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AP Psych > AP Psych Barrons Chap 2 > Flashcards

AP Psych Barrons Chap 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

basic research

A

research that explores questions that are of interest of psychologists that are not intended to have immediate, real-world applications

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2
Q

valid

A

measures what it’s supposed to measure; accurate

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3
Q

reliable

A

can be replicated, consistent

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4
Q

hypothesis

A

a relationship between two variables

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5
Q

dependent variable

A

This is the variable that is studied. Let’s say we are experimenting to find out the effect that the simpsons has on people’s tendency to be violent. The dependent variable would be the violence people experience after watching the Simpsons. The Simpsons episode would be the independent variable.

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6
Q

operationalize

A

to explain how you will measure variables such as the independent and dependent variables

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7
Q

sampling

A

the process by which subjects are selected

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8
Q

population

A

anyone or anything that could possibly be selected to be in the sample

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9
Q

random selection

A

randomly selecting the sample group, increases the likelihood that the sample represents the population

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10
Q

stratified sampling

A

randomly sampling each strata (category of people, for example race or gender) of the population, so that the final sample reflects the population more accurately

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11
Q

laboratory experiment

A

conducted in a lab, a highly controlled environment. Psychologists prefer laboratory setting for experimenting, because a controlled experiment can more easily show a relationship

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12
Q

field experiment

A

conducted in the world, more realistic than laboratory experiment

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13
Q

experiment

A

only experiments can show cause and effect relationships through the manipulation of the independent variable and subsequent observation of the dependent variable while controlling for confounding variables

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14
Q

confounding variable

A

any difference between the experimental and control conditions, besides the changes of the independent variable

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15
Q

assignment

A

the process by which subjects are put into a group, experimental or control

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16
Q

random assignment

A

each subject has an equal chance of being placed in either the experimental or the control group

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17
Q

group matching

A

Assigning to either control or experimental based on specific requirements. If you were testing the relationship between IQ and gender, then you would group match so that the experimental and control groups had equal amounts of both genders

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18
Q

situation-relevant confounding variables

A

differences between the experimental and control situations that may affect the experiment

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19
Q

experimenter bias

A

the unconscious tendency for researchers to treat members of the experimental and control groups differently to increase the chance of confirming their hypotheses

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20
Q

demand characteristics

A

cues about the purpose of the study. You want to reduce these, so that the subjects have no idea what is being studied so that the subjects can experience less response bias

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21
Q

response/subject bias

A

when subjects behave in ways they think the observer wants them to behave

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22
Q

Hawthorne effect

A

Being selected for an experiment inherently changes behavior, since the subject know that they are being studied

23
Q

counterbalancing

A

using subjects as their own control group by having half of them be experimental first and half of them be control first

24
Q

correlation

A

a relationship between two variables without ascribing cause

25
Q

order effect

A

the order of the experimental/control group activities may affect the results. So if we were testing IQ and alcohol. Then taking 1 IQ test before alcohol and the taking another IQ test after alcohol, might produce results that state that IQ goes up with alcohol, because the subject had the practice of IQ test number 1 before taking test number 2. The problem of order effect can be fixed by counterbalancing. Having one person take the IQ test first and then alcohol, and having another person take IQ with alcohol and then take an IQ when sober

26
Q

ex post facto study

A

research in which subjects are chosen based on a pre-existing condition; all other variables are controlled

27
Q

survey method

A

kind of correlational research in which surveys are filled out; difficult to control for confounding variables, because surveys are mailed out and people take the survey at different times of the day, different places, take different amounts of time to fill out the survey. Surveys are a research method where the independent variable is not manipulated

28
Q

naturalistic observation

A

unobtrusive observation on subjects in their natural habitats, control is sacrificed

29
Q

case study

A

a full, detailed picture of one subject or a small group of subjects; not reflective of population, as a result findings cannot be generalized

30
Q

frequency polygon

A

line graph

31
Q

frequency distribution

A

a distribution of observed frequencies of occurrence of the values of a variable. Such as types of pets owned by the class. A graph showing a bar for dogs, cat, turtles

32
Q

frequency polygon

A

Frequency distribution can be easily represented by frequency polygon aka a line graph

33
Q

histogram

A

Frequency distribution can be easily represented by histogram aka a bar graph

34
Q

positively skewed

A

when a distribution has a high outlier, there are more low scores than high scores due to the outlier. This makes sense since the high score is considered to skew the graph. It is difficult to make times between outliers and mode, because mode is really not effected too much by outliers

35
Q

negatively skewed

A

when a distribution has a low outlier, there are more high scores than low scores due to the outlier

36
Q

measures of variability

A

attempt to depict the diversity of the distribution. range, variance, and standard deviation

37
Q

variance

A

the average of the squared differences of each number from the mean

38
Q

standard deviation

A

the square root of the variance

39
Q

range

A

the distance between the highest and lowest score in a distribution

40
Q

normal curve

A

theoretical bell-shaped curve for which the area under the curve lying between any two z scores has been predetermined

41
Q

percentile

A

the distance of a score from 0

43
Q

correlation coefficient

A

range from -1 and +1. If there is a positive correlation, the presence of one thing indicates the presence of the other. If there is a negative correlation, the presence of one indicates the absence of the other. -1 and +1 indicate strong correlations, 0 indicates the weakest type of correlation.

43
Q

line of best fit

A

the line drawn through the scatter plot that minimizes the distance of all the points from the line

44
Q

scatter plot

A

a series of points plotted on a graph. Used to plot correlations

45
Q

line of best fit

A

the line drawn through the scatter plot that minimizes the distance of all the points from the line. The slope of this best fit line can reveal correlation coefficient

46
Q

sampling error

A

the extent to which a sample differs from the population

47
Q

p value

A

the percent chance that the findings were due to chance

48
Q

institutional review board

A

reviews research proposal for ethical violations and/or procedural errors

49
Q

informed consent

A

participants must know that they are involved in research and give their consent

50
Q

coercion

A

participation must be voluntary

51
Q

anonymity/confidentiality

A

both protect privacy

52
Q

risk

A

participants cannot be placed in significant mental or physical risk

53
Q

debriefing procedures

A

participants must be told the purpose of the study and provided with ways to contact the researchers about study results

54
Q

measures of central tendency

A

mean, median, mode

AP Psych (6 decks)

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