Barrons Psychology Part 2 Flashcards
EQ (emotional intelligence)
ability to identify, assess, and control the emotions of oneself, of others, and of groups; helps people achieve what they want to achieveroughly corresponds to Gardner’s interpersonal and intrapersonalsupported by Daniel Goldman
Robert Sternberg
created triarchic theory, which consists of 1. componential/analytic intelligence2. experiential intelligence3. contextual/practical intelligence
componential/analytic intelligence
the ability to compare and contrast, explain, and analyzepart of triarchic theory by Robert Sternberg
experiential intelligence
the ability to use their knowledge and experiences in new and creative wayspart of triarchic theory by Robert Sternberg
contextual/practical intelligence
the ability to apply their knowledge to real-world situationspart of triarchic theory by Robert Sternberg
Alfred Binet
wanted to design test to find children who would need help in school and created mental age
mental age
an average 5-year-old will have the mental age of 5a below average 5-year-old may have the mental age of 3an above average 5-year-old may have the mental age of 8
Louis Terman
a Stanford professor, came up with Stanford-Binet IQ test
Stanford-Binet IQ test
-divide mental age by chronological age, then multiply by 100-all adults have mental age of 20-compare: Weschler tests
Weschler test
yields deviation IQ scores, mean is 100, standard deviation is 15, scores form a normal distributionalso has subscores for verbal and performance
heritability
a measure of how much of a trait’s variation is explained by genetic factorcan range from 0 to 1, with 0 being completely environmentally affected and 1 as completely genetically affected
Flynn effect
performance on intelligence tests has been increasing steadily throughout the century, probably due to better environmental factors
abnormal psychology
the study of people who suffer from psychological disorders
abnormality
- maladaptive and/or disturbing to the individual2. disturbing to others3. unusual, unshared by many others of the same population4. irrational, doesn’t make sense to the average person
insane
a legal term used to describe people who, because of a psychological disorder, cannot be held fully responsible for their crimesNGRI= not guilty by reason of insanity
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
a book used by psychologists to determine if someone has a psychological disorderdoes not include discussion of causes or treatments because different factions of psychology have different ideas about the causes and treatmentslatest version is the DSM-IV-TR
intern’s syndrome
the tendency to see in oneself the characteristics of disorders about which one is learning
phobia
anxiety disorderan intense, unwarranted fear of a situation or object
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
anxiety disorderconstant, low-level anxiety
panic disorder
anxiety disorderacute episodes of intense anxiety without any apparent provocation, panic attacks tend to increase in frequency, people suffer more anxiety from anticipating the attacks
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
anxiety disorderwhen persistent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) cause someone to feel the need (compulsion) to engage in a particular action
post-traumatic stress disorder
anxiety disorderflashbacks or nightmares following a person’s involvement in or an observation of an extremely troubling event, these memories cause anxiety
somatoform disorders
when a person manifests a psychological problem through a physiological problem
hypochondriasis
somatoform disorderminor problems are thought to be severe physical illness, frequent physical problems with no apparent cause
conversion disorder
somatoform disordera severe physical problem with no biological cause
dissociative disorders
disruptions in conscious processes
psychogenic amnesia
dissociative disorderwhen a person cannot remember things and a physiological basis cannot be foundcompare: organic amnesia
organic amnesia
when a person cannot remember things and there is a biological reasoncompare: psychogenic amnesia
fugue
dissociative disorderhaving psychogenic amnesia and finding oneself in an unfamiliar environment
dissociative identity disorder
dissociative disorderseveral personalities that may represent different ages and both sexes, people with DID commonly have a history of sexual abuse or some other childhood traumarare outside of US; DIDers may be role-playing b/c of their therapists’ questions and media portrayals
major (unipolar) depression
mood or affective disorderunhappiness for more than two weeks without a clear reasonother symptoms: loss of appetite, fatigue, change in sleeping patterns, lack of interest in normally enjoyable activities, feeling of worthlessnesslinked with low levels of serotonin and norepinephrine
seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
dissociative disorderdepression only during certain times of the year, usually winter
bipolar disorder (manic depression)
dissociative disorderdepressed and manic (feelings of high energy) episodeslinked with more receptors for acetylcholine
Aaron Beck
cognitive theorist who believes that the cognitive triad causes depression
cognitive triad
theorized by Aaron Beckunreasonably negative ideas that people have about themselves, their world and their futuresfailure is attributed to internal, global and stable causessuccess is attributed to external, specific and unstable causes
schizophrenia
disordered, distorted thinking often demonstrated through delusions and/or hallucinations
delusions
beliefs that have no basis in realitycommon delusions are persecution and grandeur
hallucination
perception without sensory stimulation
disorganized schizophrenics
use language oddly with neologisms and/or clang associationsalso show inappropriate affect and flat affect
neologisms
a characteristic of disorganized schizophrenicsmade up words
clang associations
a characteristic of disorganized schizophrenicsa string of nonsense words that rhyme
inappropriate affect
a characteristic of disorganized schizophrenicsexpressing contradictory behavior when describing or experiencing an emotion (e.g., smiling when discussing something sad; laughing when talking about the death of a loved one).
flat affect
a characteristic of disorganized schizophrenicslack of emotinal reactivity
paranoid schizophrenia
schizophrenia characterized by delusions of persecution
catatonic schizophrenia
engage in odd movements such as remaining motionless in strange postures for hours at a time, move jerkily and quickly for no apparent reason or alternate between the twowhen motionless, may display waxy flexibilityincreasingly less common form of schizophrenia in United States
waxy flexibility
characteristic of catatonic schizophrenicsfeature of catatonic schizophrenia in which people rigidly maintain the body position or posture in which they are placed by others
undifferentiated schizophrenia
exhibit disordered thinking, but none of the other symptoms
positive symptoms
excesses in behavior, thought, or moodexamples: neologisms, hallucinationscompare: negative symptoms
negative symptoms
deficits in behavior, thought, or moodexamples: flat affect, catatoniacompare: positive symptoms
dopamine hypothesis
high levels of dopamine are associated with schizophrenia
tardive dyskinesia
muscle tremors and stiffness caused by extensive use of anti psychotic drugs
double binds
cognitive-behavioral cause for schizophreniacontradictory messagescompare: double blinds
paraphilia
the sexual attraction to an object, person, or activity not usually seen as sexualmost paraphilias occur more commonly in men than in women, except for masochism
fetishism
paraphiliaattraction to objects
pedophilia
paraphiliaattraction to children
zoophilia
paraphiliaattraction to animals
voyeur
paraphiliasomeone who becomes sexually aroused by watching others engage in some kind of sexual behavior
masochist
paraphiliasomeone who is aroused by having pain inflicted upon them
sadist
paraphiliasomeone who is aroused by inflicting pain on someone else
antisocial personality disorder
little regard for other people’s feelingscriminals have a high incidence of antisocial personality disorder
dependent personality disorder
rely too much on the attention and help of others
paranoid personality disorder
feel persecuted
narcissistic personality disorder
seeing oneself as the center of the universe
histronic personality disorder
overly dramatic behavior
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
overly concerned with certain thoughts and performing certain behaviors, but not to the point of obsessive compulsive disorder
anorexia nervosa
eating disorderloss of 15 percent or more of the average body weight for one’s age and size, an intense fear of fat and food, distorted body image
bulimia
eating disorderfear of food and fat and a distorted body imageconsists of a binge-purge cycle (eat a lot, then throw it up or use laxatives to get rid of the food)
substance use disorder
regular and negative use of alcohol or other drugs that alter behavior
substance dependence
addiction
autism
developmental disorderseek less social and emotional contact than other childrenslow to develop language skillsless likely to seek out parental support when distressed
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
developmental disorderdifficulty paying attention or sitting still, occurs more commonly in boysmay be an overdiagnosis of a behavior typical in young boys
Rosenhan Study
study in which healthy individuals were admitted into mental hospitals after saying they were hearing voices. Once in, they acted normally and still were not labeled as impostors.raised questions about institutional care levels and the influence of labels
trephination
a operation that removes a circular section of bone from the skull
Hippocrates
a Greek philosopher who maintained that psychological illnesses were influenced by biological factors and could therefore be treated
Galen
a Roman philosopher who maintained that psychological illnesses were influenced by biological factors and could therefore be treated
deinstitutionalization
1960s and 1970s governmental policy that focused on releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community and closing mental hospitals in order to save money and benefit the former inpatients
Did deinstitutionalization work?
No, because the former patients were unable to care for themselves, ending up homeless and delusional.
preventative efforts
psychological problems can be treated proactively, or before they become severe, suffering and cost to client will go down.
primary prevention
methods to avoid occurrence of disease
secondary prevention
methods to avoid occurrence of disease in people at risk
tertiary prevention
methods to diagnose and treat existent disease in early stages before it causes significant morbidity
psychotherapy
therapeutic interaction or treatment contracted between a trained professional and a client, patient, family, couple, or group
somatic treatments
the use of drugs to treat mental illness
What kind of psychologists use “patient”?
psychologists with a biomedical orientation and psychoanalysts
What kind of psychologists use “client”?
therapists other than psychologists with a biomedical orientation and psychoanalysts
psychoanalysis
a set of techniques developed by Freud for exploring underlying motives and a method of treating various mental disorders
symptom substitution
when, after a person is successfully treated for one psychological disorder, that person begins to experience a new psychological problem
hypnosis
an altered state of consciousness in which psychoanalysts believe that people are less likely to repress troubling thoughts
free associate
to say whatever comes to mind without thinking, supposed to bypass the ego’s censoring and defenses and go straight into the unconscious where the problems are
dream analysis
the patient reports the literal content (manifest content) to the psychoanalyst who interprets it to become what it really means (latent/hidden content)
resistance
patient objections to the psychoanalyst’s interpretationthe psychoanalyst usually sees this as a sign that the analyst is heading in the right direction
transference
when patients begin to have strong feelings (negative or positive) toward their therapiststhe psychoanalyst sees this as a redirection of strong emotions felt toward people with whom they have had troubling relationships onto their therapists
psychodynamic theorists
psychologists who are influenced by Freud’s work but have significantly modified his original theory
insight therapies
psychoanalytic/psychodynamic treatments and humanistic therapiesa variety of therapies which aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses
self-actualization
to reach one’s highest potential
free will
the ability to choose their own destiniescompare: determinism
determinism
people have no influence over what happens to them and that their choices are predetermined by forces outside of their controlcompare: free will
Carl Rogers
humanistcreated client-centered therapy/person-centered therapy
client-centered therapy/person-centered therapy
developed by Carl Rogers, this humanistic therapy includes unconditional positive regard and active listening
unconditional positive regard
blanket acceptance and support of a person regardless of what the person says or doeshumanistic therapists believe that this will help clients accept and take responsibility for themselves
non-directive
humanistic therapists do not tell the clients what to do but seek to help the clients choose a course of action for themselves.
active listening
empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifiespart of Carl Rogers’ client-centered therapy
Gestalt therapy
developed by Fritz Perlsan existentialist approach to psychological treatment with the goal of helping the client become aware of his or her thoughts, behaviors, experiences, and feelings and to “own” or take responsibility for them
existential therapy
humanistic therapy that focuses on helping clients achieve a subjectively meaningful perception of their lives
counterconditioning
behavioral therapya kind of classical conditioning developed by Mary Cover Jones in which an unpleasant conditioned response is replaced with a pleasant one
systematic desensitization
behavioral therapydeveloped by Joseph Wolpe, a type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with imagined, gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli, eventually replacing the feelings of anxiety with relaxation
anxiety hierarchy
a rank-ordered list of what the client fears, from least frightening to most frightening
in vivo desensitization
behavioral therapya form of systematic desensitization in which the stimulus is actually encountered
implosive therapy
behavioral therapya type of counterconditioning that has the client imagine the most anxiety inducing thing first, in the hopes that they will realize that their fear is irrational
aversive conditioning
behavioral therapypairing a habit a person wishes to break with an unpleasant stimulus
instrumental conditioning
behavioral therapyinvolves using rewards and/or punishments to modify a person’s behavior
token economy
behavioral therapya type of instrumental conditioningdesired behaviors are identified and rewarded with tokens that can later be exchanged for various objects or privileges
modeling
behavioral therapycan be used to treat phobia by having the client observe someone else interact calmly with the anxiety inducing object
attributional style
a person’s characteristic way of explaining outcomes of events in his or her life
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT or RET)
Cognitive behavioral therapy developed by Albert Ellis. Therapists look to expose and confront the dysfunctional thoughts of their clients.
cognitive therapy
developed by Aaron Beck, usually used in treatment of depression, involves trying to get clients to engage in pursuits that will bring them success
cognitive triad
theorized by Aaron Beckpeople’s beliefs about themselves, their worlds, and their futures
family therapy
a type of group therapy used to treat families
self-help groups
a type of group therapy that does not involve a therapist
psychopharmacology/chemotherapy
the use of drugs to treat psychological problems
antipsychotic drugs (neuroleptics)
block the receptor sites for dopamine, used to treat schizophrenia, may result in tardive dyskinesiaexamples: Thorazine or Haldol
tardive dyskinesia
Parkinsonian-like, chronic muscle tremors
drugs used to treat unipolar depression
tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, and serotonin-reuptake-inhibitor drugs (Prozac) which all tend to increase the activity of serotonin
lithium
a metal used to trea the manic phase of bipolar disorder
drugs used to treat anxiety disorders
barbiturates (Miltown) and benzodiazepines (Xanax and Valium)
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
when an electric current is passed through one (unilateral ECT) or both (bilateral ECT) hemispheres of the braincauses the patient to have a brief seizure after the shock, so muscle relaxant is given to reduce the effects
psychosurgery
the purposeful destruction of part of the brain to alter a person’s behavior
prefrontal lobotomy
a type of psychosurgeryan operation involving the cutting off of the main neurons leading to the frontal lobe of the brainreduced level of functioning and awareness to a vegetative state
psychiatrists
medical doctors and are the only therapists permitted to prescribe medication
clinical psychologists
psychologists with a Ph. D. and specialize in research, assessment, and therapy
counseling psychologists
psychologists with a graduate degree in psychology and treat less severe problems than clinical psychologists do
psychoanalysts
people trained specifically in Freudian methods who may or may not hold medical degrees
social cognition
how people think about themselves and the social world; more specifically, how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information to make judgments and decisions
attitude
set of beliefs and feelings
mere exposure effect
the more one is exposed to something, the more one will come to like it
LaPiere study
discovered that although people had bad attitudes towards Asians, they still treated them wellconclusion: attitude does not necessarily reflect behavior
cognitive dissonance theory
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes
Festinger and Carlsmith experiment
Subjects asked to perform a boring task and then lie to the next subject that it was fun. One group was paid $1 and the other group was paid $20. The group paid $1 said that the boring task was fun, because they didn’t have much of an external motivation to lie.
compliance strategies
strategies to get others to comply with your wishes
foot-in-the-door
if you can get people to agree to a small request, they will become more likely to agree to a follow-up request that is larger
door-in-the-face
after people refuse a large reques, hey will look more favorably upon a follow-up request that seems, in comparison, much more reasonable
norms of reciprocity
if someone does something nice for you, you feel obligated to do something nice for them
attribution theory
how people determine the cause ofwhat they observe
dispositional/person attribution
personality traits; Charley did well on a math test because he is good at math
situation attribution
situational influence; Charley did well on a math test because the test was easy
Harold Kelley
put forth a theory that explains the kind of attributions people make based on three kinds of information: consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus
consistency
how similarly the individual acts in the same situation over time
distinctiveness
how similar this situation is to other situations in which we have watched the individual
consensus
how other people acted in the same situation
self-fulfilling prophecy
an expectation that causes others to act in ways that make that expectation come true
Rosenthal and Jacobsen’s experiment
“Pygmalion in the Classroom”when teachers expect students to do well and show intellectual growth, they do, example of self-fulling prophecy
fundamental attribution error
people in individualist cultures systematically seem to overestimate the role of dispositional factors in influencing another person’s actions
false-consensus effect
the tendency of people to overestimate the number of people who agree with them
self-serving bias
the endency to take more credit for good outcomes than for bad ones
just-world belief
misfortunes befall people who deserve them
stereotypes
ideas about what members of different groups are like, and these expectations may influence the way we interact with members of these groups
prejudice
an undeserved, usually negative, attitude toward a group of peoplecompare: discrimination
discrimination
unfair treatment of a person or group on the basis of prejudicecompare: prejudice
in-group
people of their own group, seen as more diverse than people of out-groups
out-group
people of other groups, seen as more homogeneous than people of in-groups
in-group bias
people have a preference for members of their own group
contact theory
contact between hostile groups will reduce animosity, but only if the groups are made to work toward a goal that benefits all and necessitates the participation of all (superordinate goal)
superordinate goal
a goal that benefits all and necessitates the participation of all
SSherif’s camp study
Robbers Cave studydivided the campers into two groups and had them compete –> disliked each otherhad the two groups work together –> improved relations
instrumental aggression
aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain
hostile aggression
aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain
frustration-aggression hypothesis
the feeling of frestration makes aggression more likely
Bandura, Ross, and Ross’s experiment
Bobo doll experimentaggressive models lead to aggressive children
prosocial behavior
behavior in which you help others
bystander intervention
the act of helping strangers in an emergency situation
diffusion of responsibility
reduction in sense of responsibility often felt by individuals in a group; may be responsible for the bystander effect
pluralistic ignorance
“no one believes, but everyone thinks that everyone believes”
similarity, proximity and reciprocal liking
the three factors
