Barrons Psychology [Final]

Question 1

dendrites

Answer 1

Part of neuron that recieves neurotransmitter messages

Question 2

axon

Answer 2

wirelike structure ending in the terminal buttons that extends from the cell body

Question 3

myelin sheath

Answer 3

a fatty covering around the axon that speeds neural impulses

Question 4

terminal buttons

Answer 4

also called: end buttons, terminal branches of axon, also called synaptic knobs branched end of the axon that contains neurotransmitter

Question 5

neurotransmitters

Answer 5

chemicals contained in terminal buttons that enable neurons to communicate

Question 6

synapse

Answer 6

the space beween the terminal buttons of one neuron and the dendrites of the next neurons

Question 7

action potential

Answer 7

the local voltage change across the cell wall as a nerve impulse is transmitted

Question 8

lack of acetylcholine

Answer 8

Alzheimer’s disease

Question 9

function of acetylcholine

Answer 9

neuro transmitter motor movement

Question 10

function of dopamine

Answer 10

motor movement and alertness

Question 11

lack of dopamine

Answer 11

Parkinson’s disease

Question 12

overabundance of dopamine

Answer 12

schizophrenia

Question 13

function of endorphins

Answer 13

pain control; involved in addictions

Question 14

function of serotonin

Answer 14

mood control

Question 15

lack of serotonin

Answer 15

associated with clinical depression

Question 16

afferent neurons

Answer 16

neurons that take information from the senses to the brain

Question 17

interneurons

Answer 17

in the brain or spinal cord, neurons that take messages and send them elsewhere in the brain or spinal cord

Question 18

efferent neurons

Answer 18

neurons that take information from the brain to the rest of the body

Question 19

Central Nervous System

Answer 19

consists of the brain and spinal cord; nerves encased in bonecompare: Peripheral Nervous System

Question 20

Peripheral Nervous System

Answer 20

consists of nerves not encased in boneDivided into two categories: somatic and automatic nervous systemcompare: Central Nervous System

Question 21

Somatic Nervous System

Answer 21

controls voluntary muscle movementscompare: Autonomic Nervous System

Question 22

Autonomic Nervous System

Answer 22

controls the automatic functions of our bodydivided into two categories: sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systemscompare: Somatic Nervous System

Question 23

Sympathetic Nervous System

Answer 23

part of the Autonomic Nervous Systemmobilizes our body to respond to stresscompare: Parasympathetic Nervous System

Question 24

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Answer 24

part of the Autonomic Nervous Systemslowing body down after a stress responsecompare: Sympathetic Nervous System

Question 25

Phineas Gage

Answer 25

a railroad worker involved in an accident that damaged the front part of his brain

Question 26

lesioning

Answer 26

the removal or destruction of part of the brainexample: frontal lobotomy

Question 27

frontal lobotomy

Answer 27

type of lesioining that was used to treat mentally ill patiens

Question 28

electroencephalogram (EEG)

Answer 28

detects brain waves, used in sleep research

Question 29

Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)

Answer 29

a sophisticated 3D X ray of the brain

Question 30

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Answer 30

a sophisticated 3D magnetic field image of the brain. Same function as CAT, except more sophistcated and no x-ray

Question 31

Functional MRI

Answer 31

combination of MRI and PET

Question 32

Portion Emission Tomography (PET)

Answer 32

measures how much of a certain chemical parts of the brain is using. Also the parts of the brain used.

Question 33

medulla

Answer 33

part of hindbraincontrols blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing

Question 34

hindbrain

Answer 34

structures in the top part of the spinal cord, controls basic biological functions that keep us alive. These include pons, cerebelum, and medulla

Question 35

pons

Answer 35

part of hindbrainconnects the hindbrain with the midbrain and forebrain, involved in the control of facial expressions

Question 36

cerebellum

Answer 36

part of hindbrainlooks like smaller version of brain stuck onto the underside of brain, coordinates HABITUAL muscle movements

Question 37

reticular formation

Answer 37

a netlike collection of cells throughout the midbrain that controls general body arousal and he ability to focus our attentionif it does not function, you will fall into a coma

Question 38

midbrain

Answer 38

coordinates simple movements with sensory information contains reticular formation. Ex: if you move your head to the left, the midbrain coordinates with your eyes to keep your eyes focused on the text.

Question 39

forebrain

Answer 39

controls thought and reasoncontains thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala and hippocampus

Question 40

thalamus

Answer 40

part of forebrainlocated at top of brain stemreceives sensory signals from spinal cord and sends hem to the appropriate areas in the rest of the forebrain

Question 41

hypothalamus

Answer 41

part of forebraincontrols several metabolic functions, including body temperature, sexual arousal, hunger, thirst and the endocrine system, which secretes chemicals

Question 42

limbic system

Answer 42

made up of thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala and hippocampus deal with aspects of emotion and memory

Question 43

amygdala and hippocampus

Answer 43

hippocampus- arms surrounding the thalamus amygdala- structures near the end of each hippocampal arm involved in processing and perceiving emotion. The hippocampus is crucial for processing memory, Memory is not stored in the hippocampus

Question 44

fissures

Answer 44

wrinkles in the cerebral cortex

Question 45

contralateral control

Answer 45

each hemisphere of the brain controls the opposite side of the body

Question 46

brain lateralization/hemispheric specialization

Answer 46

specialization of function in each hemisphere

Question 47

corpus callosum

Answer 47

the nerve bundle that connects the two hempisheres; cut in split-brain patients

Question 48

split-brain patients

Answer 48

patients whose corpus callosums have been cut, operation pioneered by Sperry.

Question 49

association area

Answer 49

any area of the cerebral cortex that is not associated with receiving sensory information or controlling muscle movements. These parts are used for thought and humor.

Question 50

frontal lobes

Answer 50

part of the cerebral cortexresponsible for abstract thought and emotional controlcontains: Broca’s area and motor cortex

Question 51

Broca’s area

Answer 51

in the frontal loberesponsible for controlling the muscles involved in producing speech

Question 52

motor cortex

Answer 52

in the frontal lobesends signals to muscles, controlling voluntary movementsbottom of cortex controls top of body and vice versa

Question 53

parietal lobes

Answer 53

contains sensory cortex (somato-sensory cortex)

Question 54

sensory cortex (somato-sensory cortex)

Answer 54

receives incoming touch sensations from the rest of the bodybottom of sensory cortex receives sensations from top of body and vice versa

Question 55

occipital lobes

Answer 55

at the very back of the brainimpulses from the right half of each retina is processed in the right occipital lobe and vice versa

Question 56

temporal lobes

Answer 56

unlike occipital lobes, sound from either ear is processed in both temporal lobescontains Wernicke’s area

Question 57

Wernicke’s area

Answer 57

located in temporal lobeinterprets both written and spoken speech

Question 58

brain plasticity

Answer 58

the ability of other parts of the brain to take over functions of damaged regions. Declines as hemispheres of the cerebral cortex lateralize.

Question 59

adrenal glands

Answer 59

produce adrenaline, which causes rest of body to go into fight or flight mode

Question 60

Thomas Bouchard

Answer 60

Studied twins found high correlation between IQ of twincs that were raised in different house holds. Therefore found that IQ is somewhat genetic and a bit environmental. One critism of this experiment in that since both twins are identical they could be treated the same by their environment, causing the same effective psychological environment. Therefore environment not genetics would have caused the high correlation in IQ

Question 61

Turner’s syndrome

Answer 61

chromosonal abnormality only one X chromosome in the 23rd pair causes shortness, webbed necks

Question 62

Klinefelter’s syndrome

Answer 62

extra X chromosomeminimal sexual development and personality traits like extreme introversion

Question 63

Down’s syndrome

Answer 63

extra chromosome on the 21st pairrounded face, shorter fingers and toes, slanted eyes set far apart, different extents of mental retardation

Question 64

transduction

Answer 64

the process in which signals are transformed into neural impulses

Question 65

Describe sensory adaption, sensory habituation, and ,cocktail-party phenomenon

Answer 65

Sensory adaption is the decreasing responsiveness to stimuli due to constant stimulation. Like you feel cold when you first get into a pool, then you stop feeling so cold. Sensory habituation explains the cocktail-party phenomenon, since the sensory habituation says that sensation is due partially to how much we focus on it. So if you are talking with your friend at a party, and someone across the room says your name, you will focus on them. This is called the cocktail-party phenomenon

Question 66

cornea

Answer 66

a protective covering of the eye that initially takes in the light reflected by an object. Also the cornea helps to focus on light

Question 67

pupil

Answer 67

dilates and becomes smaller to allow the right amount of light into your eye. The muscle that controls the pupil is the iris

Question 68

lens. Process by which lens conducts its task

Answer 68

curved and flexible in order to focus the light through a called accommodation. Light is flipped upside down and inverted when it passes the lens.

Question 69

retina

Answer 69

a screen on the back of your eye, where the inverted light is reflected. The retina contains specialized neurons activated by different wave lenghts

Question 70

cones

Answer 70

cells activated by colorcompare: rods

Question 71

rods

Answer 71

cells that respond to black and whiteoutnumber cones 20:1compare: cones

Question 72

fovea

Answer 72

located at the center of your retina and contains the highest concentration of cones

Question 73

ganglion cells

Answer 73

Ganglion cell’s axons make up the optic nerve. If enough cones and rods are stimulated, then the next layer of bipolar cells, called ganglion cells send the neural impulse to a specific region in the thalamus called the lateral geniculate nucleus.

Question 74

lateral geniculate nucleus

Answer 74

a place in the thalamus that receives impulses from the optic nerve

Question 75

blind spot

Answer 75

where the optic nerve leaves the retina, calls such because has no rods or cones

Question 76

optic chasm

Answer 76

the place nerves from both eyes join and cross over within the brain

Question 77

feature detectors

Answer 77

discovered by Hubel and Weisel, nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement. Feature detectors are located in the visual cortex.

Question 78

trichromatic theory

Answer 78

there are three types of cones in the retina (blue, red and green) that activate in different combinations to produce all the colors of the visible spectrumdoes not explain afterimages and color blindness

Question 79

afterimage

Answer 79

an image (usually a negative image) that persists after stimulation has ceased

Question 80

opponent-process theory

Answer 80

the theory that sensory receptors in the retina come in pairs. opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. If one receptor in a pair is stimulated, its counterpart is prohibited from firing. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green. Explains colorblindness and afterimages. For afterimages, basically if you stare at red for a long time, you have fatigued this sensor, then when you look at a blank wall the opponent process (green) fires. For color blindness, opponent-process theory works, because of the whole idea that sensory receptors come in pairs, and dichromatic color blind people have difficulty seeing colors that are paired in accordance to the opponent-process theory. Therefore a color blind person would have difficulty sensing red and green or yellow and blue.

Question 81

amplitude

Answer 81

the height of a sound wave, measured in decibels. The more amplitude the louder the sound or the brighter the color.

Question 82

frequency

Answer 82

the length of the waves and determines pitch, measured in megahertz

Question 83

order of sound in your ear

Answer 83

ear canal -> eardrum/tympanic membrane -> (3 bones known collectively as obssicles) hammer (malleus bone) -> anvil (incus bone) -> stirrup (stapes bone) -> oval window -> cochlea (snail’s shell filled with fluid) -> hair at bottom of cochlea -> organ of Corti (neurons activated by the hair) -> auditory nerve

Question 84

place theory

Answer 84

hair cells in the cochlea respond to different frequencies of sound based on where they are located in the cochlea. Some hair bends in response to high pitches others due to low pitches

Question 85

frequency theory

Answer 85

place theory works for high frequency sounds, but not low frequencyhair cells fire at different rates in the cochlea

Question 86

conduction deafness

Answer 86

something goes wrong with the system of conducting sound to the cochlea

Question 87

nerve (sensorineural) deafness

Answer 87

when the hair cells in the cochlea are damaged, usually by loud noise

Question 88

gate-control theory

Answer 88

when a higher priority pain message coincides with a lower priority pain message, only the higher one will be felt. Endorphins and other drugs such as opiates like morphine swing the gate shut.

Question 89

papillae

Answer 89

the bumps on your tongue that contain taste buds. Chemicals from food are absorbed by taste buds.

Question 90

olfactory bulb. Difference between smell and all other senses in terms of the brain?

Answer 90

Gathers information from olfactory nerves and sends the information to the limbic system instead of the thalamus like all other senses. The limbic system is composed of amygdala and hippocampus

Question 91

vestibular sense. How is it measured?

Answer 91

how our body is oriented in space. Three semicircular canals in the inner ear contain fluid that causes hair cells in the canal to move. These hair cells activate neurons.

Question 92

kinesthetic sense

Answer 92

the position and orientation of specific body parts, because receptors in muscles send information to the brain

Question 93

absolute threshold

Answer 93

the smallest amount of stimulus we can detect 50% of the time. This 50% is to account for other stimulation that might impede or indvidual variation

Question 94

subliminal

Answer 94

stimuli below absolute threshold

Question 95

difference threshold (just-noticeable difference)

Answer 95

the smallest amount of change needed in a stimulus before we can detect a changecomputed by Weber’s law

Question 96

Weber’s law

Answer 96

the change needed to make a noticeable difference to something is proportional to the original intensity of the stimulus

Question 97

Weber’s law for sight

Answer 97

constant for vision: 8%

Question 98

Weber’s law for hearing

Answer 98

constant for hearing: 5%

Question 99

signal detection theory

Answer 99

a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (“signal”) amid background stimulation (“noise”). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and detection depends partly on a person’s experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue. Signal detection criteria takes into account our response criteria

Question 100

response criteria (receiver operating characteristics)

Answer 100

how motivated people are to detect certain stimuli and expectations for what they want to perceive

Question 101

What are false positives? Which theory explains false positive?

Answer 101

when we think we perceive a stimulus that is not there

Question 102

Whar are false negatives? Which theory explains false negatives

Answer 102

not perceiving a stimulus that is present

Question 103

top-down processing

Answer 103

information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations. Use schemata to produce perceptual set. compare: bottom-up processing

Question 104

schemata

Answer 104

mental representations of how we expect the world to be. Background information.

Question 105

perceptual set

Answer 105

a predisposition to perceiving something in a certain way

Question 106

bottom-up processing vs top-down processing

Answer 106

Bottomup processing is slower but more accurate. Top down processing is faster but prone to more errors

Question 107

bottom-up processing (feature analysis)

Answer 107

we use only the features of the object itself to perceive itcompare: top-down processing

Question 108

figure-ground relationship

Answer 108

A Gestalt principle of perceptual organization that states that we automatically separate the elements of a perception into the feature that clearly stands out and its less distinct background.

Question 109

constancy

Answer 109

the ability to maintain a constant perception of an object despite changes in direct appearance that are attributed to changes in the angle of your view or light shining on it. Types of constancy include size, shape, and brightness constancy

Question 110

stroboscopic effect

Answer 110

Pictures presented in a series will look like a movie

Question 111

autokinetic effect

Answer 111

When you stare at a light for too long, the light will appear to move.

Question 112

phi phenomenon

Answer 112

flashing lights will appear to be one moving light

Question 113

visual cliff experiment

Answer 113

created by E.J. Gibson, used to determine when infants can perceive depth

Question 114

Monocular Cues

Answer 114

Not dependent on two eyes

Question 115

Binocular Cues

Answer 115

Depend on two eyes Binocular Disparity: Both eyes see objects with slightly different angles, brain gets both images. The closer the object becomes the more disparity. The farther the object is the less disparity between the images of the two eyes. Convergence: Eyes move closer to each other to keep focus as object gets closer to our face

Question 116

Muller-Lyer illusion

Answer 116

demonstrates that some perceptual rules are learned from culture and not innate. Example of cultural learning of perspective is the use of angles in the architecture of your environment.

Question 117

consciousness

Answer 117

level of awareness

Question 118

mere-exposure effect

Answer 118

old stimuli are preferred over new stimuli, because on some level the old stimuli are remembered and known, regardless of consciouss awareness of the old stimuli. The unconscious might recognize the stumuli

Question 119

priming

Answer 119

the activation, sometimes unconsciously of information, therefore predisposing you to a response

Question 120

blind sight

Answer 120

some blind people can respond to visual stimuli because on some level of consciousness is able to “see”

Question 121

conscious

Answer 121

the information about yourself and your environment you are currently aware of

Question 122

nonconscious

Answer 122

The nonconscious controls your body processes such as heart rate and digestion.

Question 123

preconscious

Answer 123

information abut yourself or your environment that you are not currently thinking about, but could be

Question 124

subconscious

Answer 124

information that we are not consciously aware of but we know must exist due to behavior like priming and mere-exposure. Information in your subconscious affects how you process information and includes implicit memories. The unconscious is a term used mostly by psychodynamic theorists to refer to troubling thoughts that we have actively pushed out of our conscious minds.

Question 125

unconscious

Answer 125

psychoanalyst idea– some unacceptable events and feelings are repressed from conscious mind to unconsciousdifficult to prove

Question 126

circadian rhythm

Answer 126

a daily cycle of activity observed in many living organisms

Question 127

sleep onset

Answer 127

the stage between wakefulness and sleep. Our brain produces alpha waves when we are drowsy but awake. We might experience mild hallucinations (such as falling or rising) before actually falling asleep and entering stage 1

Question 128

alpha waves

Answer 128

relatively high-frequency, low amplitude waves produced while awake and in stages 1 and 2

Question 129

Theta Waves

Answer 129

While we are awake and in stages 1 and 2, our brains produce theta waves, which are relatively high-frequency, low-amplitude waves. However, the theta waves get progressively slower and higher in amplitude as we go from wakefulness and through stages 1 and

Question 130

sleep spindles? Which stage of sleep do most people spend time in the most

Answer 130

short bursts of rapid brain waves that start to appear in stage 2 sleep. People spend approximately 50 percent of their time asleep in stage 2. Approximately 25 percent is spent in REM, 20 percent in deep sleep (stages 3 and 4), and only about 5 percent in stage 1.

Question 131

delta sleep/slow-wave sleep

Answer 131

stages 3 and 4’s other names due to the delta waves that exist during these stagesreplenishes the body’s chemical supplies, releasing growth hormones in children and fortifying the immune system. we move into stages 3 and 4, which are sometimes called delta sleep (also called slow-wave sleep) because of the delta waves that exist during these stages. The slower the wave (slow waves are low-frequency waves), the deeper the sleep and less aware we are of our environment. A person in delta sleep is very difficult to wake up. If you are awakened out of delta sleep, you may be very disoriented and groggy. Delta sleep seems to be very important in replenishing the body’s chemical supplies, releasing growth hormones in children, and fortifying our immune system. A person deprived of delta sleep will be more susceptible to illness and will feel physically tired. Increasing exercise will increase the amount of time we spend in stages 3 and 4.

Question 132

rapid eye movement (REM)

Answer 132

As you go back through stage 3 and 2, right before stage 1 our brain produces a period of intese activity. The more stress we experience during the day, the more time we will spend in REM sleep. Lack of REM sleep interfers with memory. Dreams occur during REM sleep

Question 133

REM rebound

Answer 133

individuals deprived of REM sleep will experience more and longer periods of REM sleep the next time they are allowed to sleep normally

Question 134

Age’s effect on Sleep

Answer 134

age affects the pattern. Babies not only spend more total time sleeping than we do (up to 18 hours), they also spend more time in REM sleep. As we age, our total need for sleep declines as does the amount of time we spend in REM sleep.

Question 135

insomnia

Answer 135

problems getting to sleep/staying asleep at nightaffects up to 10% of people

Question 136

treatment of insomnia

Answer 136

treated with changes of behavior:- reduction of caffeine/ other stimulants- exercise at appropriate times

Question 137

narcolepsy

Answer 137

periods of intense sleepiness and falling asleep at unpredictable and inappropriate timesaffects less than 0.001% of people

Question 138

treatment of narcolepsy

Answer 138

treated with medication and changing sleep patterns (naps at certain times of the day)

Question 139

sleep apnea

Answer 139

when a person stops breathing for short periods of time during the night- robs the person of deep sleep- causes attention and memory problems- Since these individuals do not remember waking up during the night, apnea frequently goes undiagnosed. Overweight men are at a higher risk for apnea. Apnea can be treated with a respiration machine that provides air for the person as he or she sleeps.

Question 140

night terrors

Answer 140

feelings of terror or dread usually affecting childrenoccurs during stage 4 sleep

Question 141

somnambulism

Answer 141

sleep walking usually occurring in children occurs during stage 4 sleep

Question 142

manifest content

Answer 142

The first part out of two of dreamsL: literal content of dreams compare: latent content

Question 143

latent content

Answer 143

the second part of dreams: the unconscious meaning of the manifest contentcompare: manifest content

Question 144

Freud’s Thoughts on Sleep (f)

Answer 144

Freud thought that even during sleep, our ego protected us from the material in the unconscious mind (thus the term protected sleep) by presenting these repressed desires in the form of symbols. So showing up naked at school would represent a symbol in this type of analysis, perhaps of vulnerability or anxiety. This type of dream analysis is common. Check any bookstore, and you will find multiple dream interpretation books based on this theory. However, popularity does not imply validity. Researchers point out that this theory is difficult to validate or invalidate. How do we know which are the correct symbols to examine and what they mean? The validity of the theory cannot be

tested. Consequently, this analysis is mostly used in psychoanalytic therapy and in pop psychology rather than in research.

Question 145

protected sleep

Answer 145

ego protects us from unconscious by representing everything in symbols

Question 146

activation-synthesis theory

Answer 146

dreams are nothing more than the brain’s interpretations of what is happening physiologically during REM sleep

Question 147

information-processing theory

Answer 147

more stress causes more dreams about your stress, dream content relates to daily concerns. The brain is dealing with daily stress and information during REM dreams and the function of REM may be to integrate information processed during the day into our memories

Question 148

posthypnotic amnesia

Answer 148

people forget events that occurred during hypnosis

Question 149

posthypnotic suggestion

Answer 149

a suggestion that a hypnotized person have a certain way after hypnosis

Question 150

role theory

Answer 150

hypnosis is not an alternate state of consciousness; hypnotized people are just filling out the “role” of a hypnotized person

Question 151

hypnotic suggestibility

Answer 151

some people are more easily hypnotized than othersricher fantasy life, follow directions well, and able to focus intensely on a single task for a long period of time

Question 152

state theory

Answer 152

theory that hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness

Question 153

dissociation theory

Answer 153

created by Ernest Hilgardhypnosis causes us to divide our consciousness voluntarily; one part stays tuned to reality, another part to the hypnotist. In an experiment investigating hypnotism and pain control, Hilgard asked hypnotized participants to put their arm in an ice water bath. Most of us would feel this intense cold as painful after a few seconds, but the hypnotized participants reported no pain. However, when Hilgard asked them to lift their index finger if any part of them felt the pain, most participants lifted their finger. This experiment demonstrated the presence of a hidden observer, a part or level of our consciousness that monitors what is happening while another level obeys the hypnotist’s suggestions.

Question 154

Ernest Hilgard

Answer 154

dissociation theory

Question 155

psychoactive drugs

Answer 155

chemicals that change the chemistry of the brain and induce an altered state of consciousness

Question 156

blood-brain barrier

Answer 156

thick walls surrounding the brain’s blood vessels that protect the brain from harmful chemicals

Question 157

agonist

Answer 157

drugs that mimic neurotransmitters. psychoactive drugs are small enough to pass through the blood-brain barrier. These molecules either mimic or block naturally occurring neurotransmitters in the brain. The drugs that mimic neurotransmitters are called agonists. These drugs fit in the receptor sites on a neuron that normally receive the neurotransmitter and function as that neurotransmitter normally would

Question 158

antagonists

Answer 158

drugs that block neurotransmitters. However, instead of acting like the neurotransmitter, they simply prevent the natural neurotransmitters from using that receptor site. Other drugs prevent natural neurotransmitters from being reabsorbed back into a neuron, creating an abundance of that neurotransmitter in the synapse. No matter what mechanism they use, drugs gradually alter the natural levels of neurotransmitters in the brain. The brain will produce less of a specific neurotransmitter if it is being artificially supplied by a psychoactive drug.

Question 159

tolerance

Answer 159

a physiological change that produces a need for more of the same drug in order to achieve the same effect compare: reverse tolerance. olerance will eventually cause withdrawal symptoms in users. Withdrawal symptoms vary from drug to drug. They range from the headache I might get if I do not consume any caffeine during the day to the dehydrating and potentially fatal night sweats (sweating profusely during sleep) a heroin addict experiences during withdrawal. Dependence on psychoactive drugs can be either psychological or physical or can be both. Persons psychologically dependent on a drug feel an intense desire for the drug because they are convinced they need it in order to perform or feel a certain way. Persons physically dependent on a substance have a tolerance for the drug, experience withdrawal symptoms without it, and need the drug to avoid the withdrawal symptoms. Different researchers categorize psychoactive drugs in different ways, but four common categories are stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, and opiates.

Question 160

reverse tolerance

Answer 160

the first dose lingers in the body and enhances the effect of the second dose although it may be smallercompare: tolerance

Question 161

depressants

Answer 161

drugs that slow down body processesexamples: alcohol, barbiturates, anxiolytics (tranquilizers/antianxiety drugs ex: Valium). lows down our reactions and judgment by slowing down brain processes. The inhibition of different brain regions causes behavioral changes. For example, when enough alcohol is ingested to affect the cerebellum, our motor coordination is dramatically affected, eventually making it difficult or impossible for the user to even stand. Because it is so widespread, more research has been done on alcohol than on any other psychoactive drug.

Question 162

effects of alcohol

Answer 162

slowed down reactions and judgment, impaired motor coordination

Question 163

stimulants

Answer 163

drugs that speed up body processes. including autonomic nervous system functions such as heart and respiration rate. This dramatic increase is accompanied by a sense of euphoria. The more-powerful stimulants, such as cocaine, produce an extreme euphoric rush that may make a user feel extremely self-confident and invincible. All stimulants produce tolerance, withdrawal effects, and other side effects (such as disturbed sleep, reduced appetite, increased anxiety, and heart problems) to a greater or lesser degree that corresponds with the power of the drug.

Question 164

examples of stimulants

Answer 164

caffeine, cocaine, amphetamines and nicotine

Question 165

side effects of stimulants

Answer 165

disturbed sleep, reduced appetite, increased anxiety, heart problems

Question 166

hallucinogens/psychedelics

Answer 166

drugs that cause changes in perceptions of reality, including sensory hallucinations, loss of identity, and vivid fantasiesstay in body for a long timeeffects are less predictable

Question 167

examples of hallucinogens/psychedelics

Answer 167

LSD, peyote, psilocybin mushrooms, marajuana

Question 168

opiates

Answer 168

drugs that act as agonists for endorphins and reduce pain and elevate mood

Question 169

examples of opiates

Answer 169

morphine, heroin, methadone, codeine

Question 170

side effects of opiates

Answer 170

drowsiness, euphoria, physically addictive because they change brain chemistry quickly

Question 171

classical conditioning

Answer 171

people and animals can learn to associate neutral stimuli with stimuli that produce reflexive, involuntary responses and will learn to respond similarly to the new stimulus as they did to the old onecompare: operant conditioning

Question 172

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 172

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response.

Question 173

conditioned stimulus

Answer 173

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

Question 174

conditioned response

Answer 174

an acquired response that is under the control of (conditional on the occurrence of) a stimulus

Question 175

acquisition

Answer 175

the cognitive process of acquiring skill or knowledge

Question 176

delayed conditioning

Answer 176

ideal training - neutral stimulus precedes the unconditioned stimulus, briefly overlaps.

Question 177

trace conditioning

Answer 177

the presentation of the CS, followed by a short break, followed by the presentation of the US

Question 178

simultaneous conditioning

Answer 178

neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus paired together at the same time.

Question 179

backward conditioning

Answer 179

least effective- occurs when a conditioned stimulus immediately follows an unconditioned stimulus

Question 180

extinction

Answer 180

the process of unlearning a behavior

Question 181

spontaneous recovery

Answer 181

the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Question 182

generalization

Answer 182

transfer of a response learned to one stimulus to a similar stimulus

Question 183

discriminate

Answer 183

distinguish between various stimuli

Question 184

John Watson and Rosalie Rayner’s experiment

Answer 184

taught little boy Albert to fear a white rat

Question 185

aversive conditioning

Answer 185

conditioning to avoid an aversive stimulus

Question 186

higher-order conditioning

Answer 186

a procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already established conditioned stimulus.

Question 187

learned taste aversions

Answer 187

If you ingest an unusual food/drink and become nauseous, an aversion to that food/drink will develop (can be based on a single pairing, as opposed to repeated)

Question 188

salient

Answer 188

having a quality that thrusts itself into attention

Question 189

Garcia and Koelling’s experiment

Answer 189

experiment showing how rats more readily learned to make certain associations than others

Question 190

operant conditioning

Answer 190

type of learning based on the association of consequences with one’s behaviorscompare: classical conditioning

Question 191

Edward Thorndike and his experiment

Answer 191

one of the first people to research operant conditioningPlaced cat in a puzzle box next to food; cat gradually became quicker at getting to the food

Question 192

law of effect

Answer 192

Thorndike’s principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Question 193

instrumental learning

Answer 193

what Throndike called his work because he believed consequences were instrumental in shaping future behaviors

Question 194

B.F. Skinner

Answer 194

created the term “operant conditioning”created Skinner box

Question 195

Skinner box

Answer 195

Named for its developer, B.F. Skinner, a box that contains a responding mechanism and a device capable of delivering a consequence to an animal in the box whenever it makes the desired response

Question 196

reinforcement

Answer 196

anything that makes a behavior more likelycompare: punishment

Question 197

positive reinforcement

Answer 197

the addition of something pleasant

Question 198

negative reinforcement

Answer 198

the removal of something unpleasant

Question 199

punishment

Answer 199

anything that makes a behavior less likelycompare: reinforcement

Question 200

positive punishment

Answer 200

the addition of something unpleasant

Question 201

omission training/negative punishment

Answer 201

the removal of something pleasant

Question 202

escape learning

Answer 202

an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation

Question 203

avoidance learning

Answer 203

learning to avoid events or conditions associated with dreaded or aversive outcomes

Question 204

shaping

Answer 204

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Question 205

chaining

Answer 205

in operant conditioning, combining the steps of a sequence to progress toward a final action

Question 206

discriminative stimulus

Answer 206

in operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)

Question 207

primary reinforcer

Answer 207

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

Question 208

secondary reinforcer

Answer 208

stimulus such as money that becomes reinforcing through its link with a primary reinforcer

Question 209

generalized reinforcer

Answer 209

secondary reinforcer associated with a number of different primary reinforcersexample: money

Question 210

token economy

Answer 210

An operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats.

Question 211

Premack principle

Answer 211

principle that a less frequently performed behavior can be increased in frequency by reinforcing it with a more frequent behavior

Question 212

continuous reinforcement

Answer 212

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

Question 213

partial-reinforcement effect

Answer 213

a phenomenon in which behaviors learned under a partial reinforcement schedule are more difficult to extinguish than behaviors learned on a continuous reinforcement schedule

Question 214

fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 214

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

Question 215

variable-ratio schedule

Answer 215

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

Question 216

fixed-interval schedule

Answer 216

reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

Question 217

variable-interval schedule

Answer 217

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

Question 218

instinctive drift

Answer 218

The tendency for an animal’s innate responses to interfere with conditioning processes.

Question 219

contiguity model

Answer 219

a model that the more times two things are paired, the greater the learning that will take place

Question 220

contingency model

Answer 220

Robert Rescorla’s revision of the contiguity model; the more times the presence of one predicts the other, the greater the learning that will take place

Question 221

observational learning/modeling

Answer 221

studied by Albert Banduralearning through observation and imitation

Question 222

latent learning

Answer 222

studied by Edward Tolmansometimes learning occurs but is not immediately evidenced

Question 223

Edward Tolman

Answer 223

researched latent learningconducted experiment on three groups of rats running through a maze

Question 224

abstract learning

Answer 224

Understanding concepts rather than learning to simply press a bar or peck a disk in order to receive a reward

Question 225

insight learning

Answer 225

studied by Wolfgang Kohlerwhen one suddenly realizes how to solve a problem

Question 226

Wolfgang Kohler

Answer 226

studied insight learningobserved chimpanzees suddenly learn how to get a banana

Question 227

equipotentiality

Answer 227

any animal can be conditioned to do anythingopposite to instinctive drift

Question 228

preparedness

Answer 228

biological predisposition to learn some things more quickly than others

Question 229

three-box/information-processing model

Answer 229

sensory, encoding, short-term/working, long-term and retrieval

Question 230

George Sperling

Answer 230

demonstrated sensory memory by flashing a grid of 9 letters for 1/20th of a secondalso: iconic memory

Question 231

sensory memory

Answer 231

a split-second holding tank for incoming sensory information

Question 232

iconic memory

Answer 232

a split-second perfect photograph of a scene

Question 233

echoic memory

Answer 233

a split-second perfect memory of a sound

Question 234

selective attention

Answer 234

determines what is encoded from sensory memory to short-term memory

Question 235

short-term (working) memory

Answer 235

memories currently using and are aware of in consciousness- short-term memories will fade in 10 to 30 seconds if mused - capacity is limited to about 7 items

Question 236

chunking

Answer 236

grouping items in about 7memory tool

Question 237

mnemonic aids

Answer 237

memory aidsmemory tool

Question 238

rehearse

Answer 238

repeatmemory tool

Question 239

long-term memory

Answer 239

permanent storage

Question 240

episodic memory

Answer 240

memories of specific events, stored in a sequential series of events

Question 241

semantic memory

Answer 241

general knowledge of the world, stored as facts, meanings, or categories rather than sequentially

Question 242

procedural memory

Answer 242

memories of skills and how to perform them

Question 243

explicit (declarative) memory

Answer 243

conscious memories of facts or events we actively tried to remember

Question 244

implicit (nondeclarative) memory

Answer 244

unintentional memories that we might not even realize we have

Question 245

eidetic (photographic) memory

Answer 245

the ability to remember with great accuracy visual information on the basis of short-term exposure

Question 246

Alexandra Luria

Answer 246

studied a patient with eidetic memory who could repeat a list of 70 letters or digits and remember it up to 15 years later

Question 247

levels of processing model

Answer 247

• long/short-term memory doesn’t exist- instead, deeply (elaboratively) or shallowly (maintenance) memory

Question 248

retrieval

Answer 248

two types of retrieval: recognition and recall

Question 249

recognition

Answer 249

the process of matching a current event or fact with one already in memory

Question 250

recall

Answer 250

retrieving a memory with an external cue

Question 251

primacy effect

Answer 251

predicts that we are more likely to recall items presented at the beginning of a listcompare: recency effect

Question 252

recency effect

Answer 252

predicts that we are more likely to recall items presented at the end of a listcompare: primacy effect

Question 253

serial position effect (curve)

Answer 253

when recall of a list is affected by the order of items in a listprimacy effect and recency effect

Question 254

tip-of-the-tongue-phenomenon

Answer 254

condition of being almost, but not quite, able to remember something; used to investigate the nature of semantic memory

Question 255

semantic network theory

Answer 255

memories are linked to one another like spiderwebs

Question 256

flashbulb memory

Answer 256

highly detailed memory of the moment and circumstances in which a piece of surprising news is heard

Question 257

state-dependent memory

Answer 257

recalling events encoded while in a particular state of consciousness, like sleepiness

Question 258

mood congruent memory

Answer 258

the greater likelihood of recalling an item when our mood matches the mood we were in when the event happened

Question 259

Elizabeth Loftus

Answer 259

showed that recovered memories could be constructed or false recollections of events

Question 260

constructed memory

Answer 260

may report false details of a real event or might even be a recollection of an event that never occured

Question 261

decay

Answer 261

not using a memory or connections to a memory for a long period of time

Question 262

relearning

Answer 262

after learning and forgetting, learning again becomes faster

Question 263

interference

Answer 263

other information competes with what you’re trying to recalltwo types: retroactive and proactive

Question 264

retroactive interference

Answer 264

learning new information interferes with the recall of older informationcompare: proactive interference

Question 265

proactive interference

Answer 265

old information interferes with the recall of newer informationcompare: retroactive interference

Question 266

anterograde amnesia

Answer 266

old memories can be recalled, new memories (except procedural) cannot be made

Question 267

long-term potention

Answer 267

repeated firings between neurons strengthen the connection between them

Question 268

phonemes

Answer 268

the smallest units of sound used in a languagecompare: morphemes

Question 269

morphemes

Answer 269

the smallest unit of meaningful soundcompare: phonemes

Question 270

language acquisition

Answer 270

natural unconscious process of language development in humans that occurs without instruction, but needs exposure1. babbling 2. telegraphic

Question 271

language acquisition theory

Answer 271

the ability to learn a language rapidly as children

Question 272

Noam Chomsky

Answer 272

language acquisition devicealso called nativist theory of language acquisition

Question 273

language acquisition device

Answer 273

the ability to learn a language quickly as childrenalso called nativist theory of language acquisition

Question 274

babbling stage

Answer 274

innate, represents a baby’s experimentation with phonemesafter this stage, the baby loses the phonemes unused in the primary language

Question 275

telegraphic

Answer 275

second stage in language acquisitioncombination of the words into simple commands and sentences; meaning clear, syntax absent

Question 276

overgeneralization

Answer 276

misapplication of grammar rules

Question 277

linguistic relativity hypothesis

Answer 277

Benjamin Whorflanguage may control or limit our thinking- studies show effect of labeling on how we think about people, objects, or ideas, but do not show that language changes what we can think about

Question 278

prototype

Answer 278

what concepts are based on, the most typical example of a particular concept

Question 279

image

Answer 279

mental pictures created in mind, not necessarily visual

Question 280

algorithm

Answer 280

a problem solving technique that guarantees the correct solution by trying every possibility

Question 281

heuristic

Answer 281

a rule of thumb, generally but not always truetypes: availability heuristic and representativeness heuristicaffected by: belief bias and belief perseverance

Question 282

availability heuristic

Answer 282

judging a situation based on examples of similar situations that come to mind initially

Question 283

representativeness heuristic

Answer 283

judging a situation based on how similar the aspects are to prototypes the person holds in his or her mind

Question 284

belief bias

Answer 284

illogical conclusions in order to confirm our preexisting beliefs

Question 285

belief perseverance

Answer 285

tendency to maintain a belief even after the evidence we used to form the belief is contradictedcompare: confirmation bias

Question 286

rigidity (mental set)

Answer 286

the tendency to fall into established thought patterns

Question 287

functional fixedness

Answer 287

an example of rigiditythe inability to see a new use for an object

Question 288

confirmation bias

Answer 288

the tendency to look for evidence that confirms our beliefs and ignore evidence that contradicts what we think is truecompare: belief perseverence

Question 289

framing

Answer 289

the way a problem is presented

Question 290

creativity

Answer 290

original/novel but still fits the situation

Question 291

convergent thinking

Answer 291

thinking pointed toward one solution

Question 292

divergent thinking

Answer 292

thinking that searches for multiple possible answers to a questionassociated with creativity

Question 293

motivations

Answer 293

feelings or ideas that cause us to act toward a goal

Question 294

Drive Reduction Theory

Answer 294

behavior is motivated by biological needsdoes not explain all behaviors, such as adrenaline addicts

Question 295

need

Answer 295

one of our requirements for survival

Question 296

drive

Answer 296

an impulse to act in a way that satisfies this need

Question 297

homeostasis

Answer 297

a balanced internal state

Question 298

primary drives

Answer 298

biological needs

Question 299

secondary drives

Answer 299

learned drives

Question 300

arousal theory

Answer 300

motivated by the need for an optimum level of excitement or arousalperformance is best at optimum levels of arousal, depending on how difficult the task is (Yerkes-Dodson law)

Question 301

Yerkes-Dodson law

Answer 301

relationship between performance and arousal that states that performance increases with physiological or mental arousal, but only up to a point

Question 302

Incentive Theory

Answer 302

behavior is not pushed by a need, but by a desire (incentive)

Question 303

incentive

Answer 303

stimuli that we are drawn to due to learning

Question 304

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 304

basic needs are fulfilled before other needs physiological (hunger, thirst, sex)safety (safe, secure, out of danger)belongingness and loveesteem (approval and recognition)self-actualization (fulfill unique potential

Question 305

hunger motivation

Answer 305

stomach feels full –> we feel full (balloon experiment)

Question 306

lateral hypothalamus

Answer 306

causes animal to eat when stimulated

Question 307

ventromedial hypothalamus

Answer 307

causes animal to feel full when stimulated

Question 308

set-point theory

Answer 308

the hypothalamus wants to maintain a certain optimum body weight

Question 309

metabolic rate

Answer 309

how quickly body uses energy

Question 310

externals

Answer 310

people whoa re motivated to eat by external food cues, such as attractiveness or availability

Question 311

internals

Answer 311

people who are ore motivated to eat by internal hunger cues (empty stomach)

Question 312

Garcia effect

Answer 312

taste aversion, when nausea and a food are paired, the food will be averted in the future

Question 313

bulimia

Answer 313

has two phases: binging and purgingmostly women

Question 314

binging

Answer 314

eating large amounts of food in a short amount of time

Question 315

purging

Answer 315

getting rid of food through vomiting, excessive exercise, or laxative use.

Question 316

anorexia nervosa

Answer 316

starving yourself to below 85% of normal body weight: vast majority are women

Question 317

obesity

Answer 317

severely overweight, unhealthy eating habits, some are genetically predisposed

Question 318

William Masters and Virginia Johnson

Answer 318

Sexual Response Cycle

Question 319

Sexual Response Cycle

Answer 319

created by William Masters and Virginia Johnson1. initial excitement2. plateau phase3. orgasm4. resolution

Question 320

initial excitement (Sexual Response Cycle)

Answer 320

genital areas become engorged with blood, penis becomes erect, clitoris swells, respiration and heart rate increase

Question 321

plateau phase (Sexual Response Cycle)

Answer 321

respiration and heart rate continue at an elevated level, genitals secrete fluids in preparation for coitus

Question 322

orgasm (Sexual Response Cycle)

Answer 322

rhythmic genital contractions that may help conception, respiration and heart rate increase further, males ejaculate, often accompanied by a pleasurable euphoria

Question 323

resolution (Sexual Response Cycle)

Answer 323

respiration and heart rate return to normal resting states, men experience a refractory period- a time period that must elapse before another orgasm, women do not have a similar refractory period and can repeat the cycle immediately

Question 324

achievement motivation

Answer 324

desire to master complex tasks and knowledge, desire to reach personal goals, desire to figure out worldregardless of benefits

Question 325

extrinsic motivators

Answer 325

rewards received for accomplishments that are outside ourselvesvery effective for a short amount of time

Question 326

intrinsic motivators

Answer 326

rewards we get internallymost effective at continuing a behavior

Question 327

Management Theory

Answer 327

consists of theory x and theory y

Question 328

theory x (Management Theory)

Answer 328

(legalism) people will only work for benefits or threatened with punishments

Question 329

theory y (Management Theory)

Answer 329

employees are internally motivated to do good workhas more benefits

Question 330

approach-approach conflict

Answer 330

decision between two favorable outcomes

Question 331

avoidance-avoidance conflict

Answer 331

decision between two unfavorable outcomes

Question 332

approach-avoidance conflict

Answer 332

one event/goal has both good and bad outcomes

Question 333

James-Lange theory

Answer 333

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

Question 334

Cannon-Bard theory

Answer 334

theory of emotion that the body changes and understanding of the emotion occurs simultaneously from cues in the thalamus- inaccurate about the thalamus playing such a big role, other structures such as the amygdala are involved

Question 335

Two Factor Theory

Answer 335

Stanley Schacter- better than James-Lange and Cannon-Bard- both physical responses and cognitive labels combine to cause emotion- experiment showed that aroused people felt emotions more intensely than not aroused people

Question 336

Stanley Schacter

Answer 336

created Two Factor Theory

Question 337

stressors

Answer 337

stressful life events

Question 338

stress reactions

Answer 338

reactions to stressors

Question 339

social readjustment rating scale (SRRS)

Answer 339

designed by Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahemeasures stress using life-change units (LCUs)regardless of posiive or negative, events may have the same LCU countshows correlation between stress and disease

Question 340

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Answer 340

created by Hans Seyledescribes the general response animals have to a stressful event1. alarm reaction2. resistance3. exhaustion

Question 341

alarm reaction (GAS)

Answer 341

heart rate increases, blood is diverted away from other body functions to muscles needed to react, activates the sympathetic nervous system

Question 342

resistance (GAS)

Answer 342

hormones are released t maintain physiological readiness described in alarm reaction, if it lasts too long, can deplete resources

Question 343

exhaustion (GAS)

Answer 343

parasympathetic nervous system returns body back to normal, more vulnerable to disease especially if resources were depleted

Question 344

developmental psychology

Answer 344

the study of how behaviors and thoughts change over our entire lives

Question 345

cross-sectional research

Answer 345

participants of different ages to compare how certain variables may change over life span+ produces quick results- results may be due to factors other than age, such as historical evens and cultural change

Question 346

longitudinal research

Answer 346

study of one group of participants over time+ precisely measures the effects of development on a specific group- time consuming, results may take years to develop

Question 347

teratogens

Answer 347

certain chemicals or agents that can cause harm if ingested/contracted by the mother

Question 348

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

Answer 348

displayed by children of mothers who drink heavily during pregnancy, small, malformed skulls and mental retardation are symptoms

Question 349

fetal alcohol effect

Answer 349

less severe version of FAS, learning disabilities or behavioral problems

Question 350

reflex

Answer 350

specific, inborn, automatic responses to certain specific stimuli

Question 351

rooting reflex

Answer 351

when touched on cheek, will turn head to put object in mouth

Question 352

sucking reflex

Answer 352

object in mouth will suck

Question 353

grasping reflex

Answer 353

object in hand or foot will grasp

Question 354

Moro reflex

Answer 354

startled, fling limbs out, quickly retract them, make himself as small as possible

Question 355

Babinski reflex

Answer 355

foot stroked, spread toes

Question 356

attachment

Answer 356

the reciprocal relationship between parent and child

Question 357

Henry Harlow

Answer 357

study on monkeys with two wire frame monkey mothers, one with milk, one that was soft- monkey babies preferred soft mother over milk motherconclusion: physical comfort is important in the formation of attachment with parents- wireframe baby monkeys became more stressed and frightened than normal baby monkeys when put into new situations

Question 358

Mary Ainsworth

Answer 358

conducted study on what infants would do if their parents left them alone, then came backcategorized results into secure attachments (66%), avoidant attachments (21%) and anxious/ambivalent attachments (12%)

Question 359

secure attachments (66%)

Answer 359

Mary Ainsworth’s baby experimentconfidently explore novel environment when parents are present, distressed when they leave, go to parents when they return

Question 360

avoidant attachments (21%)

Answer 360

Mary Ainsworth’s baby experimentresist being held by the parents and will explore novel environment, don’t go to parents for comfort when they return

Question 361

nxious/ambivalent attachments (12%)

Answer 361

Mary Ainsworth’s baby experimentshow extreme stress when parents leave, but resist being comforted when they return

Question 362

authoritarian parenting style

Answer 362

strict standards for their children’s behavior and apply punishments for violations of these rules

Question 363

effects of authoritarian parenting style

Answer 363

• distrust others and withdrawal from peers- obedient attitudes are more important than discussions on why the rules are what they are- punishment used more than reinforcement

Question 364

permissive parenting style

Answer 364

unclear guidelines for their children; rules are constantly changed or aren’t enforced consistently

Question 365

effects of permissive parenting style

Answer 365

emotional control problems are are more dependent

Question 366

authoritative parenting style

Answer 366

set, consistent standards that are reasonable and explainedencourage children’s independence, but not past point of violating rulespraise as much as punishexplanations encouraged

Question 367

effects of authoritative parenting style

Answer 367

children are more socially capable and perform better academically

Question 368

continuity

Answer 368

developing steadily from birth to death

Question 369

discontinuity

Answer 369

developing with some stages of rapid growth and some of relatively little change

Question 370

psychosexual stages

Answer 370

theorized by Sigmund Freud1. oral2. anal3. phallic4. latency5. genital

Question 371

oral (psychosexual stages)

Answer 371

first stage, pleasure through mouthfixation: overeating, smoking, childlike, dependence on things and people

Question 372

anal (psychosexual stages)

Answer 372

second stage, toilet trainingfixation: overly controlling (retentive), out of control (expulsive)

Question 373

phallic (psychosexual stages)

Answer 373

third stage, babies realize genderboys have Oedipus complex, girls have Electra complexfixation: later problems in relationships

Question 374

latency (psychosexual stages)

Answer 374

forth stage, calm and low psychosexual anxiety

Question 375

genital (psychosexual stages)

Answer 375

fifth and final stage, fixation here is normal

Question 376

Erik Erikson

Answer 376

neo-Freudian theoriest who believed in basics of Freud’s theory but adapted it to fit his own observationscreated psychosocial stage theory

Question 377

psychosocial stage theory (eight stages)

Answer 377

created by Erik Erikson1. trust vs. mistrust2. autonomy vs. shame and doubt3. initiative vs. guilt4. industry vs. inferiority5. identity vs. role confusion6. intimacy vs. isolation7. generativity vs. stagnation8. integrity vs. despair

Question 378

trust vs. mistrust

Answer 378

first stage of psychosocial stage theoryduring the first year of life, infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner

Question 379

autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Answer 379

second stage of psychosocial stage theorya toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt

Question 380

initiative vs. guilt

Answer 380

third stage of psychosocial stage theorya child aged 3 - 6 years begin to take initiative that conflicts with parental wishes. Over-controlling parents may instill feelings of guilt and damage self-esteem. Supportive parents encourage emerging independence while providing appropriate controls.

Question 381

industry vs. inferiority

Answer 381

fourth stage of psychosocial stage theorya child from age 6 through puberty extends social functioning beyond the family. The child must learn that productivity is valued in this sphere to achieve a sense of competence or he will develop a sense of inferiority.

Question 382

identity vs. role confusion

Answer 382

fifth stage of psychosocial stage theoryFrom age 12 - 20, the major task is to build a consistent identity, a unified sense of self. Failure of teens to achieve a sense of identity results in role confusion and uncertainty about the future.

Question 383

intimacy vs. isolation

Answer 383

sixth stage of psychosocial stage theoryFrom age 21 - 40, the major task is to achieve intimacy (deeply caring about others and having meaningful experiences with them). Otherwise, we experience isolation, feeling alone and uncared for in life

Question 384

generativity vs. stagnation

Answer 384

seventh stage of psychosocial stage theoryFrom age 40 - 65, adults need to express their caring about future generations by guiding/mentoring others or producing creative work that enriches the lives of others. Failing this, people become stagnant and preoccupied with their own needs and comforts.

Question 385

integrity vs. despair

Answer 385

eighth stage of psychosocial stage theoryFrom age 65 to death, people who look back on their lives with satisfaction develop a sense of wholeness and integrity. Those in despair look back with regret and disappointment in the lives they have led.

Question 386

Jean Piaget

Answer 386

created cognitive-development theory

Question 387

assimilation

Answer 387

the incorporation of experiences into existing schemata

Question 388

Jean Piaget’s cognitive development stage theory

Answer 388

created by Jean Piaget1. sensorimotor stage (birth to about 2 years)2. preoperational stage (2 to about 7 years)3. concrete operations (8 to about 12 years)4. formal operations (12 years through adulthood)

Question 389

sensorimotor stage (birth to about 2 years)

Answer 389

first stage of Jean Piaget’s cognitive-development theoryobject permanencebehavior governed by senses and reflexes

Question 390

object permanence

Answer 390

objects continue to exist outside of visual rangestarts in sensorimotor stage (birth to about 2 years)

Question 391

preoperational stage (2 to about 7 years)

Answer 391

second stage of Jean Piaget’s cognitive-development theoryuse of symbols to represent real-world objectsstart using language, but limited in the ways of thinking about objects and their relationships

Question 392

concrete operations (8 to about 12 years)

Answer 392

third stage of Jean Piaget’s cognitive-development theorystart to think more logically about complex relationshipsconcepts of conservation

Question 393

concepts of conservation

Answer 393

the properties of objects remain the same even when their shapes changestarts in concrete operations (8 to about 12 years)

Question 394

formal operations (12 years through adulthood)

Answer 394

fourth stage of Jean Piaget’s cognitive-development theoryabstract reasoninghypothesis testingmetacognition

Question 395

abstract reasoning

Answer 395

manipulation of objects and contrasting ideas without seeing themstarts in formal operations (12 years through adulthood)

Question 396

hypothesis testing

Answer 396

reason from a hypothesisstarts in formal operations (12 years through adulthood)

Question 397

metacognition

Answer 397

thinking about thinkingstarts in formal operations (12 years through adulthood)

Question 398

criticisms of Jean Piaget’s cognitive development theory

Answer 398

• underestimates children- too discontinuous

Question 399

information processing model

Answer 399

a continuous alternative of Piaget’s stage theory

Question 400

Lawrence Kohlberg

Answer 400

• experimented on children regarding moral development using the Heinz dilemma - created three broad categories of responses: preconventional, conventional, postconventional

Question 401

Heinz dilemma

Answer 401

stealing a drug he cannot afford in order to save his wife’s life

Question 402

preconventional

Answer 402

reasoning limited to how things affect themselves- don’t steal the drug

Question 403

conventional

Answer 403

choice based on how others will view them- steal

Question 404

postconventional

Answer 404

examines rights and values involved in choice- steal

Question 405

Criticisms of Lawrence Kohlberg

Answer 405

Carol Gilligan noted that his research was based on boys, her research showed that boys and girls had different moral attitudes, but was later disprovedHowever, her criticism brought attention to how possible gender differences may change how we develop

Question 406

biopsychological (neuropsychological) theory of gender development

Answer 406

studies demonstrate that biological differences do exist between the sexeswomen have larger corpus callosums, which may affect how the right and left hemispheres communicate and coordinate tasks

Question 407

psychodynamic theory of gender development

Answer 407

gender development is a competition for your opposite sex parent, when you realize you can’t win, you imitate your same-sex parentdifficult to verify this idea

Question 408

social-cognitive theory of gender development

Answer 408

effects of society and thoughs about gender on role developmentgender-schema- messages about gender are internalized into cognitive rules about how each gender should behave

Question 409

personality

Answer 409

the unique attitudes, behaviors, and emotions that characterize a person

Question 410

stage theories

Answer 410

theories in which development is thought to be discontinuousexample: Freud’s stage theory; see developmental psychology chapter 9

Question 411

penis envy

Answer 411

part of Freud’s psychosexual stage theorygirls are jealous of boys’ penises

Question 412

castration anxiety

Answer 412

part of Freud’s psychosexual stage theorythe fear that if they misbehave, they will be castrated

Question 413

idenitification

Answer 413

part of Freud’s psychosexual stage theorywhen a person emulates and attaches themselves to an individual who they believe threatens them

Question 414

id

Answer 414

contains instincts and psychic energy, called Eros and Thanatosexists entirely in the unconscious mindpropelled by pleasure principle

Question 415

pleasure principle

Answer 415

followed by idimmediate gratification

Question 416

ego

Answer 416

follows the reality principlejob is to negotiate between the desires of the id and the limitations of the environmentexists in both the unconscious mind and the conscious minduses defense mechanisms to protect the conscious mind from the threatening thoughts buried in the unconscious

Question 417

reality principle

Answer 417

followed by egonegotiate between the desires of the id and the limitations of the environment

Question 418

superego

Answer 418

exists in both the unconscious mind and the conscious mindsense of conscience

Question 419

repression

Answer 419

pushing thoughts out of conscious awareness

Question 420

denial

Answer 420

not accepting the ego-threatening truth

Question 421

displacement

Answer 421

redirecting one’s feelings towards another person or object. When people displace negative emotions like anger, they often displace them onto people whoa re less threatening than the source of the emotioncompare: projection

Question 422

projection

Answer 422

believing that the feelings one has toward someone else are actually held by the other person and directed at oneselfcompare: displacement

Question 423

reaction formation

Answer 423

expressing the opposite of how one truly feels

Question 424

regression

Answer 424

returning to an earlier, comforting form of behavior

Question 425

rationalization

Answer 425

coming up with a beneficial result of an undesirable occurrence

Question 426

intellectualization

Answer 426

undertaking an academic, unemotional study of a topic

Question 427

sublimation

Answer 427

channeling one’s frustration toward a different goalviewed as a particularly healthy defense mechanism

Question 428

criticisms of Freud

Answer 428

• little empirical evidence- all reactions can be taken as proof for psychoanalystic theory- little predictive power; only explains past actions- feminists find “penis envy” objectionable, Karen Horney and Nancy Chodorow posit “womb envy”

Question 429

psychodynamic theorists

Answer 429

Carl Jung and Alfred Adler

Question 430

Jung’s unconscious

Answer 430

consists of collective unconscious and personal unconscious

Question 431

collective unconscious

Answer 431

unconscious passed down through the species; explains the similarities across culturescontains archetypes

Question 432

archetypes

Answer 432

universal concepts we all share as part of the human species

Question 433

personal unconscious

Answer 433

resembles Freud’s view of the unconscious; contains the painful or threatening memories and thoughts the person does not wish to confront; called complexes

Question 434

Freudian ego psychologist

Answer 434

a Freudian psychologist who downplays the importance of the unconscious and focuses on the conscious role of the egonotable ego psychologist Alfred Adler believed people were motivated by inferiority and superiority

Question 435

Alfred Adler

Answer 435

a Freudian psychologist who downplays the importance of the unconscious and focuses on the conscious role of the ego who also believed people were motivated by inferiority and superiority

Question 436

inferiority

Answer 436

the fear of failuretheorized by Adler to motivate people

Question 437

superiority

Answer 437

the desire to achievetheorized by Adler to motivate people

Question 438

nomothetic

Answer 438

the belief taht the same basic set of traits can be used to describe all people’s personalitiesHans Eyesenck’s introversion-extroversion scale and stable-unstable scaleRaymond Cattel’s 16 PF (personalty factor)big five personality traits

Question 439

Hans Eyesenck

Answer 439

introversion-extroversion scale and stable-unstable scale

Question 440

Raymond Cattel

Answer 440

16 PF (personalty factor)

Question 441

big five personality traits

Answer 441

extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to experience, and emotional stability (or neuroticism)

Question 442

factor analysis

Answer 442

a statistical technique used to reduce the vast number of different terms we use to describe people to 16 or five basic traitsgroups the traits that correlate under a common factor

Question 443

idiographic theorists

Answer 443

oppose nomothetic theoristsbelieve that people need to be represented by few traits that best characterize them

Question 444

Gordon Allport

Answer 444

theorized that in order to have a full understanding of someone’s personality, you needed to look at their personal traitsposited three types of personal traits: cardinal dispositions, central and secondary dispositions

Question 445

cardinal dispositions

Answer 445

one trait that plays a pivotal role in virtually everything a small number of people do

Question 446

central dispositions

Answer 446

more apparent than secondary dispositions, but less so than cardinal dispositions

Question 447

secondary dispositions

Answer 447

less apparent than central dispositions

Question 448

criticism of trait theories

Answer 448

underestimate importance of the situation

Question 449

heritability

Answer 449

the measure of the percentage of a trait that is inherited

Question 450

temperaments

Answer 450

heritablethe emotional style and characteristic way of dealing with the worldthought to influence the development of his or her personality

Question 451

somatotype theory

Answer 451

William Sheldonidentified three body types: endomorphs (fat), mesomorphs (muscular), and ectomorphs (thin)each body type associated with certain personality traits

Question 452

endomorphs (fat)

Answer 452

according to William Sheldonshy and secretive

Question 453

mesomorphs (muscular)

Answer 453

according to William Sheldonaggressive

Question 454

ectomorphs (thin)

Answer 454

according to William Sheldonfriendly and outgoing

Question 455

Albert Bandura

Answer 455

believed that personality is created by an interaction between the person (traits), the environment, and the person’s behavior

Question 456

triadic reciprocality/reciprocal determinism

Answer 456

the person (traits), the environment, and the person’s behavior each influence both of the other two in a constant looplike fashion

Question 457

self-efficacy

Answer 457

Refers to one’s belief about one’s ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes. Those with high levels for a particular task are more likely to succeed than those with low levels

Question 458

George Kelley

Answer 458

proposed personal-construct theory of personality

Question 459

personal-construct theory of personality

Answer 459

George Kelleypeople, in their attempts to understand the world, develop their own individual systems of personal constructspeople’s behavior is based on how they interpret the world

Question 460

locus of control

Answer 460

Julian Rotterinternal locus of control- they are responsible for what happens to themexternal locus of control- outside forces are responsible for what happens to theminternals tend to be healthier, more politically active and do better in school

Question 461

determinism

Answer 461

the belief that what happens is dictated by what has happened in the pastcompare: free will

Question 462

free will

Answer 462

an individual’s ability to choose his or her own destinycompare: determinism

Question 463

humanistic psychology

Answer 463

also called the third forceview people as innately good and able to determine their own destinies through the exercise of free willfocus on self-concept and self-esteem

Question 464

self-concept

Answer 464

a person’s global feeling about himself and herself

Question 465

self-esteem

Answer 465

A measure of how much you value and respect yourself

Question 466

self-actualize

Answer 466

to reach one’s full potentialbelieved by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

Question 467

self-theory

Answer 467

created by Carl Rogersbelieved that people needed unconditional positive regard in order to self-actualize

Question 468

unconditional positive regard

Answer 468

a kind of blanket acceptance important in Carl Rogers’ self-theory

Question 469

projective tests

Answer 469

used by psychoanalystsinvolve asking people to interpret ambiguous stimuliexample: Rorschach inkblot test, thematic apperception test (TAT)

Question 470

self-report inventories

Answer 470

questionnaires that ask people to provide information about themselvesexample: Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory (MMPI)

Question 471

Barnum effect

Answer 471

the tendency for people to see themselves in vague, stock descriptions of personality

Question 472

standardized

Answer 472

tested on a standardization sample and made to fit norms

Question 473

standardization samples

Answer 473

a group of people representative of the people who normally will take the test

Question 474

reliability

Answer 474

results are consistent; can be duplicatedcompare: reliability

Question 475

split-half reliability

Answer 475

test is split into two, each half is tested, if the scores are consistent, then the test is reliable (the closer the correlation is to +1, the more reliable)

Question 476

equivalent-form reliability

Answer 476

correlation between performance on different forms of the test

Question 477

test-retest reliability

Answer 477

correlation between a person’s score on one administration of the test with the same person’s score on a subsequent administration of the test

Question 478

valid

Answer 478

measures what it’s supposed to measure, accuratecompare: reliability

Question 479

face validity

Answer 479

“if it looks like it works”type of content validity

Question 480

content validity

Answer 480

how well a measure reflects the entire range of material it’s supposed to be testing

Question 481

concurrent validity

Answer 481

measures how much of a characteristic a person has nowtype of criterion-related validity

Question 482

predictive validity

Answer 482

measures future performancetype of criterion-related validity

Question 483

construct validity

Answer 483

correlates the new test with another already-proved-to-be-valid test

Question 484

aptitude test

Answer 484

test that measures ability or potential

Question 485

achievement test

Answer 485

test that measures what one has accomplished or learned

Question 486

speed test

Answer 486

large number of questions asked in a short amount of time, insufficient time is givengoal: see how fast someone can solve problemscompare: power test

Question 487

power test

Answer 487

questions are asked in increasing difficulty level, sufficient time is givengoal: see what the ceiling difficulty level iscompare: speed test

Question 488

group test

Answer 488

test administered to a large group of people, less expensive, more objectivecompare: individual test

Question 489

individual test

Answer 489

test administered on a one-on-one basis, more expensive, less objectivecompare: group test

Question 490

intelligence

Answer 490

the ability to gather and use information in productive ways

Question 491

fluid intelligence

Answer 491

the ability to solve abstract problems and pick up new information and skills, seems to decrease over timecompare: crystallized intelligence

Question 492

crystallized intelligence

Answer 492

the ability to use knowledge accumulated over time, seems to stay the same or increase over timecompare: fluid intelligence

Question 493

Charles Spearman

Answer 493

intelligence theoristused factor analysis (statistical technique that measures the correlations between different items) to conclude that underlying many different specific abilities “s” is a single factor named “g”[Charles Spearman threw a “g” (gangster) SPEAR threw many S shaped stones]

Question 494

L.L. Thurstone

Answer 494

primary mental ability theory has seven main abilities: verbal comprehension, word fluency, number facility, spatial visualization, associative memory, perceptual speed and reasoning[THOR juggled SEVEN STONEs]

Question 495

J.P. Guilford

Answer 495

primary mental ability theory has well over 100 different abilities[The combination of GUILE and over 100 different abilities made her invincible]

Question 496

Howard Gardner

Answer 496

multiple intelligences theoristSpatial, Linguistic, Logical-mathematical, Bodily-kinesthetic, Musical, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Naturalistic[In his garden grew many different kinds of smart plants]

Question 497

Daniel Goldman

Answer 497

supports EQ (emotional intelligence)[a heart of gold]

Question 498

EQ (emotional intelligence)

Answer 498

ability to identify, assess, and control the emotions of oneself, of others, and of groups; helps people achieve what they want to achieveroughly corresponds to Gardner’s interpersonal and intrapersonalsupported by Daniel Goldman

Question 499

Robert Sternberg

Answer 499

created triarchic theory, which consists of 1. componential/analytic intelligence2. experiential intelligence3. contextual/practical intelligence

Question 500

componential/analytic intelligence

Answer 500

the ability to compare and contrast, explain, and analyzepart of triarchic theory by Robert Sternberg

Question 501

experiential intelligence

Answer 501

the ability to use their knowledge and experiences in new and creative wayspart of triarchic theory by Robert Sternberg

Question 502

contextual/practical intelligence

Answer 502

the ability to apply their knowledge to real-world situationspart of triarchic theory by Robert Sternberg

Question 503

Alfred Binet

Answer 503

wanted to design test to find children who would need help in school and created mental age

Question 504

mental age

Answer 504

an average 5-year-old will have the mental age of 5a below average 5-year-old may have the mental age of 3an above average 5-year-old may have the mental age of 8

Question 505

Louis Terman

Answer 505

a Stanford professor, came up with Stanford-Binet IQ test

Question 506

Stanford-Binet IQ test

Answer 506

-divide mental age by chronological age, then multiply by 100-all adults have mental age of 20-compare: Weschler tests

Question 507

Weschler test

Answer 507

yields deviation IQ scores, mean is 100, standard deviation is 15, scores form a normal distributionalso has subscores for verbal and performance

Question 508

heritability

Answer 508

a measure of how much of a trait’s variation is explained by genetic factorcan range from 0 to 1, with 0 being completely environmentally affected and 1 as completely genetically affected

Question 509

Flynn effect

Answer 509

performance on intelligence tests has been increasing steadily throughout the century, probably due to better environmental factors

Question 510

abnormal psychology

Answer 510

the study of people who suffer from psychological disorders

Question 511

abnormality

Answer 511

1. maladaptive and/or disturbing to the individual2. disturbing to others3. unusual, unshared by many others of the same population4. irrational, doesn’t make sense to the average person

Question 512

insane

Answer 512

a legal term used to describe people who, because of a psychological disorder, cannot be held fully responsible for their crimesNGRI= not guilty by reason of insanity

Question 513

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Answer 513

a book used by psychologists to determine if someone has a psychological disorderdoes not include discussion of causes or treatments because different factions of psychology have different ideas about the causes and treatmentslatest version is the DSM-IV-TR

Question 514

intern’s syndrome

Answer 514

the tendency to see in oneself the characteristics of disorders about which one is learning

Question 515

phobia

Answer 515

anxiety disorderan intense, unwarranted fear of a situation or object

Question 516

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Answer 516

anxiety disorderconstant, low-level anxiety

Question 517

panic disorder

Answer 517

anxiety disorderacute episodes of intense anxiety without any apparent provocation, panic attacks tend to increase in frequency, people suffer more anxiety from anticipating the attacks

Question 518

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Answer 518

anxiety disorderwhen persistent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) cause someone to feel the need (compulsion) to engage in a particular action

Question 519

post-traumatic stress disorder

Answer 519

anxiety disorderflashbacks or nightmares following a person’s involvement in or an observation of an extremely troubling event, these memories cause anxiety

Question 520

somatoform disorders

Answer 520

when a person manifests a psychological problem through a physiological problem

Question 521

hypochondriasis

Answer 521

somatoform disorderminor problems are thought to be severe physical illness, frequent physical problems with no apparent cause

Question 522

conversion disorder

Answer 522

somatoform disordera severe physical problem with no biological cause

Question 523

dissociative disorders

Answer 523

disruptions in conscious processes

Question 524

psychogenic amnesia

Answer 524

dissociative disorderwhen a person cannot remember things and a physiological basis cannot be foundcompare: organic amnesia

Question 525

organic amnesia

Answer 525

when a person cannot remember things and there is a biological reasoncompare: psychogenic amnesia

Question 526

fugue

Answer 526

dissociative disorderhaving psychogenic amnesia and finding oneself in an unfamiliar environment

Question 527

dissociative identity disorder

Answer 527

dissociative disorderseveral personalities that may represent different ages and both sexes, people with DID commonly have a history of sexual abuse or some other childhood traumarare outside of US; DIDers may be role-playing b/c of their therapists’ questions and media portrayals

Question 528

major (unipolar) depression

Answer 528

mood or affective disorderunhappiness for more than two weeks without a clear reasonother symptoms: loss of appetite, fatigue, change in sleeping patterns, lack of interest in normally enjoyable activities, feeling of worthlessnesslinked with low levels of serotonin and norepinephrine

Question 529

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Answer 529

dissociative disorderdepression only during certain times of the year, usually winter

Question 530

bipolar disorder (manic depression)

Answer 530

dissociative disorderdepressed and manic (feelings of high energy) episodeslinked with more receptors for acetylcholine

Question 531

Aaron Beck

Answer 531

cognitive theorist who believes that the cognitive triad causes depression

Question 532

cognitive triad

Answer 532

theorized by Aaron Beckunreasonably negative ideas that people have about themselves, their world and their futuresfailure is attributed to internal, global and stable causessuccess is attributed to external, specific and unstable causes

Question 533

schizophrenia

Answer 533

disordered, distorted thinking often demonstrated through delusions and/or hallucinations

Question 534

delusions

Answer 534

beliefs that have no basis in realitycommon delusions are persecution and grandeur

Question 535

hallucination

Answer 535

perception without sensory stimulation

Question 536

disorganized schizophrenics

Answer 536

use language oddly with neologisms and/or clang associationsalso show inappropriate affect and flat affect

Question 537

neologisms

Answer 537

a characteristic of disorganized schizophrenicsmade up words

Question 538

clang associations

Answer 538

a characteristic of disorganized schizophrenicsa string of nonsense words that rhyme

Question 539

inappropriate affect

Answer 539

a characteristic of disorganized schizophrenicsexpressing contradictory behavior when describing or experiencing an emotion (e.g., smiling when discussing something sad; laughing when talking about the death of a loved one).

Question 540

flat affect

Answer 540

a characteristic of disorganized schizophrenicslack of emotinal reactivity

Question 541

paranoid schizophrenia

Answer 541

schizophrenia characterized by delusions of persecution

Question 542

catatonic schizophrenia

Answer 542

engage in odd movements such as remaining motionless in strange postures for hours at a time, move jerkily and quickly for no apparent reason or alternate between the twowhen motionless, may display waxy flexibilityincreasingly less common form of schizophrenia in United States

Question 543

waxy flexibility

Answer 543

characteristic of catatonic schizophrenicsfeature of catatonic schizophrenia in which people rigidly maintain the body position or posture in which they are placed by others

Question 544

undifferentiated schizophrenia

Answer 544

exhibit disordered thinking, but none of the other symptoms

Question 545

positive symptoms

Answer 545

excesses in behavior, thought, or moodexamples: neologisms, hallucinationscompare: negative symptoms

Question 546

negative symptoms

Answer 546

deficits in behavior, thought, or moodexamples: flat affect, catatoniacompare: positive symptoms

Question 547

dopamine hypothesis

Answer 547

high levels of dopamine are associated with schizophrenia

Question 548

tardive dyskinesia

Answer 548

muscle tremors and stiffness caused by extensive use of anti psychotic drugs

Question 549

double binds

Answer 549

cognitive-behavioral cause for schizophreniacontradictory messagescompare: double blinds

Question 550

paraphilia

Answer 550

the sexual attraction to an object, person, or activity not usually seen as sexualmost paraphilias occur more commonly in men than in women, except for masochism

Question 551

fetishism

Answer 551

paraphiliaattraction to objects

Question 552

pedophilia

Answer 552

paraphiliaattraction to children

Question 553

zoophilia

Answer 553

paraphiliaattraction to animals

Question 554

voyeur

Answer 554

paraphiliasomeone who becomes sexually aroused by watching others engage in some kind of sexual behavior

Question 555

masochist

Answer 555

paraphiliasomeone who is aroused by having pain inflicted upon them

Question 556

sadist

Answer 556

paraphiliasomeone who is aroused by inflicting pain on someone else

Question 557

antisocial personality disorder

Answer 557

little regard for other people’s feelingscriminals have a high incidence of antisocial personality disorder

Question 558

dependent personality disorder

Answer 558

rely too much on the attention and help of others

Question 559

paranoid personality disorder

Answer 559

feel persecuted

Question 560

narcissistic personality disorder

Answer 560

seeing oneself as the center of the universe

Question 561

histronic personality disorder

Answer 561

overly dramatic behavior

Question 562

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Answer 562

overly concerned with certain thoughts and performing certain behaviors, but not to the point of obsessive compulsive disorder

Question 563

anorexia nervosa

Answer 563

eating disorderloss of 15 percent or more of the average body weight for one’s age and size, an intense fear of fat and food, distorted body image

Question 564

bulimia

Answer 564

eating disorderfear of food and fat and a distorted body imageconsists of a binge-purge cycle (eat a lot, then throw it up or use laxatives to get rid of the food)

Question 565

substance use disorder

Answer 565

regular and negative use of alcohol or other drugs that alter behavior

Question 566

substance dependence

Answer 566

addiction

Question 567

autism

Answer 567

developmental disorderseek less social and emotional contact than other childrenslow to develop language skillsless likely to seek out parental support when distressed

Question 568

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Answer 568

developmental disorderdifficulty paying attention or sitting still, occurs more commonly in boysmay be an overdiagnosis of a behavior typical in young boys

Question 569

Rosenhan Study

Answer 569

study in which healthy individuals were admitted into mental hospitals after saying they were hearing voices. Once in, they acted normally and still were not labeled as impostors.raised questions about institutional care levels and the influence of labels

Question 570

trephination

Answer 570

a operation that removes a circular section of bone from the skull

Question 571

Hippocrates

Answer 571

a Greek philosopher who maintained that psychological illnesses were influenced by biological factors and could therefore be treated

Question 572

Galen

Answer 572

a Roman philosopher who maintained that psychological illnesses were influenced by biological factors and could therefore be treated

Question 573

deinstitutionalization

Answer 573

1960s and 1970s governmental policy that focused on releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community and closing mental hospitals in order to save money and benefit the former inpatients

Question 574

Did deinstitutionalization work?

Answer 574

No, because the former patients were unable to care for themselves, ending up homeless and delusional.

Question 575

preventative efforts

Answer 575

psychological problems can be treated proactively, or before they become severe, suffering and cost to client will go down.

Question 576

primary prevention

Answer 576

methods to avoid occurrence of disease

Question 577

secondary prevention

Answer 577

methods to avoid occurrence of disease in people at risk

Question 578

tertiary prevention

Answer 578

methods to diagnose and treat existent disease in early stages before it causes significant morbidity

Question 579

psychotherapy

Answer 579

therapeutic interaction or treatment contracted between a trained professional and a client, patient, family, couple, or group

Question 580

somatic treatments

Answer 580

the use of drugs to treat mental illness

Question 581

What kind of psychologists use “patient”?

Answer 581

psychologists with a biomedical orientation and psychoanalysts

Question 582

What kind of psychologists use “client”?

Answer 582

therapists other than psychologists with a biomedical orientation and psychoanalysts

Question 583

psychoanalysis

Answer 583

a set of techniques developed by Freud for exploring underlying motives and a method of treating various mental disorders

Question 584

symptom substitution

Answer 584

when, after a person is successfully treated for one psychological disorder, that person begins to experience a new psychological problem

Question 585

hypnosis

Answer 585

an altered state of consciousness in which psychoanalysts believe that people are less likely to repress troubling thoughts

Question 586

free associate

Answer 586

to say whatever comes to mind without thinking, supposed to bypass the ego’s censoring and defenses and go straight into the unconscious where the problems are

Question 587

dream analysis

Answer 587

the patient reports the literal content (manifest content) to the psychoanalyst who interprets it to become what it really means (latent/hidden content)

Question 588

resistance

Answer 588

patient objections to the psychoanalyst’s interpretationthe psychoanalyst usually sees this as a sign that the analyst is heading in the right direction

Question 589

transference

Answer 589

when patients begin to have strong feelings (negative or positive) toward their therapiststhe psychoanalyst sees this as a redirection of strong emotions felt toward people with whom they have had troubling relationships onto their therapists

Question 590

psychodynamic theorists

Answer 590

psychologists who are influenced by Freud’s work but have significantly modified his original theory

Question 591

insight therapies

Answer 591

psychoanalytic/psychodynamic treatments and humanistic therapiesa variety of therapies which aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses

Question 592

self-actualization

Answer 592

to reach one’s highest potential

Question 593

free will

Answer 593

the ability to choose their own destiniescompare: determinism

Question 594

determinism

Answer 594

people have no influence over what happens to them and that their choices are predetermined by forces outside of their controlcompare: free will

Question 595

Carl Rogers

Answer 595

humanistcreated client-centered therapy/person-centered therapy

Question 596

client-centered therapy/person-centered therapy

Answer 596

developed by Carl Rogers, this humanistic therapy includes unconditional positive regard and active listening

Question 597

unconditional positive regard

Answer 597

blanket acceptance and support of a person regardless of what the person says or doeshumanistic therapists believe that this will help clients accept and take responsibility for themselves

Question 598

non-directive

Answer 598

humanistic therapists do not tell the clients what to do but seek to help the clients choose a course of action for themselves.

Question 599

active listening

Answer 599

empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifiespart of Carl Rogers’ client-centered therapy

Question 600

Gestalt therapy

Answer 600

developed by Fritz Perlsan existentialist approach to psychological treatment with the goal of helping the client become aware of his or her thoughts, behaviors, experiences, and feelings and to “own” or take responsibility for them

Question 601

existential therapy

Answer 601

humanistic therapy that focuses on helping clients achieve a subjectively meaningful perception of their lives

Question 602

counterconditioning

Answer 602

behavioral therapya kind of classical conditioning developed by Mary Cover Jones in which an unpleasant conditioned response is replaced with a pleasant one

Question 603

systematic desensitization

Answer 603

behavioral therapydeveloped by Joseph Wolpe, a type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with imagined, gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli, eventually replacing the feelings of anxiety with relaxation

Question 604

anxiety hierarchy

Answer 604

a rank-ordered list of what the client fears, from least frightening to most frightening

Question 605

in vivo desensitization

Answer 605

behavioral therapya form of systematic desensitization in which the stimulus is actually encountered

Question 606

implosive therapy

Answer 606

behavioral therapya type of counterconditioning that has the client imagine the most anxiety inducing thing first, in the hopes that they will realize that their fear is irrational

Question 607

aversive conditioning

Answer 607

behavioral therapypairing a habit a person wishes to break with an unpleasant stimulus

Question 608

instrumental conditioning

Answer 608

behavioral therapyinvolves using rewards and/or punishments to modify a person’s behavior

Question 609

token economy

Answer 609

behavioral therapya type of instrumental conditioningdesired behaviors are identified and rewarded with tokens that can later be exchanged for various objects or privileges

Question 610

modeling

Answer 610

behavioral therapycan be used to treat phobia by having the client observe someone else interact calmly with the anxiety inducing object

Question 611

attributional style

Answer 611

a person’s characteristic way of explaining outcomes of events in his or her life

Question 612

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT or RET)

Answer 612

Cognitive behavioral therapy developed by Albert Ellis. Therapists look to expose and confront the dysfunctional thoughts of their clients.

Question 613

cognitive therapy

Answer 613

developed by Aaron Beck, usually used in treatment of depression, involves trying to get clients to engage in pursuits that will bring them success

Question 614

cognitive triad

Answer 614

theorized by Aaron Beckpeople’s beliefs about themselves, their worlds, and their futures

Question 615

family therapy

Answer 615

a type of group therapy used to treat families

Question 616

self-help groups

Answer 616

a type of group therapy that does not involve a therapist

Question 617

psychopharmacology/chemotherapy

Answer 617

the use of drugs to treat psychological problems

Question 618

antipsychotic drugs (neuroleptics)

Answer 618

block the receptor sites for dopamine, used to treat schizophrenia, may result in tardive dyskinesiaexamples: Thorazine or Haldol

Question 619

tardive dyskinesia

Answer 619

Parkinsonian-like, chronic muscle tremors

Question 620

drugs used to treat unipolar depression

Answer 620

tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, and serotonin-reuptake-inhibitor drugs (Prozac) which all tend to increase the activity of serotonin

Question 621

lithium

Answer 621

a metal used to trea the manic phase of bipolar disorder

Question 622

drugs used to treat anxiety disorders

Answer 622

barbiturates (Miltown) and benzodiazepines (Xanax and Valium)

Question 623

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Answer 623

when an electric current is passed through one (unilateral ECT) or both (bilateral ECT) hemispheres of the braincauses the patient to have a brief seizure after the shock, so muscle relaxant is given to reduce the effects

Question 624

psychosurgery

Answer 624

the purposeful destruction of part of the brain to alter a person’s behavior

Question 625

prefrontal lobotomy

Answer 625

a type of psychosurgeryan operation involving the cutting off of the main neurons leading to the frontal lobe of the brainreduced level of functioning and awareness to a vegetative state

Question 626

psychiatrists

Answer 626

medical doctors and are the only therapists permitted to prescribe medication

Question 627

clinical psychologists

Answer 627

psychologists with a Ph. D. and specialize in research, assessment, and therapy

Question 628

counseling psychologists

Answer 628

psychologists with a graduate degree in psychology and treat less severe problems than clinical psychologists do

Question 629

psychoanalysts

Answer 629

people trained specifically in Freudian methods who may or may not hold medical degrees

Question 630

social cognition

Answer 630

how people think about themselves and the social world; more specifically, how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information to make judgments and decisions

Question 631

attitude

Answer 631

set of beliefs and feelings

Question 632

mere exposure effect

Answer 632

the more one is exposed to something, the more one will come to like it

Question 633

LaPiere study

Answer 633

discovered that although people had bad attitudes towards Asians, they still treated them wellconclusion: attitude does not necessarily reflect behavior

Question 634

cognitive dissonance theory

Answer 634

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes

Question 635

Festinger and Carlsmith experiment

Answer 635

Subjects asked to perform a boring task and then lie to the next subject that it was fun. One group was paid $1 and the other group was paid $20. The group paid $1 said that the boring task was fun, because they didn’t have much of an external motivation to lie.

Question 636

compliance strategies

Answer 636

strategies to get others to comply with your wishes

Question 637

foot-in-the-door

Answer 637

if you can get people to agree to a small request, they will become more likely to agree to a follow-up request that is larger

Question 638

door-in-the-face

Answer 638

after people refuse a large reques, hey will look more favorably upon a follow-up request that seems, in comparison, much more reasonable

Question 639

norms of reciprocity

Answer 639

if someone does something nice for you, you feel obligated to do something nice for them

Question 640

attribution theory

Answer 640

how people determine the cause ofwhat they observe

Question 641

dispositional/person attribution

Answer 641

personality traits; Charley did well on a math test because he is good at math

Question 642

situation attribution

Answer 642

situational influence; Charley did well on a math test because the test was easy

Question 643

Harold Kelley

Answer 643

put forth a theory that explains the kind of attributions people make based on three kinds of information: consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus

Question 644

consistency

Answer 644

how similarly the individual acts in the same situation over time

Question 645

distinctiveness

Answer 645

how similar this situation is to other situations in which we have watched the individual

Question 646

consensus

Answer 646

how other people acted in the same situation

Question 647

self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 647

an expectation that causes others to act in ways that make that expectation come true

Question 648

Rosenthal and Jacobsen’s experiment

Answer 648

“Pygmalion in the Classroom”when teachers expect students to do well and show intellectual growth, they do, example of self-fulling prophecy

Question 649

fundamental attribution error

Answer 649

people in individualist cultures systematically seem to overestimate the role of dispositional factors in influencing another person’s actions

Question 650

false-consensus effect

Answer 650

the tendency of people to overestimate the number of people who agree with them

Question 651

self-serving bias

Answer 651

the endency to take more credit for good outcomes than for bad ones

Question 652

just-world belief

Answer 652

misfortunes befall people who deserve them

Question 653

stereotypes

Answer 653

ideas about what members of different groups are like, and these expectations may influence the way we interact with members of these groups

Question 654

prejudice

Answer 654

an undeserved, usually negative, attitude toward a group of peoplecompare: discrimination

Question 655

discrimination

Answer 655

unfair treatment of a person or group on the basis of prejudicecompare: prejudice

Question 656

in-group

Answer 656

people of their own group, seen as more diverse than people of out-groups

Question 657

out-group

Answer 657

people of other groups, seen as more homogeneous than people of in-groups

Question 658

in-group bias

Answer 658

people have a preference for members of their own group

Question 659

contact theory

Answer 659

contact between hostile groups will reduce animosity, but only if the groups are made to work toward a goal that benefits all and necessitates the participation of all (superordinate goal)

Question 660

superordinate goal

Answer 660

a goal that benefits all and necessitates the participation of all

Question 661

SSherif’s camp study

Answer 661

Robbers Cave studydivided the campers into two groups and had them compete –> disliked each otherhad the two groups work together –> improved relations

Question 662

instrumental aggression

Answer 662

aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain

Question 663

hostile aggression

Answer 663

aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain

Question 664

frustration-aggression hypothesis

Answer 664

the feeling of frestration makes aggression more likely

Question 665

Bandura, Ross, and Ross’s experiment

Answer 665

Bobo doll experimentaggressive models lead to aggressive children

Question 666

prosocial behavior

Answer 666

behavior in which you help others

Question 667

bystander intervention

Answer 667

the act of helping strangers in an emergency situation

Question 668

diffusion of responsibility

Answer 668

reduction in sense of responsibility often felt by individuals in a group; may be responsible for the bystander effect

Question 669

pluralistic ignorance

Answer 669

“no one believes, but everyone thinks that everyone believes”

Question 670

similarity, proximity and reciprocal liking

Answer 670

the three factors

Question 671

introspection

Answer 671

the purposeful and rational self-observation of one’s mental state; first wave of psychology. This method suffers, because sometimes we can not accurately describe our thoughts and feelings.

Question 672

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 672

set up the first psychological laboratory, trained subjects in introspection. He was one of the first to draw a distinction between perception and sensation. Through the use of introspection. He conducted an experiment where he played a sound and the test subject tried to say what the sound was. Wundt found that sensation and perception are different, because the test subject could identify whether they heard the sound faster than they could identify the sound they heard.

Question 673

structuralism

Answer 673

the idea that the mind operates by combining subjective emotions and objective sensations (sensations meaning a stimulus’s effect on our senses)

Question 674

William James

Answer 674

published psychology’s first textbook: The Principles of Psychology, created functionalism

Question 675

functionalism

Answer 675

Why we behave how we do? functionism differed from structuralism in that functionalism did not focus on the elements consciousness, funtionalism focused on the purpose of consciousness, and how this consciousness functioned in our lives. Functionalism used evolution to explain behavior.

Question 676

Gestalt psychology

Answer 676

examined a person’s total experience, not just bits and pieces of it; second wave of psychology. Usually deals with understanding visual deception.

Question 677

Max Wertheimer

Answer 677

a Gestalt psychologist

Question 678

psychoanalysis

Answer 678

human behavior, experience, and cognition are largely determined by irrational drives; third wave of psychology

Question 679

Sigmund Freud

Answer 679

created psychoanalytic theory

Question 680

repression

Answer 680

the pushing down into the unconscious events and feelings that cause so much anxiety and tension that our conscious mind cannot deal with them

Question 681

defense mechanism

Answer 681

psychological strategies brought into play by the unconscious mind to manipulate, deny, or distort reality

Question 682

behaviorism

Answer 682

psychologists should only look at behavior and causes of behavior, not elements of consciousness; fourth wave of psychology; dominant school of thought from the 1920s to 1960s. Strictly focuses on conditioning

Question 683

John Watson

Answer 683

studied Ivan Pavlov’s conditioning experiments, main proponent of behaviorism

Question 684

UCS

Answer 684

Natural event or thing that stimulates

Question 685

UCR

Answer 685

physical reactions that is natural.

Question 686

B.F. Skinner

Answer 686

behaviorist, expanded the ideas to include reinforcement

Question 687

eclectic

Answer 687

drawing from multiple perspectives of psychology; fifth wave of psychology; most current psychologists are eclectic

Question 688

humanism

Answer 688

stresses individual choice and free will, most of our behaviors are chosen due to physiological, emotional, or spiritual needs. Famous humanist rogers and maslow.

Question 689

biopsychology

Answer 689

explains human thought and behavior in terms of biological processes only

Question 690

cognitive psychologists

Answer 690

examine human thought and behavior in terms of how we interpret, process, and remember environmental events

Question 691

biopsychology

Answer 691

Also known as neuroscience. Explains cognition in terms of genetics, neurotransmitters, hormones. Biology basically

Question 692

biopsychology

Answer 692

Also known as neuroscience. Explains human thought and behavior in terms of genetics, neurotransmitters, hormones. Biology basically

Question 693

comparative psychologists

Answer 693

look at the psychology of non-human animals

Question 694

covert behavior

Answer 694

Behavior that can be subjectively perceived only by the person performing the behavior. Thoughts and feelings are covert behaviors.

Question 695

Compare how each of these Psychological Perspectives would explain introvertedness

Answer 695

Behavioral - Believe that the introvert was conditioned to be shyCognitive - The introvert does not find value in multiple connectionsBiopsychology - Believes the introvert inherted introvertedness as a geneHumanistic - Believes the introvert can satisfy his social need through only a few people. Psychoanalytic - Believe that some traumatic childhood experience that has been repressed has caused introvertedness.Socioculture - Believe culture determines introvertedness

Question 696

basic research

Answer 696

research that explores questions that are of interest of psychologists that are not intended to have immediate, real-world applications

Question 697

valid

Answer 697

measures what it’s supposed to measure; accurate

Question 698

reliable

Answer 698

can be replicated, consistent

Question 699

hypothesis

Answer 699

a relationship between two variables

Question 700

dependent variable

Answer 700

This is the variable that is studied. Let’s say we are experimenting to find out the effect that the simpsons has on people’s tendency to be violent. The dependent variable would be the violence people experience after watching the Simpsons. The Simpsons episode would be the independent variable.

Question 701

operationalize

Answer 701

to explain how you will measure variables such as the independent and dependent variables

Question 702

sampling

Answer 702

the process by which subjects are selected

Question 703

population

Answer 703

anyone or anything that could possibly be selected to be in the sample

Question 704

random selection

Answer 704

randomly selecting the sample group, increases the likelihood that the sample represents the population

Question 705

stratified sampling

Answer 705

randomly sampling each strata (category of people, for example race or gender) of the population, so that the final sample reflects the population more accurately

Question 706

laboratory experiment

Answer 706

conducted in a lab, a highly controlled environment. Psychologists prefer laboratory setting for experimenting, because a controlled experiment can more easily show a relationship

Question 707

field experiment

Answer 707

conducted in the world, more realistic than laboratory experiment

Question 708

experiment

Answer 708

only experiments can show cause and effect relationships through the manipulation of the independent variable and subsequent observation of the dependent variable while controlling for confounding variables

Question 709

confounding variable

Answer 709

any difference between the experimental and control conditions, besides the changes of the independent variable

Question 710

assignment

Answer 710

the process by which subjects are put into a group, experimental or control

Question 711

random assignment

Answer 711

each subject has an equal chance of being placed in either the experimental or the control group

Question 712

group matching

Answer 712

Assigning to either control or experimental based on specific requirements. If you were testing the relationship between IQ and gender, then you would group match so that the experimental and control groups had equal amounts of both genders

Question 713

situation-relevant confounding variables

Answer 713

differences between the experimental and control situations that may affect the experiment

Question 714

experimenter bias

Answer 714

the unconscious tendency for researchers to treat members of the experimental and control groups differently to increase the chance of confirming their hypotheses

Question 715

demand characteristics

Answer 715

cues about the purpose of the study. You want to reduce these, so that the subjects have no idea what is being studied so that the subjects can experience less response bias

Question 716

response/subject bias

Answer 716

when subjects behave in ways they think the observer wants them to behave

Question 717

Hawthorne effect

Answer 717

Being selected for an experiment inherently changes behavior, since the subject know that they are being studied

Question 718

counterbalancing

Answer 718

using subjects as their own control group by having half of them be experimental first and half of them be control first

Question 719

correlation

Answer 719

a relationship between two variables without ascribing cause

Question 720

order effect

Answer 720

the order of the experimental/control group activities may affect the results. So if we were testing IQ and alcohol. Then taking 1 IQ test before alcohol and the taking another IQ test after alcohol, might produce results that state that IQ goes up with alcohol, because the subject had the practice of IQ test number 1 before taking test number 2. The problem of order effect can be fixed by counterbalancing. Having one person take the IQ test first and then alcohol, and having another person take IQ with alcohol and then take an IQ when sober

Question 721

ex post facto study

Answer 721

research in which subjects are chosen based on a pre-existing condition; all other variables are controlled

Question 722

survey method

Answer 722

kind of correlational research in which surveys are filled out; difficult to control for confounding variables, because surveys are mailed out and people take the survey at different times of the day, different places, take different amounts of time to fill out the survey. Surveys are a research method where the independent variable is not manipulated

Question 723

naturalistic observation

Answer 723

unobtrusive observation on subjects in their natural habitats, control is sacrificed

Question 724

case study

Answer 724

a full, detailed picture of one subject or a small group of subjects; not reflective of population, as a result findings cannot be generalized

Question 725

frequency polygon

Answer 725

line graph

Question 726

frequency distribution

Answer 726

a distribution of observed frequencies of occurrence of the values of a variable. Such as types of pets owned by the class. A graph showing a bar for dogs, cat, turtles

Question 727

frequency polygon

Answer 727

Frequency distribution can be easily represented by frequency polygon aka a line graph

Question 728

histogram

Answer 728

Frequency distribution can be easily represented by histogram aka a bar graph

Question 729

positively skewed

Answer 729

when a distribution has a high outlier, there are more low scores than high scores due to the outlier. This makes sense since the high score is considered to skew the graph. It is difficult to make times between outliers and mode, because mode is really not effected too much by outliers

Question 730

negatively skewed

Answer 730

when a distribution has a low outlier, there are more high scores than low scores due to the outlier

Question 731

measures of variability

Answer 731

attempt to depict the diversity of the distribution. range, variance, and standard deviation

Question 732

variance

Answer 732

the average of the squared differences of each number from the mean

Question 733

standard deviation

Answer 733

the square root of the variance

Question 734

range

Answer 734

the distance between the highest and lowest score in a distribution

Question 735

normal curve

Answer 735

theoretical bell-shaped curve for which the area under the curve lying between any two z scores has been predetermined

Question 736

percentile

Answer 736

the distance of a score from 0

Question 737

correlation coefficient

Answer 737

range from -1 and +1. If there is a positive correlation, the presence of one thing indicates the presence of the other. If there is a negative correlation, the presence of one indicates the absence of the other. -1 and +1 indicate strong correlations, 0 indicates the weakest type of correlation.

Question 738

line of best fit

Answer 738

the line drawn through the scatter plot that minimizes the distance of all the points from the line

Question 739

scatter plot

Answer 739

a series of points plotted on a graph. Used to plot correlations

Question 740

line of best fit

Answer 740

the line drawn through the scatter plot that minimizes the distance of all the points from the line. The slope of this best fit line can reveal correlation coefficient

Question 741

sampling error

Answer 741

the extent to which a sample differs from the population

Question 742

p value

Answer 742

the percent chance that the findings were due to chance

Question 743

institutional review board

Answer 743

reviews research proposal for ethical violations and/or procedural errors

Question 744

informed consent

Answer 744

participants must know that they are involved in research and give their consent

Question 745

coercion

Answer 745

participation must be voluntary

Question 746

anonymity/confidentiality

Answer 746

both protect privacy

Question 747

risk

Answer 747

participants cannot be placed in significant mental or physical risk

Question 748

debriefing procedures

Answer 748

participants must be told the purpose of the study and provided with ways to contact the researchers about study results

Question 749

measures of central tendency

Answer 749

mean, median, mode