Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle and Late Childhood

Question 1

learning disability

Answer 1

child who has difficulty understanding or using spoken or written language or doing mathematics. To be classified as a learning disability, the problem is not primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities; intellectual disability; emotional disorders; or due to environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage

Question 2

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Answer 2

a disability in which children consistently show one or more of the following characteristics (1) inattention, (2) hyperactivity, and (3) impulsivity

Question 3

autism spectrum disorders (ASD)

Answer 3

aka pervasive development disorders, they range from the severe disorder labeled autistic disorder to the milder disorder called Asperger syndrome. These disorders are characterized by problems in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, and repetitive behaviors

Question 4

autistic disorder

Answer 4

severe developmental autism spectrum disorder that has its onset in the first three years of life and includes deficiencies in social relationships; abnormalities in communication; and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior

Question 5

Piaget’s concrete operational stage

Answer 5

lasts from 7-11 yrs old. Children can perform concrete operations, and they can reason logically as long as reasoning can be applied to specific or concrete examples

Question 6

long-term memory

Answer 6

a relatively permanent type of memory that holds huge amounts of information for a long period of time

Question 7

critical thinking

Answer 7

thinking reflectively and productively, as well as evaluating the evidence

Question 8

creative thinking

Answer 8

ability to think in novel or unusual ways and to come up with unique solutions to problems

Question 9

convergent thinking

Answer 9

type of thinking that produces one correct answer and is typically assessed by standardized intelligence tests

Question 10

divergent thinking

Answer 10

thinking that produces many answers to the same question and is characteristic of creativity

Question 11

metacognition

Answer 11

cognition about cognition, or knowing about knowing

Question 12

intelligence

Answer 12

problem-solving skills and the ability to learn from, and adapt to, the experiences of everyday life

Question 13

mental age (MA)

Answer 13

Binet’s measure of an individual’s level of mental development, compared with that of others

Question 14

intelligence quotient (IQ)

Answer 14

a person’s mental age divided by chronological age x 100

Question 15

triarchic theory of intelligence

Answer 15

Sternberg’s theory that intelligence consists of analytical, creative, and practical intelligences

Question 16

Gardner’s multiple intelligences

Answer 16

8 types of intelligences/”frames of mind”; verbal, mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist

Question 17

culture fair tests

Answer 17

tests of intelligence that are designed to be free of cultural bias

Question 18

intellectual disability

Answer 18

a condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has a low IQ, usually below 70 on a traditional test of intelligence, and has difficulty adapting to everyday life

Question 19

mental retardation

Answer 19

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Question 20

organic intellectual disability/retardation

Answer 20

intellectual disability that involves some physical damage and is caused by a genetic disorder or brain damage

Question 21

cultural familial intellectual disability/retardation

Answer 21

intellectual disability characterized by no evidence of organic brain damage, but the individual’s IQ generally is between 50-70

Question 22

gifted

Answer 22

having above-average intelligence (130+) and/or superior talent for something

Question 23

whole language approach

Answer 23

approach to reading instruction based on the idea that instruction should parallel children’s natural language learning. Reading materials should be whole and meaningful

Question 24

phonics approach to reading

Answer 24

reading instruction should teach the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds