Cumulative

Question 1

Erikson’s main theory

Answer 1

a psychoanalytic theory in which eight stages of psychosocial development unfold throughout the human life span. Each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be faced

Question 2

Piaget’s main theory

Answer 2

theory that children construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development

Question 3

Vygotsky’s theory

Answer 3

a sociocultural cognitive theory that emphasizes how culture and social interaction guide cognitive development

Question 4

social cognitive theory

Answer 4

theories holding that development can be described in terms of the behaviors learned through interactions with the environment

Question 5

information-processing theory

Answer 5

a theory that emphasizes that individuals manipulate information monitor it, and strategize about it. The processes of memory and thinking are central

Question 6

ethological theory

Answer 6

an approach that stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, ties to evolution, and characterized by critical or sensitive periods

Question 7

ecological theory

Answer 7

Bronfenbrenner’s environmental systems theory, which focuses on five environmental systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem

Question 8

nature/nurture developmental issue

Answer 8

the debate about the extent to which development is influenced by nature and by nurture. Nature refers to an organism’s biological inheritance, nurture to its environmental experiences

Question 9

stability/change developmental issue

Answer 9

the debate about the degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or change

Question 10

discontinuity/continuity developmental issue

Answer 10

the debate about the extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative change (continuity) or distinct stages (discontinuity)

Question 11

physical development

Answer 11

changes in an individual’s physical/biological nature

Question 12

cognitive development

Answer 12

changes in an individual’s thought, intelligence, and language

Question 13

socioemotional development

Answer 13

changes in an individual’s relationships with other people, emotions, and personality

Question 14

cephalocaudal pattern of growth

Answer 14

the sequence in which the earliest growth always occurs at the top - the head - with physical growth in size, weight, and feature differentiation gradually working from top to bottom

Question 15

proximodistal pattern of growth

Answer 15

the sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities

Question 16

temperament

Answer 16

an individual’s behavioral style and characteristic way of responding emotionally

Question 17

attachment

Answer 17

a close emotional bond between two people

Question 18

identity

Answer 18

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Question 19

naturalistic observation

Answer 19

observation that occurs in a real-world setting without any attempt to manipulate the situation

Question 20

experiment

Answer 20

a carefully regulated procedure in which one or more of the factors believed to influence the behavior being studied is manipulated and all other factors are held constant. Experimental research permits the determination of cause

Question 21

correlational research

Answer 21

a type of research that focuses on describing the strength of the relation between two or more events or characteristics

Question 22

case study

Answer 22

an in-depth examination of an individual

Question 23

longitudinal approach

Answer 23

a research strategy in which the same individuals are studied over a period of time, usually several years or more

Question 24

cross section approach

Answer 24

a research strategy in which individuals of different ages are compared at one time