Cumulative Deck Flashcards
conscious
the information about yourself and your environment you are currently aware of
effects of authoritarian parenting style
- distrust others and withdrawal from peers- obedient attitudes are more important than discussions on why the rules are what they are- punishment used more than reinforcement
clinical psychologists
psychologists with a Ph. D. and specialize in research, assessment, and therapy
frequency distribution
a distribution of observed frequencies of occurrence of the values of a variable. Such as types of pets owned by the class. A graph showing a bar for dogs, cat, turtles
stress reactions
reactions to stressors
function of dopamine
motor movement and alertness
frontal lobotomy
type of lesioining that was used to treat mentally ill patiens
examples of stimulants
caffeine, cocaine, amphetamines and nicotine
echoic memory
a split-second perfect memory of a sound
initiative vs. guilt
third stage of psychosocial stage theorya child aged 3 - 6 years begin to take initiative that conflicts with parental wishes. Over-controlling parents may instill feelings of guilt and damage self-esteem. Supportive parents encourage emerging independence while providing appropriate controls.
concurrent validity
measures how much of a characteristic a person has now. type of criterion-related validity
Louis Terman
a Stanford professor, came up with Stanford-Binet IQ test
delusions
beliefs that have no basis in realitycommon delusions are persecution and grandeur
tardive dyskinesia
muscle tremors and stiffness caused by extensive use of anti psychotic drugs
dispositional/person attribution
personality traits; Charley did well on a math test because he is good at math
diffusion of responsibility
reduction in sense of responsibility often felt by individuals in a group; may be responsible for the bystander effect
population
anyone or anything that could possibly be selected to be in the sample
UCR
physical reactions that is natural.
orgasm (Sexual Response Cycle)
rhythmic genital contractions that may help conception, respiration and heart rate increase further, males ejaculate, often accompanied by a pleasurable euphoria
castration anxiety
part of Freud’s psychosexual stage theorythe fear that if they misbehave, they will be castrated
risk
participants cannot be placed in significant mental or physical risk
Muller-Lyer illusion
demonstrates that some perceptual rules are learned from culture and not innate. Example of cultural learning of perspective is the use of angles in the architecture of your environment.
Mary Ainsworth
conducted study on what infants would do if their parents left them alone, then came backcategorized results into secure attachments (66%), avoidant attachments (21%) and anxious/ambivalent attachments (12%)
regression
returning to an earlier, comforting form of behavior. Biff starts to suck his thumb
frequency polygon
Frequency distribution can be easily represented by frequency polygon aka a line graph
response criteria (receiver operating characteristics)
signal detection theory how motivated people are to detect certain stimuli and expectations for what they want to perceive
telegraphic
second stage in language acquisitioncombination of the words into simple commands and sentences; meaning clear, syntax absent
Stanford-Binet IQ test
-divide mental age by chronological age, then multiply by 100-all adults have mental age of 20-compare: Weschler tests
dependent variable
This is the variable that is studied. Let’s say we are experimenting to find out the effect that the simpsons has on people’s tendency to be violent. The dependent variable would be the violence people experience after watching the Simpsons. The Simpsons episode would be the independent variable.
line of best fit
the line drawn through the scatter plot that minimizes the distance of all the points from the line. The slope of this best fit line can reveal correlation coefficient
stressors
stressful life events
DSM-IV-TR
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders uses an axial approach for diagnosis. These axis include
- Clinical Disorder - schitzophrenia, run of the mill psychological disorders
- Developmental and Personality Disorder - retardation, antisocial, paranoid
- Medical Disorder - diabetes, cancer, brain impairment
- Pysiological disorder - divorce, new school change (stress), fired from job
- Global Assesment of Functionality
The dms does not include the causes or the treatment of these disorders since the causes and treatment are widely contested.
paraphilia
the sexual attraction to an object, person, or activity not usually seen as sexualmost paraphilias occur more commonly in men than in women, except for masochism
institutional review board
reviews research proposal for ethical violations and/or procedural errors
avoidance-avoidance conflict
decision between two unfavorable outcomes
Jung’s unconscious
consists of collective unconscious and personal unconscious
percentile
the distance of a score from 0
Drive Reduction Theory
behavior is motivated by biological needsdoes not explain all behaviors, such as adrenaline addicts
self-theory
created by Carl Rogersbelieved that people needed unconditional positive regard in order to self-actualize
frustration-aggression hypothesis
the feeling of frestration makes aggression more likely
overabundance of dopamine
schizophrenia
vestibular sense. How is it measured?
how our body is oriented in space. Three semicircular canals in the inner ear contain fluid that causes hair cells in the canal to move. These hair cells activate neurons.
recall
retrieving a memory with an external cue
belief perseverance
tendency to maintain a belief even after the evidence we used to form the belief is contradictedcompare: confirmation bias
door-in-the-face
after people refuse a large reques, hey will look more favorably upon a follow-up request that seems, in comparison, much more reasonable
intern’s syndrome
the tendency to see in oneself the characteristics of disorders about which one is learning
informed consent
participants must know that they are involved in research and give their consent
hindbrain
structures in the top part of the spinal cord, controls basic biological functions that keep us alive. These include pons, cerebelum, and medulla
rationalization
coming up with a beneficial result of an undesirable occurrence. Biff thinks he is free to find someone else better
psychosurgery
the purposeful destruction of part of the brain to alter a person’s behavior
Binocular Cues
Depth perception that depends on two eyes Binocular Disparity: Both eyes see objects with slightly different angles, brain gets both images. The closer the object becomes the more disparity. The farther the object is the less disparity between the images of the two eyes. Convergence: Eyes move closer to each other to keep focus as object gets closer to our face
examples of hallucinogens/psychedelics
LSD, peyote, psilocybin mushrooms, marajuana
psychodynamic theorists
Carl Jung and Alfred Adler
Galen
a Roman philosopher who maintained that psychological illnesses were influenced by biological factors and could therefore be treated
psychoanalysts
people trained specifically in Freudian methods who may or may not hold medical degrees
similarity, proximity and reciprocal liking
the three factors
Alfred Binet
wanted to design test to find children who would need help in school and created mental age
random selection
randomly selecting the sample group, increases the likelihood that the sample represents the population
penis envy
part of Freud’s psychosexual stage theorygirls are jealous of boys’ penises
variance
the average of the squared differences of each number from the mean
Howard Gardner
multiple intelligences theoristSpatial, Linguistic, Logical-mathematical, Bodily-kinesthetic, Musical, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Naturalistic[In his garden grew many different kinds of smart plants]
fugue
dissociative disorderhaving psychogenic amnesia and finding oneself in an unfamiliar environment
UCR
physical reactions that is natural.
repression
pushing thoughts out of conscious awareness
dissociative identity disorder
dissociative disorderseveral personalities that may represent different ages and both sexes, people with DID commonly have a history of sexual abuse or some other childhood traumarare outside of US; DIDers may be role-playing b/c of their therapists’ questions and media portrayals
fissures
wrinkles in the cerebral cortex
decay
not using a memory or connections to a memory for a long period of time
Gordon Allport
theorized that in order to have a full understanding of someone’s personality, you needed to look at their personal traitsposited three types of personal traits: cardinal dispositions, central and secondary dispositions
amplitude
the height of a sound wave, measured in decibels. The more amplitude the louder the sound or the brighter the color.
id
contains instincts and psychic energy, called Eros and Thanatosexists entirely in the unconscious mindpropelled by pleasure principle
schizophrenia
disordered, distorted thinking often demonstrated through delusions and/or hallucinations
scatter plot
a series of points plotted on a graph. Used to plot correlations
basic research
research that explores questions that are of interest of psychologists that are not intended to have immediate, real-world applications
linguistic relativity hypothesis
Benjamin Whorf language may control or limit our thinking- studies show effect of labeling on how we think about people, objects, or ideas, but do not show that language changes what we can think about
abnormality
- maladaptive and/or disturbing to the individual2. disturbing to others3. unusual, unshared by many others of the same population4. irrational, doesn’t make sense to the average person
correlation
a relationship between two variables without ascribing cause
Sigmund Freud
created psychoanalytic theory
availability heuristic
judging a situation based on examples of similar situations that come to mind initially
criticisms of Freud
- little empirical evidence- all reactions can be taken as proof for psychoanalystic theory- little predictive power, only diagnose psychological issue can not predict.; Contemporary research finds it hard to believe that personality is determined by the age of 5, Freud over estimated the importance of sex and childhood. only explains past actions- feminists find “penis envy” objectionable, Karen Horney and Nancy Chodorow posit “womb envy”
sampling error
the extent to which a sample differs from the population
Turner’s syndrome
chromosonal abnormality only one X chromosome in the 23rd pair causes shortness, webbed necks
blind spot
where the optic nerve leaves the retina, calls such because has no rods or cones
explicit (declarative) memory
conscious memories of facts or events we actively tried to remember
naturalistic observation
unobtrusive observation on subjects in their natural habitats, control is sacrificed
histogram
Frequency distribution can be easily represented by histogram aka a bar graph
Barnum effect
the tendency for people to see themselves in vague, stock descriptions of personality
binging
eating large amounts of food in a short amount of time
opponent-process theory
the theory that sensory receptors in the retina come in pairs. opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. If one receptor in a pair is stimulated, its counterpart is prohibited from firing. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green. Explains colorblindness and afterimages. For afterimages, basically if you stare at red for a long time, you have fatigued this sensor, then when you look at a blank wall the opponent process (green) fires. For color blindness, opponent-process theory works, because of the whole idea that sensory receptors come in pairs, and dichromatic color blind people have difficulty seeing colors that are paired in accordance to the opponent-process theory. Therefore a color blind person would have difficulty sensing red and green or yellow and blue.
Weber’
s law for hearing
convergent thinking
thinking pointed toward one solution
gate-control theory
when a higher priority pain message coincides with a lower priority pain message, only the higher one will be felt. Endorphins and other drugs such as opiates like morphine swing the gate shut.
confounding variable
any difference between the experimental and control conditions, besides the changes of the independent variable
Mood or affective disorder
experience extreme or inappriate behavior. Major depressive disorder is one of the most common mood or affective disorder.
drugs used to treat unipolar depression
tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, and serotonin-reuptake-inhibitor drugs (Prozac) which all tend to increase the activity of serotonin
brain plasticity
the ability of other parts of the brain to take over functions of damaged regions. Declines as hemispheres of the cerebral cortex lateralize.
integrity vs. despair
eighth stage of psychosocial stage theoryFrom age 65 to death, people who look back on their lives with satisfaction develop a sense of wholeness and integrity. Those in despair look back with regret and disappointment in the lives they have led.
triadic reciprocality/reciprocal determinism
the person (traits), the environment, and the person’s behavior each influence both of the other two in a constant looplike fashion
just-world belief
misfortunes befall people who deserve them
confirmation bias
the tendency to look for evidence that confirms our beliefs and ignore evidence that contradicts what we think is truecompare: belief perseverence
mere-exposure effect
old stimuli are preferred over new stimuli, because on some level the old stimuli are remembered and known, regardless of consciouss awareness of the old stimuli. The unconscious might recognize the stumuli
Noam Chomsky
language acquisition devicealso called nativist theory of language acquisition
symptom substitution
when, after a person is successfully treated for one psychological disorder, that person begins to experience a new psychological problem. This belief is held by psychoanalysts that believe that the unconscious root of the problem must be solved in order to prevent symptom substitution
cognitive dissonance theory
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes
group test
test administered to a large group of people, less expensive, more objectivecompare: individual test
Management Theory
consists of theory x and theory y
Autonomic Nervous System
controls the automatic functions of our bodydivided into two categories: sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemscompare: Somatic Nervous System
comparative psychologists
look at the psychology of non-human animals
plateau phase (Sexual Response Cycle)
respiration and heart rate continue at an elevated level, genitals secrete fluids in preparation for coitus
drugs used to treat anxiety disorders
barbiturates (Miltown) and benzodiazepines (Xanax and Valium)
in-group
people of their own group, seen as more diverse than people of out-groups
central dispositions
more apparent than secondary dispositions, but less so than cardinal dispositions
delta sleep/slow-wave sleep
stages 3 and 4’s other names due to the delta waves that exist during these stagesreplenishes the body’s chemical supplies, releasing growth hormones in children and fortifying the immune system. we move into stages 3 and 4, which are sometimes called delta sleep (also called slow-wave sleep) because of the delta waves that exist during these stages. The slower the wave (slow waves are low-frequency waves), the deeper the sleep and less aware we are of our environment. A person in delta sleep is very difficult to wake up. If you are awakened out of delta sleep, you may be very disoriented and groggy. Delta sleep seems to be very important in replenishing the body’s chemical supplies, releasing growth hormones in children, and fortifying our immune system. A person deprived of delta sleep will be more susceptible to illness and will feel physically tired. Increasing exercise will increase the amount of time we spend in stages 3 and 4.
midbrain
coordinates simple movements with sensory information contains reticular formation. Ex: if you move your head to the left, the midbrain coordinates with your eyes to keep your eyes focused on the text.
genital (psychosexual stages)
fifth and final stage, fixation here is normal
EQ (emotional intelligence)
ability to identify, assess, and control the emotions of oneself, of others, and of groups; helps people achieve what they want to achieveroughly corresponds to Gardner’s interpersonal and intrapersonalsupported by Daniel Goldman
positive symptoms
excesses in behavior, thought, or moodexamples: neologisms, hallucinationscompare: negative symptoms
attribution theory
how people determine the cause ofwhat they observe
dream analysis
one of the three methods used by psychoanalysts. the patient reports the literal content (manifest content) to the psychoanalyst who interprets it to become what it really means (latent/hidden content)
measures of central tendency
mean, median, mode
superego
exists in both the unconscious mind and the conscious mindsense of conscience. Ego moderates between the superego which has the sense of right and wrong and the id.
intrinsic motivators
rewards we get internallymost effective at continuing a behavior
Moro reflex
startled, fling limbs out, quickly retract them, make himself as small as possible
standard deviation
the square root of the variance
frequency polygon
line graph
instrumental conditioning
behavioral therapyinvolves using rewards and/or punishments to modify a person’s behavior
cerebellum
part of hindbrainlooks like smaller version of brain stuck onto the underside of brain, coordinates HABITUAL muscle movements
generativity vs. stagnation
seventh stage of psychosocial stage theoryFrom age 40 - 65, adults need to express their caring about future generations by guiding/mentoring others or producing creative work that enriches the lives of others. Failing this, people become stagnant and preoccupied with their own needs and comforts.
field experiment
conducted in the world, more realistic than laboratory experiment
hypnosis
one of the three methods used by psychoanalysts. an altered state of consciousness in which psychoanalysts believe that people are less likely to repress troubling thoughts
biopsychology
explains human thought and behavior in terms of biological processes only
insight therapies
psychoanalytic/psychodynamic treatments and humanistic therapiesa variety of therapies which aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses
iconic memory
a split-second perfect photograph of a scene
homeostasis
a balanced internal state
mood congruent memory
the greater likelihood of recalling an item when our mood matches the mood we were in when the event happened
self-concept
a person’s global feeling about himself and herself
Jean Piaget’s cognitive development stage theory
created by Jean Piaget1. sensorimotor stage (birth to about 2 years)2. preoperational stage (2 to about 7 years)3. concrete operations (8 to about 12 years)4. formal operations (12 years through adulthood)
resistance (GAS)
hormones are released t maintain physiological readiness described in alarm reaction, if it lasts too long, can deplete resources
voyeur
paraphiliasomeone who becomes sexually aroused by watching others engage in some kind of sexual behavior
coercion
participation must be voluntary
measures of central tendency
mean, median, mode
eidetic (photographic) memory
the ability to remember with great accuracy visual information on the basis of short-term exposure
anterograde amnesia
old memories can be recalled, new memories (except procedural) cannot be made
George Kelley
proposed personal-construct theory of personality
antagonists
drugs that block neurotransmitters. However, instead of acting like the neurotransmitter, they simply prevent the natural neurotransmitters from using that receptor site. Other drugs prevent natural neurotransmitters from being reabsorbed back into a neuron, creating an abundance of that neurotransmitter in the synapse. No matter what mechanism they use, drugs gradually alter the natural levels of neurotransmitters in the brain. The brain will produce less of a specific neurotransmitter if it is being artificially supplied by a psychoactive drug.
reflex
specific, inborn, automatic responses to certain specific stimuli
semantic network theory
memories are linked to one another like spiderwebs
afferent neurons
neurons that take information from the senses to the brain
opiates
drugs that act as agonists for endorphins and reduce pain and elevate mood
conversion disorder
somatoform disorder a severe physical problem with no biological cause
anal retentive
Used to describe people that are meticulously neat and a bit compulsive. Occurs due to fixation on the anal stage.
Eros
one of the 2 Instincts in id. Eros is the life instinct. Eros is responsible for desire for sex.
secondary dispositions
less apparent than central dispositions
General Anxiety Disorder
- constant low-level anxiety such as cosntantly feeling nervous.
medulla
part of hindbraincontrols blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing
longitudinal research
study of one group of participants over time+ precisely measures the effects of development on a specific group- time consuming, results may take years to develop
secondary prevention
methods to avoid occurrence of disease in people at risk
somatotype theory
William Sheldonidentified three body types: endomorphs (fat), mesomorphs (muscular), and ectomorphs (thin)each body type associated with certain personality traits
archetypes
universal concepts we all share as part of the human species
random assignment
each subject has an equal chance of being placed in either the experimental or the control group
displacement
redirecting one’s feelings towards another person or object. When people displace negative emotions like anger, they often displace them onto people whoa re less threatening than the source of the emotioncompare: projection
superiority
the desire to achieve theorized by Adler to motivate people
cause of mood or affective disorders according to different theorists
Psychanalysts believe that mood disorders are caused by anger directive inward and overly strict suger ego. Behaviorists believe that mood disorders bring along some sort of reinforcement such as sympathy and attention
dissociation theory
created by Ernest Hilgard hypnosis causes us to divide our consciousness voluntarily; one part stays tuned to reality, another part to the hypnotist. In an experiment investigating hypnotism and pain control, Hilgard asked hypnotized participants to put their arm in an ice water bath. Most of us would feel this intense cold as painful after a few seconds, but the hypnotized participants reported no pain. However, when Hilgard asked them to lift their index finger if any part of them felt the pain, most participants lifted their finger. This experiment demonstrated the presence of a hidden observer, a part or level of our consciousness that monitors what is happening while another level obeys the hypnotist’s suggestions.
divergent thinking
thinking that searches for multiple possible answers to a questionassociated with creativity
predictive validity
measures future performancetype of criterion-related validity
cognitive psychologists
examine human thought and behavior in terms of how we interpret, process, and remember environmental events
valid
measures what it’s supposed to measure accurate
olfactory bulb. Difference between smell and all other senses in terms of the brain?
Gathers information from olfactory nerves and sends the information to the limbic system instead of the thalamus like all other senses. The limbic system is composed of amygdala and hippocampus
side effects of stimulants
disturbed sleep, reduced appetite, increased anxiety, heart problems
occipital lobes
at the very back of the brainimpulses from the right half of each retina is processed in the right occipital lobe and vice versa
Raymond Cattel
16 PF (personalty factor)
Hippocrates
a Greek philosopher who maintained that psychological illnesses were influenced by biological factors and could therefore be treated
componential/analytic intelligence
the ability to compare and contrast, explain, and analyzepart of triarchic theory by Robert Sternberg
speed test
large number of questions asked in a short amount of time, insufficient time is givengoal: see how fast someone can solve problemscompare: power test
mesomorphs (muscular)
according to William Sheldonaggressive
triadic reciprocality/reciprocal determinism
the person (traits), the environment, and the person’s behavior each influence both of the other two in a constant looplike fashion. So if brad thinks he is friendly (trait) , he will go to parties (environment), talk to people at these parties (behavior). The more Brad talks to people at parties the more he is reasured that he is friendly (trait)
lesioning
the removal or destruction of part of the brainexample: frontal lobotomy
treatment of narcolepsy
treated with medication and changing sleep patterns (naps at certain times of the day)
Freudian ego psychologist
a Freudian psychologist who downplays the importance of the unconscious and focuses on the conscious role of the ego not able ego psychologist Alfred Adler believed people were motivated by inferiority and superiority
cardinal dispositions
one trait that plays a pivotal role in virtually everything a small number of people do
standardization samples
a group of people representative of the people who normally will take the test
somatoform disorders
when a person manifests a psychological problem through a physiological problem
reality principle
followed by egonegotiate between the desires of the id and the limitations of the environment
Two Factor Theory
Stanley Schacter- better than James-Lange and Cannon-Bard- both physical responses and cognitive labels combine to cause emotion- experiment showed that aroused people felt emotions more intensely than not aroused people
counterbalancing
using subjects as their own control group by having half of them be experimental first and half of them be control first
Womb Envy
Horney and Chodorow’s belief that men are jelous of women’s reproductive capability. Contradiction to Freud’s penis envy.
experimenter bias
the unconscious tendency for researchers to treat members of the experimental and control groups differently to increase the chance of confirming their hypotheses
agonist
drugs that mimic neurotransmitters. psychoactive drugs are small enough to pass through the blood-brain barrier. These molecules either mimic or block naturally occurring neurotransmitters in the brain. The drugs that mimic neurotransmitters are called agonists. These drugs fit in the receptor sites on a neuron that normally receive the neurotransmitter and function as that neurotransmitter normally would
belief bias
when people’s preexisting beliefs interfere with their logical reasoning
latency (psychosexual stages)
forth stage, calm and low psychosexual anxiety
humanistic psychology
also called the third forceview people as innately good and able to determine their own destinies through the exercise of free will focus on self-concept and self-esteem
dependent variable
This is the variable that is studied. Let’s say we are experimenting to find out the effect that the simpsons has on people’s tendency to be violent. The dependent variable would be the violence people experience after watching the Simpsons. The Simpsons episode would be the independent variable.
population
anyone or anything that could possibly be selected to be in the sample
continuity
developing steadily from birth to death
order of sound in your ear
ear canal -> eardrum/tympanic membrane -> (3 bones known collectively as obssicles) hammer (malleus bone) -> anvil (incus bone) -> stirrup (stapes bone) -> oval window -> cochlea (snail’s shell filled with fluid) -> hair at bottom of cochlea -> organ of Corti (neurons activated by the hair) -> auditory nerve
frequency
the length of the waves and determines pitch, measured in megahertz
cornea
a protective covering of the eye that initially takes in the light reflected by an object. Also the cornea helps to focus on light
reality principle
followed by ego negotiate between the desires of the id and the limitations of the environment
personality
the unique attitudes, behaviors, and emotions that characterize a person
insane
a legal term used to describe people who, because of a psychological disorder, cannot be held fully responsible for their crimesNGRI= not guilty by reason of insanity
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
a book used by psychologists to determine if someone has a psychological disorderdoes not include discussion of causes or treatments because different factions of psychology have different ideas about the causes and treatmentslatest version is the DSM-IV-TR
tertiary prevention
methods to diagnose and treat existent disease in early stages before it causes significant morbidity
prefrontal lobotomy
a type of psychosurgeryan operation involving the cutting off of the main neurons leading to the frontal lobe of the brainreduced level of functioning and awareness to a vegetative state
chunking
grouping items in about 7memory tool
Charles Spearman
(spearman = penis = trying to get the g strap
intelligence theoristused factor analysis (statistical technique that measures the correlations between different items) to conclude that underlying many different specific abilities “g” factor
double binds
cognitive-behavioral cause for schizophreniacontradictory messagescompare: double blinds
systematic desensitization
behavioral therapydeveloped by Joseph Wolpe, a type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with imagined, gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli, eventually replacing the feelings of anxiety with relaxation
measures of variability
attempt to depict the diversity of the distribution. range, variance, and standard deviation
attachment
the reciprocal relationship between parent and child
John Watson
studied Ivan Pavlov’s conditioning experiments, main proponent of behaviorism
operationalize
to explain how you will measure variables such as the independent and dependent variables
Thanatos
one of the 2 instincts in id. Thanatos is the death instinct. Thanatos is seen in aggression.
undifferentiated schizophrenia
exhibit disordered thinking, but none of the other symptoms
heritability
the measure of the percentage of a trait that is inherited
rationalization
coming up with a beneficial result of an undesirable occurrence
kinesthetic sense
the position and orientation of specific body parts, because receptors in muscles send information to the brain
approach-avoidance conflict
one event/goal has both good and bad outcomes
Parasympathetic Nervous System
part of the Autonomic Nervous Systemslowing body down after a stress responsecompare: Sympathetic Nervous System
synapse
the space beween the terminal buttons of one neuron and the dendrites of the next neurons
manifest content
The first part out of two of dreamsL: literal content of dreams compare: latent content
image
mental pictures created in mind, not necessarily visual
sleep apnea
when a person stops breathing for short periods of time during the night- robs the person of deep sleep- causes attention and memory problems- Since these individuals do not remember waking up during the night, apnea frequently goes undiagnosed. Overweight men are at a higher risk for apnea. Apnea can be treated with a respiration machine that provides air for the person as he or she sleeps.
contact theory
contact between hostile groups will reduce animosity, but only if the groups are made to work toward a goal that benefits all and necessitates the participation of all (superordinate goal)
electroencephalogram (EEG)
detects brain waves, used in sleep research
subliminal
stimuli below absolute threshold
secure attachments (66%)
Mary Ainsworth’s baby experimentconfidently explore novel environment when parents are present, distressed when they leave, go to parents when they return
self-esteem
A measure of how much you value and respect yourself
primary prevention
methods to avoid occurrence of disease
motor cortex
in the frontal lobesends signals to muscles, controlling voluntary movementsbottom of cortex controls top of body and vice versa
resistance
patient objections to the psychoanalyst’s interpretationthe psychoanalyst usually sees this as a sign that the analyst is heading in the right direction
false-consensus effect
the tendency of people to overestimate the number of people who agree with them
Somatoform disorders, Common somatoform disorders
Psychological condition caused by physical symptom. Common disorders include hypochrondriasis and conversion disorder. Someone suffering from hypochrondriasis might have several complaints to tell a doctor and the doctor will not be able to locate the cause. Also hypochrondriasis suffers believe that they small things such as headaches are indicative of terminal illness. Conversion disorder the patient will report the existence of a severe physical problem and then believe that they trully have this problem (e.g. blindness).
biopsychology
Also known as neuroscience. Explains cognition in terms of genetics, neurotransmitters, hormones. Biology basically
George Kelley
proposed personal-construct theory of personality
free associate
one of the three methods used by psychoanalysts. to say whatever comes to mind without thinking, supposed to bypass the ego’s censoring and defenses and go straight into the unconscious where the problems are
naturalistic observation
unobtrusive observation on subjects in their natural habitats, control is sacrificed
activation-synthesis theory
dreams are nothing more than the brain’s interpretations of what is happening physiologically during REM sleep
sensory cortex (somato-sensory cortex)
receives incoming touch sensations from the rest of the bodybottom of sensory cortex receives sensations from top of body and vice versa
aptitude test
test that measures ability or potential
hypothesis testing
reason from a hypothesisstarts in formal operations (12 years through adulthood)
anal (psychosexual stages)
second stage, toilet trainingfixation: overly controlling (retentive), out of control (expulsive)
ectomorphs (thin)
according to William Sheldonfriendly and outgoing
family therapy
a type of group therapy used to treat families
LaPiere study
discovered that although people had bad attitudes towards Asians, they still treated them wellconclusion: attitude does not necessarily reflect behavior
approach-approach conflict
decision between two favorable outcomes
Dominant sense of babies
Dominant sense of babies is hearing and then this dominant sense changes to vision as the baby matures. Vision is impaired when baby is born
anonymity/confidentiality
both protect privacy
reaction formation
expressing the opposite of how one truly feels. Biff says he hates her.
preparedness
biological predisposition to learn some things more quickly than others
laboratory experiment
conducted in a lab, a highly controlled environment. Psychologists prefer laboratory setting for experimenting, because a controlled experiment can more easily show a relationship
psychodynamic theorists
psychologists who are influenced by Freud’s work but have significantly modified his original theory
institutional review board
reviews research proposal for ethical violations and/or procedural errors
frontal lobes
part of the cerebral cortexresponsible for abstract thought and emotional controlcontains: Broca’s area and motor cortex
normal curve
theoretical bell-shaped curve for which the area under the curve lying between any two z scores has been predetermined. 68 % of scores fall within 1 standard deviation of the curve. 95% fall within 2 standard deviations, 98% fall within 3 deviations
abnormal psychology
the study of people who suffer from psychological disorders
internals
people who are ore motivated to eat by internal hunger cues (empty stomach)
posthypnotic amnesia
people forget events that occurred during hypnosis
Max Wertheimer
a Gestalt psychologist
Theta Waves
While we are awake and in stages 1 and 2, our brains produce theta waves, which are relatively high-frequency, low-amplitude waves. However, the theta waves get progressively slower and higher in amplitude as we go from wakefulness and through stages 1 and
oral (psychosexual stages)
first stage, pleasure through mouthfixation: overeating, smoking, childlike, dependence on things and people
postconventional
examines rights and values involved in choice- steal
projection
believing that the feelings one has toward someone else are actually held by the other person and directed at oneselfcompare: displacement
Wilhelm Wundt
set up the first psychological laboratory, trained subjects in introspection. He was one of the first to draw a distinction between perception and sensation. Through the use of introspection. He conducted an experiment where he played a sound and the test subject tried to say what the sound was. Wundt found that sensation and perception are different, because the test subject could identify whether they heard the sound faster than they could identify the sound they heard.
range
the distance between the highest and lowest score in a distribution
heuristic
a rule of thumb, generally but not always truetypes: availability heuristic and representativeness heuristicaffected by: belief bias and belief perseverance
unconditional positive regard
a kind of blanket acceptance important in Carl Rogers’ self-theory. Unconditional positive regard is needed in order for people to strive towards self actualization
Gestalt psychology
examined a person’s total experience, not just bits and pieces of it; second wave of psychology. Usually deals with understanding visual deception.
perceptual set
Based off of schemata, mental representation of the world based off of past perception. a predisposition to perceiving something in a certain way
cones
cells activated by colorcompare: rods
scatter plot
a series of points plotted on a graph. Used to plot correlations
function of serotonin
mood control
constancy
the ability to maintain a constant perception of an object despite changes in direct appearance that are attributed to changes in the angle of your view or light shining on it. Types of constancy include size, shape, and brightness constancy
trephination
a operation that removes a circular section of bone from the skull
Categories of disorder in DSM
- Anxiety
- somato form disorder
- dissociative disorder
- mood or affective disorder
- schizophrenia
- personality
range
the distance between the highest and lowest score in a distribution
recency effect
Ebbinghaus believed that the order in which we memorize things matters in our later retrieval of the memory. predicts that we are more likely to recall items presented at the end of a listcompare: primacy effect
figure-ground relationship
A Gestalt principle of perceptual organization that states that we automatically separate the elements of a perception into the feature that clearly stands out and its less distinct background.
counseling psychologists
psychologists with a graduate degree in psychology and treat less severe problems than clinical psychologists do
Stanley Schacter
created Two Factor Theory
criticisms of Jean Piaget’s cognitive development theory
- underestimates children- too discontinuous. Due to the emphasis on language in these tests, older boys had an advantage
Cannon-Bard theory
theory of emotion that the body changes and understanding of the emotion occurs simultaneously from cues in the thalamus- inaccurate about the thalamus playing such a big role, other structures such as the amygdala are involved
Jean Piaget
created cognitive-development theory
authoritative parenting style
set, consistent standards that are reasonable and explainedencourage children’s independence, but not past point of violating rulespraise as much as punishexplanations encouraged
operationalize
to explain how you will measure variables such as the independent and dependent variables
Flynn effect
performance on intelligence tests has been increasing steadily throughout the century, probably due to better environmental factors
instrumental aggression
aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain
place theory
hair cells in the cochlea respond to different frequencies of sound based on where they are located in the cochlea. Some hair bends in response to high pitches others due to low pitches
drive
an impulse to act in a way that satisfies this need
measures of variability
attempt to depict the diversity of the distribution. range, variance, and standard deviation
trust vs. mistrust
first stage of psychosocial stage theoryduring the first year of life, infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner
experiment
only experiments can show cause and effect relationships through the manipulation of the independent variable and subsequent observation of the dependent variable while controlling for confounding variables
insomnia
problems getting to sleep/staying asleep at nightaffects up to 10% of people. Treated with changed behavior, like less caffeine, exercise ect. No medicine
purging
getting rid of food through vomiting, excessive exercise, or laxative use.
theory y (Management Theory)
employees are internally motivated to do good workhas more benefits
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
basic needs are fulfilled before other needs physiological (hunger, thirst, sex)safety (safe, secure, out of danger)belongingness and loveesteem (approval and recognition)self-actualization (fulfill unique potential
determinism
the belief that what happens is dictated by what has happened in the pastcompare: free will
standard deviation
the square root of the variance
line of best fit
the line drawn through the scatter plot that minimizes the distance of all the points from the line
language acquisition
natural unconscious process of language development in humans that occurs without instruction, but needs exposure1. babbling 2. telegraphic
mesomorphs (muscular)
according to William Sheldonaggressive
absolute threshold
the smallest amount of stimulus we can detect 50% of the time. This 50% is to account for other stimulation that might impede or indvidual variation
stratified sampling
randomly sampling each strata (category of people, for example race or gender) of the population, so that the final sample reflects the population more accurately
short-term (working) memory
memories currently using and are aware of in consciousness- short-term memories will fade in 10 to 30 seconds if mused - capacity is limited to about 7 items
myelin sheath
a fatty covering around the axon that speeds neural impulses
endomorphs (fat)
according to William Sheldonshy and secretive
cardinal dispositions
one trait that plays a pivotal role in virtually everything a small number of people do
locus of control
Julian Rotterinternal locus of control- they are responsible for what happens to themexternal locus of control- outside forces are responsible for what happens to theminternals tend to be healthier, more politically active and do better in school
top-down processing
information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations. Use schemata to produce perceptual set. compare: bottom-up processing
hallucination
perception without sensory stimulation
Henry Harlow
study on monkeys with two wire frame monkey mothers, one with milk, one that was soft- monkey babies preferred soft mother over milk motherconclusion: physical comfort is important in the formation of attachment with parents- wireframe baby monkeys became more stressed and frightened than normal baby monkeys when put into new situations
efferent neurons
neurons that take information from the brain to the rest of the body
which two reflexes help babies eat
rooting and sucking reflex
free will
an individual’s ability to choose his or her own destinycompare: determinism
personality
the unique attitudes, behaviors, and emotions that characterize a person
bystander intervention
the act of helping strangers in an emergency situation
informed consent
participants must know that they are involved in research and give their consent
self-help groups
a type of group therapy that does not involve a therapist
Alfred Adler
a Freudian psychologist who downplays the importance of the unconscious and focuses on the conscious role of the ego who also believed people were motivated by inferiority and superiority
repression
the pushing down into the unconscious events and feelings that cause so much anxiety and tension that our conscious mind cannot deal with them
frequency polygon
line graph
Fixation
Occurs during any of freud’s psychosexual phase where the person is either over or under gratified.
George Sperling
demonstrated sensory memory by flashing a grid of 9 letters for 1/20th of a secondalso: iconic memory
recognition
the process of matching a current event or fact with one already in memory
incentive
stimuli that we are drawn to due to learning
humanism
stresses individual choice and free will, most of our behaviors are chosen due to physiological, emotional, or spiritual needs. Famous humanist rogers and maslow.
anxiety hierarchy
a rank-ordered list of what the client fears, from least frightening to most frightening
alarm reaction (GAS)
heart rate increases, blood is diverted away from other body functions to muscles needed to react, activates the sympathetic nervous system
anal expulsive personality
Results from a fixation in the anal stage, where the person has is very messy and disorganized
behaviorism
psychologists should only look at behavior and causes of behavior, not elements of consciousness; fourth wave of psychology; dominant school of thought from the 1920s to 1960s. Strictly focuses on conditioning
blind sight
some blind people can respond to visual stimuli because on some level of consciousness is able to “see”
archetypes
universal concepts we all share as part of the human species. E.g. shadow represents evil
corpus callosum
the nerve bundle that connects the two hempisheres cut in split-brain patients
Gestalt psychology
examined a person’s total experience, not just bits and pieces of it; second wave of psychology. Usually deals with understanding visual deception.
eclectic
drawing from multiple perspectives of psychology; fifth wave of psychology; most current psychologists are eclectic
William Masters and Virginia Johnson
Sexual Response Cycle
Peripheral Nervous System
consists of nerves not encased in boneDivided into two categories: somatic and automatic nervous systemcompare: Central Nervous System
determinism
people have no influence over what happens to them and that their choices are predetermined by forces outside of their controlcompare: free will. Determinism is believed by psychanalysts and behavioralists
resolution (Sexual Response Cycle)
respiration and heart rate return to normal resting states, men experience a refractory period- a time period that must elapse before another orgasm, women do not have a similar refractory period and can repeat the cycle immediately
correlation coefficient
range from -1 and +1. If there is a positive correlation, the presence of one thing indicates the presence of the other. If there is a negative correlation, the presence of one indicates the absence of the other. -1 and +1 indicate strong correlations, 0 indicates the weakest type of correlation.
limbic system
Hippocampus and amygdala
Freudian ego psychologist
a Freudian psychologist who downplays the importance of the unconscious and focuses on the conscious role of the egonotable ego psychologist Alfred Adler believed people were motivated by inferiority and superiority
