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AP Psych > Barrons Psychology Part 2 > Flashcards

Barrons Psychology Part 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

EQ (emotional intelligence)

A

ability to identify, assess, and control the emotions of oneself, of others, and of groups; helps people achieve what they want to achieveroughly corresponds to Gardner’s interpersonal and intrapersonalsupported by Daniel Goldman

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2
Q

Robert Sternberg

A

created triarchic theory, which consists of 1. componential/analytic intelligence2. experiential intelligence3. contextual/practical intelligence

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3
Q

componential/analytic intelligence

A

the ability to compare and contrast, explain, and analyzepart of triarchic theory by Robert Sternberg

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4
Q

experiential intelligence

A

the ability to use their knowledge and experiences in new and creative wayspart of triarchic theory by Robert Sternberg

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5
Q

contextual/practical intelligence

A

the ability to apply their knowledge to real-world situationspart of triarchic theory by Robert Sternberg

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6
Q

Alfred Binet

A

wanted to design test to find children who would need help in school and created mental age

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7
Q

mental age

A

an average 5-year-old will have the mental age of 5a below average 5-year-old may have the mental age of 3an above average 5-year-old may have the mental age of 8

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8
Q

Louis Terman

A

a Stanford professor, came up with Stanford-Binet IQ test

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9
Q

Stanford-Binet IQ test

A

-divide mental age by chronological age, then multiply by 100-all adults have mental age of 20-compare: Weschler tests

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10
Q

Weschler test

A

yields deviation IQ scores, mean is 100, standard deviation is 15, scores form a normal distributionalso has subscores for verbal and performance

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11
Q

heritability

A

a measure of how much of a trait’s variation is explained by genetic factorcan range from 0 to 1, with 0 being completely environmentally affected and 1 as completely genetically affected

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12
Q

Flynn effect

A

performance on intelligence tests has been increasing steadily throughout the century, probably due to better environmental factors

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13
Q

abnormal psychology

A

the study of people who suffer from psychological disorders

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14
Q

abnormality

A
  1. maladaptive and/or disturbing to the individual2. disturbing to others3. unusual, unshared by many others of the same population4. irrational, doesn’t make sense to the average person
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15
Q

insane

A

a legal term used to describe people who, because of a psychological disorder, cannot be held fully responsible for their crimesNGRI= not guilty by reason of insanity

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16
Q

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

A

a book used by psychologists to determine if someone has a psychological disorderdoes not include discussion of causes or treatments because different factions of psychology have different ideas about the causes and treatmentslatest version is the DSM-IV-TR

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17
Q

intern’s syndrome

A

the tendency to see in oneself the characteristics of disorders about which one is learning

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18
Q

phobia

A

anxiety disorderan intense, unwarranted fear of a situation or object

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19
Q

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

A

anxiety disorderconstant, low-level anxiety

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20
Q

panic disorder

A

anxiety disorderacute episodes of intense anxiety without any apparent provocation, panic attacks tend to increase in frequency, people suffer more anxiety from anticipating the attacks

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21
Q

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

A

anxiety disorderwhen persistent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) cause someone to feel the need (compulsion) to engage in a particular action

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22
Q

post-traumatic stress disorder

A

anxiety disorderflashbacks or nightmares following a person’s involvement in or an observation of an extremely troubling event, these memories cause anxiety

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23
Q

somatoform disorders

A

when a person manifests a psychological problem through a physiological problem

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24
Q

hypochondriasis

A

somatoform disorderminor problems are thought to be severe physical illness, frequent physical problems with no apparent cause

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25
Q

conversion disorder

A

somatoform disordera severe physical problem with no biological cause

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26
Q

dissociative disorders

A

disruptions in conscious processes

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27
Q

psychogenic amnesia

A

dissociative disorderwhen a person cannot remember things and a physiological basis cannot be foundcompare: organic amnesia

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28
Q

organic amnesia

A

when a person cannot remember things and there is a biological reasoncompare: psychogenic amnesia

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29
Q

fugue

A

dissociative disorderhaving psychogenic amnesia and finding oneself in an unfamiliar environment

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30
Q

dissociative identity disorder

A

dissociative disorderseveral personalities that may represent different ages and both sexes, people with DID commonly have a history of sexual abuse or some other childhood traumarare outside of US; DIDers may be role-playing b/c of their therapists’ questions and media portrayals

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31
Q

major (unipolar) depression

A

mood or affective disorderunhappiness for more than two weeks without a clear reasonother symptoms: loss of appetite, fatigue, change in sleeping patterns, lack of interest in normally enjoyable activities, feeling of worthlessnesslinked with low levels of serotonin and norepinephrine

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32
Q

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

A

dissociative disorderdepression only during certain times of the year, usually winter

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33
Q

bipolar disorder (manic depression)

A

dissociative disorderdepressed and manic (feelings of high energy) episodeslinked with more receptors for acetylcholine

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34
Q

Aaron Beck

A

cognitive theorist who believes that the cognitive triad causes depression

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35
Q

cognitive triad

A

theorized by Aaron Beckunreasonably negative ideas that people have about themselves, their world and their futuresfailure is attributed to internal, global and stable causessuccess is attributed to external, specific and unstable causes

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36
Q

schizophrenia

A

disordered, distorted thinking often demonstrated through delusions and/or hallucinations

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37
Q

delusions

A

beliefs that have no basis in realitycommon delusions are persecution and grandeur

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38
Q

hallucination

A

perception without sensory stimulation

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39
Q

disorganized schizophrenics

A

use language oddly with neologisms and/or clang associationsalso show inappropriate affect and flat affect

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40
Q

neologisms

A

a characteristic of disorganized schizophrenicsmade up words

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41
Q

clang associations

A

a characteristic of disorganized schizophrenicsa string of nonsense words that rhyme

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42
Q

inappropriate affect

A

a characteristic of disorganized schizophrenicsexpressing contradictory behavior when describing or experiencing an emotion (e.g., smiling when discussing something sad; laughing when talking about the death of a loved one).

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43
Q

flat affect

A

a characteristic of disorganized schizophrenicslack of emotinal reactivity

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44
Q

paranoid schizophrenia

A

schizophrenia characterized by delusions of persecution

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45
Q

catatonic schizophrenia

A

engage in odd movements such as remaining motionless in strange postures for hours at a time, move jerkily and quickly for no apparent reason or alternate between the twowhen motionless, may display waxy flexibilityincreasingly less common form of schizophrenia in United States

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46
Q

waxy flexibility

A

characteristic of catatonic schizophrenicsfeature of catatonic schizophrenia in which people rigidly maintain the body position or posture in which they are placed by others

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47
Q

undifferentiated schizophrenia

A

exhibit disordered thinking, but none of the other symptoms

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48
Q

positive symptoms

A

excesses in behavior, thought, or moodexamples: neologisms, hallucinationscompare: negative symptoms

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49
Q

negative symptoms

A

deficits in behavior, thought, or moodexamples: flat affect, catatoniacompare: positive symptoms

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50
Q

dopamine hypothesis

A

high levels of dopamine are associated with schizophrenia

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51
Q

tardive dyskinesia

A

muscle tremors and stiffness caused by extensive use of anti psychotic drugs

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52
Q

double binds

A

cognitive-behavioral cause for schizophreniacontradictory messagescompare: double blinds

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53
Q

paraphilia

A

the sexual attraction to an object, person, or activity not usually seen as sexualmost paraphilias occur more commonly in men than in women, except for masochism

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54
Q

fetishism

A

paraphiliaattraction to objects

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55
Q

pedophilia

A

paraphiliaattraction to children

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56
Q

zoophilia

A

paraphiliaattraction to animals

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57
Q

voyeur

A

paraphiliasomeone who becomes sexually aroused by watching others engage in some kind of sexual behavior

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58
Q

masochist

A

paraphiliasomeone who is aroused by having pain inflicted upon them

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59
Q

sadist

A

paraphiliasomeone who is aroused by inflicting pain on someone else

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60
Q

antisocial personality disorder

A

little regard for other people’s feelingscriminals have a high incidence of antisocial personality disorder

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61
Q

dependent personality disorder

A

rely too much on the attention and help of others

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62
Q

paranoid personality disorder

A

feel persecuted

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63
Q

narcissistic personality disorder

A

seeing oneself as the center of the universe

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64
Q

histronic personality disorder

A

overly dramatic behavior

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65
Q

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A

overly concerned with certain thoughts and performing certain behaviors, but not to the point of obsessive compulsive disorder

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66
Q

anorexia nervosa

A

eating disorderloss of 15 percent or more of the average body weight for one’s age and size, an intense fear of fat and food, distorted body image

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67
Q

bulimia

A

eating disorderfear of food and fat and a distorted body imageconsists of a binge-purge cycle (eat a lot, then throw it up or use laxatives to get rid of the food)

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68
Q

substance use disorder

A

regular and negative use of alcohol or other drugs that alter behavior

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69
Q

substance dependence

A

addiction

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70
Q

autism

A

developmental disorderseek less social and emotional contact than other childrenslow to develop language skillsless likely to seek out parental support when distressed

71
Q

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A

developmental disorderdifficulty paying attention or sitting still, occurs more commonly in boysmay be an overdiagnosis of a behavior typical in young boys

72
Q

Rosenhan Study

A

study in which healthy individuals were admitted into mental hospitals after saying they were hearing voices. Once in, they acted normally and still were not labeled as impostors.raised questions about institutional care levels and the influence of labels

73
Q

trephination

A

a operation that removes a circular section of bone from the skull

74
Q

Hippocrates

A

a Greek philosopher who maintained that psychological illnesses were influenced by biological factors and could therefore be treated

75
Q

Galen

A

a Roman philosopher who maintained that psychological illnesses were influenced by biological factors and could therefore be treated

76
Q

deinstitutionalization

A

1960s and 1970s governmental policy that focused on releasing hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community and closing mental hospitals in order to save money and benefit the former inpatients

77
Q

Did deinstitutionalization work?

A

No, because the former patients were unable to care for themselves, ending up homeless and delusional.

78
Q

preventative efforts

A

psychological problems can be treated proactively, or before they become severe, suffering and cost to client will go down.

79
Q

primary prevention

A

methods to avoid occurrence of disease

80
Q

secondary prevention

A

methods to avoid occurrence of disease in people at risk

81
Q

tertiary prevention

A

methods to diagnose and treat existent disease in early stages before it causes significant morbidity

82
Q

psychotherapy

A

therapeutic interaction or treatment contracted between a trained professional and a client, patient, family, couple, or group

83
Q

somatic treatments

A

the use of drugs to treat mental illness

84
Q

What kind of psychologists use “patient”?

A

psychologists with a biomedical orientation and psychoanalysts

85
Q

What kind of psychologists use “client”?

A

therapists other than psychologists with a biomedical orientation and psychoanalysts

86
Q

psychoanalysis

A

a set of techniques developed by Freud for exploring underlying motives and a method of treating various mental disorders

87
Q

symptom substitution

A

when, after a person is successfully treated for one psychological disorder, that person begins to experience a new psychological problem

88
Q

hypnosis

A

an altered state of consciousness in which psychoanalysts believe that people are less likely to repress troubling thoughts

89
Q

free associate

A

to say whatever comes to mind without thinking, supposed to bypass the ego’s censoring and defenses and go straight into the unconscious where the problems are

90
Q

dream analysis

A

the patient reports the literal content (manifest content) to the psychoanalyst who interprets it to become what it really means (latent/hidden content)

91
Q

resistance

A

patient objections to the psychoanalyst’s interpretationthe psychoanalyst usually sees this as a sign that the analyst is heading in the right direction

92
Q

transference

A

when patients begin to have strong feelings (negative or positive) toward their therapiststhe psychoanalyst sees this as a redirection of strong emotions felt toward people with whom they have had troubling relationships onto their therapists

93
Q

psychodynamic theorists

A

psychologists who are influenced by Freud’s work but have significantly modified his original theory

94
Q

insight therapies

A

psychoanalytic/psychodynamic treatments and humanistic therapiesa variety of therapies which aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client’s awareness of underlying motives and defenses

95
Q

self-actualization

A

to reach one’s highest potential

96
Q

free will

A

the ability to choose their own destiniescompare: determinism

97
Q

determinism

A

people have no influence over what happens to them and that their choices are predetermined by forces outside of their controlcompare: free will

98
Q

Carl Rogers

A

humanistcreated client-centered therapy/person-centered therapy

99
Q

client-centered therapy/person-centered therapy

A

developed by Carl Rogers, this humanistic therapy includes unconditional positive regard and active listening

100
Q

unconditional positive regard

A

blanket acceptance and support of a person regardless of what the person says or doeshumanistic therapists believe that this will help clients accept and take responsibility for themselves

101
Q

non-directive

A

humanistic therapists do not tell the clients what to do but seek to help the clients choose a course of action for themselves.

102
Q

active listening

A

empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifiespart of Carl Rogers’ client-centered therapy

103
Q

Gestalt therapy

A

developed by Fritz Perlsan existentialist approach to psychological treatment with the goal of helping the client become aware of his or her thoughts, behaviors, experiences, and feelings and to “own” or take responsibility for them

104
Q

existential therapy

A

humanistic therapy that focuses on helping clients achieve a subjectively meaningful perception of their lives

105
Q

counterconditioning

A

behavioral therapya kind of classical conditioning developed by Mary Cover Jones in which an unpleasant conditioned response is replaced with a pleasant one

106
Q

systematic desensitization

A

behavioral therapydeveloped by Joseph Wolpe, a type of counterconditioning that associates a pleasant relaxed state with imagined, gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli, eventually replacing the feelings of anxiety with relaxation

107
Q

anxiety hierarchy

A

a rank-ordered list of what the client fears, from least frightening to most frightening

108
Q

in vivo desensitization

A

behavioral therapya form of systematic desensitization in which the stimulus is actually encountered

109
Q

implosive therapy

A

behavioral therapya type of counterconditioning that has the client imagine the most anxiety inducing thing first, in the hopes that they will realize that their fear is irrational

110
Q

aversive conditioning

A

behavioral therapypairing a habit a person wishes to break with an unpleasant stimulus

111
Q

instrumental conditioning

A

behavioral therapyinvolves using rewards and/or punishments to modify a person’s behavior

112
Q

token economy

A

behavioral therapya type of instrumental conditioningdesired behaviors are identified and rewarded with tokens that can later be exchanged for various objects or privileges

113
Q

modeling

A

behavioral therapycan be used to treat phobia by having the client observe someone else interact calmly with the anxiety inducing object

114
Q

attributional style

A

a person’s characteristic way of explaining outcomes of events in his or her life

115
Q

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT or RET)

A

Cognitive behavioral therapy developed by Albert Ellis. Therapists look to expose and confront the dysfunctional thoughts of their clients.

116
Q

cognitive therapy

A

developed by Aaron Beck, usually used in treatment of depression, involves trying to get clients to engage in pursuits that will bring them success

117
Q

cognitive triad

A

theorized by Aaron Beckpeople’s beliefs about themselves, their worlds, and their futures

118
Q

family therapy

A

a type of group therapy used to treat families

119
Q

self-help groups

A

a type of group therapy that does not involve a therapist

120
Q

psychopharmacology/chemotherapy

A

the use of drugs to treat psychological problems

121
Q

antipsychotic drugs (neuroleptics)

A

block the receptor sites for dopamine, used to treat schizophrenia, may result in tardive dyskinesiaexamples: Thorazine or Haldol

122
Q

tardive dyskinesia

A

Parkinsonian-like, chronic muscle tremors

123
Q

drugs used to treat unipolar depression

A

tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, and serotonin-reuptake-inhibitor drugs (Prozac) which all tend to increase the activity of serotonin

124
Q

lithium

A

a metal used to trea the manic phase of bipolar disorder

125
Q

drugs used to treat anxiety disorders

A

barbiturates (Miltown) and benzodiazepines (Xanax and Valium)

126
Q

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A

when an electric current is passed through one (unilateral ECT) or both (bilateral ECT) hemispheres of the braincauses the patient to have a brief seizure after the shock, so muscle relaxant is given to reduce the effects

127
Q

psychosurgery

A

the purposeful destruction of part of the brain to alter a person’s behavior

128
Q

prefrontal lobotomy

A

a type of psychosurgeryan operation involving the cutting off of the main neurons leading to the frontal lobe of the brainreduced level of functioning and awareness to a vegetative state

129
Q

psychiatrists

A

medical doctors and are the only therapists permitted to prescribe medication

130
Q

clinical psychologists

A

psychologists with a Ph. D. and specialize in research, assessment, and therapy

131
Q

counseling psychologists

A

psychologists with a graduate degree in psychology and treat less severe problems than clinical psychologists do

132
Q

psychoanalysts

A

people trained specifically in Freudian methods who may or may not hold medical degrees

133
Q

social cognition

A

how people think about themselves and the social world; more specifically, how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information to make judgments and decisions

134
Q

attitude

A

set of beliefs and feelings

135
Q

mere exposure effect

A

the more one is exposed to something, the more one will come to like it

136
Q

LaPiere study

A

discovered that although people had bad attitudes towards Asians, they still treated them wellconclusion: attitude does not necessarily reflect behavior

137
Q

cognitive dissonance theory

A

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes

138
Q

Festinger and Carlsmith experiment

A

Subjects asked to perform a boring task and then lie to the next subject that it was fun. One group was paid $1 and the other group was paid $20. The group paid $1 said that the boring task was fun, because they didn’t have much of an external motivation to lie.

139
Q

compliance strategies

A

strategies to get others to comply with your wishes

140
Q

foot-in-the-door

A

if you can get people to agree to a small request, they will become more likely to agree to a follow-up request that is larger

141
Q

door-in-the-face

A

after people refuse a large reques, hey will look more favorably upon a follow-up request that seems, in comparison, much more reasonable

142
Q

norms of reciprocity

A

if someone does something nice for you, you feel obligated to do something nice for them

143
Q

attribution theory

A

how people determine the cause ofwhat they observe

144
Q

dispositional/person attribution

A

personality traits; Charley did well on a math test because he is good at math

145
Q

situation attribution

A

situational influence; Charley did well on a math test because the test was easy

146
Q

Harold Kelley

A

put forth a theory that explains the kind of attributions people make based on three kinds of information: consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus

147
Q

consistency

A

how similarly the individual acts in the same situation over time

148
Q

distinctiveness

A

how similar this situation is to other situations in which we have watched the individual

149
Q

consensus

A

how other people acted in the same situation

150
Q

self-fulfilling prophecy

A

an expectation that causes others to act in ways that make that expectation come true

151
Q

Rosenthal and Jacobsen’s experiment

A

“Pygmalion in the Classroom”when teachers expect students to do well and show intellectual growth, they do, example of self-fulling prophecy

152
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

people in individualist cultures systematically seem to overestimate the role of dispositional factors in influencing another person’s actions

153
Q

false-consensus effect

A

the tendency of people to overestimate the number of people who agree with them

154
Q

self-serving bias

A

the endency to take more credit for good outcomes than for bad ones

155
Q

just-world belief

A

misfortunes befall people who deserve them

156
Q

stereotypes

A

ideas about what members of different groups are like, and these expectations may influence the way we interact with members of these groups

157
Q

prejudice

A

an undeserved, usually negative, attitude toward a group of peoplecompare: discrimination

158
Q

discrimination

A

unfair treatment of a person or group on the basis of prejudicecompare: prejudice

159
Q

in-group

A

people of their own group, seen as more diverse than people of out-groups

160
Q

out-group

A

people of other groups, seen as more homogeneous than people of in-groups

161
Q

in-group bias

A

people have a preference for members of their own group

162
Q

contact theory

A

contact between hostile groups will reduce animosity, but only if the groups are made to work toward a goal that benefits all and necessitates the participation of all (superordinate goal)

163
Q

superordinate goal

A

a goal that benefits all and necessitates the participation of all

164
Q

SSherif’s camp study

A

Robbers Cave studydivided the campers into two groups and had them compete –> disliked each otherhad the two groups work together –> improved relations

165
Q

instrumental aggression

A

aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain

166
Q

hostile aggression

A

aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain

167
Q

frustration-aggression hypothesis

A

the feeling of frestration makes aggression more likely

168
Q

Bandura, Ross, and Ross’s experiment

A

Bobo doll experimentaggressive models lead to aggressive children

169
Q

prosocial behavior

A

behavior in which you help others

170
Q

bystander intervention

A

the act of helping strangers in an emergency situation

171
Q

diffusion of responsibility

A

reduction in sense of responsibility often felt by individuals in a group; may be responsible for the bystander effect

172
Q

pluralistic ignorance

A

“no one believes, but everyone thinks that everyone believes”

173
Q

similarity, proximity and reciprocal liking

A

the three factors

AP Psych (6 decks)

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