-processing model

A

sensory, encoding, short-term/working, long-term and retrieval

828
Q

formal operations (12 years through adulthood)

A

fourth stage of Jean Piaget’s cognitive-development theoryabstract reasoninghypothesis testingmetacognition

829
Q

motivations

A

feelings or ideas that cause us to act toward a goal

830
Q

set-point theory

A

the hypothalamus wants to maintain a certain optimum body weight

831
Q

factor analysis

A

a statistical technique used to reduce the vast number of different terms we use to describe people to 16 or five basic traitsgroups the traits that correlate under a common factor. Factor analysis scans for clustors of traits and then represents these as factors. E.g. cleanliness, organization, punctuality, diligence might reveal conscientiousness

832
Q

assignment

A

the process by which subjects are put into a group, experimental or control

833
Q

consensus

A

how other people acted in the same situation

834
Q

self-concept

A

a person’s global feeling about himself and herself

835
Q

biopsychological (neuropsychological) theory of gender development

A

studies demonstrate that biological differences do exist between the sexeswomen have larger corpus callosums, which may affect how the right and left hemispheres communicate and coordinate tasks

836
Q

alpha waves

A

relatively high-frequency, low amplitude waves produced while awake and in stages 1 and 2

838
Q

survey method

A

kind of correlational research in which surveys are filled out; difficult to control for confounding variables, because surveys are mailed out and people take the survey at different times of the day, different places, take different amounts of time to fill out the survey. Surveys are a research method where the independent variable is not manipulated

839
Q

unconscious

A

psychoanalyst idea– some unacceptable events and feelings are repressed from conscious mind to unconsciousdifficult to prove

840
Q

treatment of insomnia

A

treated with changes of behavior:- reduction of caffeine/ other stimulants- exercise at appropriate times

841
Q

inferiority

A

the fear of failuretheorized by Adler to motivate people

842
Q

Panic disorder

A

High burst of intense anxiety without any appearant provokation.

843
Q

stratified sampling

A

randomly sampling each strata (category of people, for example race or gender) of the population, so that the final sample reflects the population more accurately

844
Q

frequency theory

A

place theory works for high frequency sounds, but not low frequencyhair cells fire at different rates in the cochlea

845
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus

A

a place in the thalamus that receives impulses from the optic nerve

846
Q

in vivo desensitization

A

behavioral therapya form of systematic desensitization in which the stimulus is actually encountered

847
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

starving yourself to below 85% of normal body weight: vast majority are women

848
Q

structuralism

A

the idea that the mind operates by combining subjective emotions and objective sensations (sensations meaning a stimulus’s effect on our senses)

849
Q

developmental psychology

A

the study of how behaviors and thoughts change over our entire lives

850
Q

conduction deafness

A

something goes wrong with the system of conducting sound to the cochlea

851
Q

token economy

A

behavioral therapya type of instrumental conditioningdesired behaviors are identified and rewarded with tokens that can later be exchanged for various objects or privileges

852
Q

social-cognitive theory of gender development

A

effects of society and thoughs about gender on role developmentgender-schema- messages about gender are internalized into cognitive rules about how each gender should behave

853
Q

stroboscopic effect

A

Pictures presented in a series will look like a movie