Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle and Late Childhood Flashcards
learning disability
child who has difficulty understanding or using spoken or written language or doing mathematics. To be classified as a learning disability, the problem is not primarily the result of visual, hearing, or motor disabilities; intellectual disability; emotional disorders; or due to environmental, cultural, or economic disadvantage
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
a disability in which children consistently show one or more of the following characteristics (1) inattention, (2) hyperactivity, and (3) impulsivity
autism spectrum disorders (ASD)
aka pervasive development disorders, they range from the severe disorder labeled autistic disorder to the milder disorder called Asperger syndrome. These disorders are characterized by problems in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication, and repetitive behaviors
autistic disorder
severe developmental autism spectrum disorder that has its onset in the first three years of life and includes deficiencies in social relationships; abnormalities in communication; and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior
Piaget’s concrete operational stage
lasts from 7-11 yrs old. Children can perform concrete operations, and they can reason logically as long as reasoning can be applied to specific or concrete examples
long-term memory
a relatively permanent type of memory that holds huge amounts of information for a long period of time
critical thinking
thinking reflectively and productively, as well as evaluating the evidence
creative thinking
ability to think in novel or unusual ways and to come up with unique solutions to problems
convergent thinking
type of thinking that produces one correct answer and is typically assessed by standardized intelligence tests
divergent thinking
thinking that produces many answers to the same question and is characteristic of creativity
metacognition
cognition about cognition, or knowing about knowing
intelligence
problem-solving skills and the ability to learn from, and adapt to, the experiences of everyday life
mental age (MA)
Binet’s measure of an individual’s level of mental development, compared with that of others
intelligence quotient (IQ)
a person’s mental age divided by chronological age x 100
triarchic theory of intelligence
Sternberg’s theory that intelligence consists of analytical, creative, and practical intelligences
Gardner’s multiple intelligences
8 types of intelligences/”frames of mind”; verbal, mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist
culture fair tests
tests of intelligence that are designed to be free of cultural bias
intellectual disability
a condition of limited mental ability in which an individual has a low IQ, usually below 70 on a traditional test of intelligence, and has difficulty adapting to everyday life
mental retardation
?
organic intellectual disability/retardation
intellectual disability that involves some physical damage and is caused by a genetic disorder or brain damage
cultural familial intellectual disability/retardation
intellectual disability characterized by no evidence of organic brain damage, but the individual’s IQ generally is between 50-70
gifted
having above-average intelligence (130+) and/or superior talent for something
whole language approach
approach to reading instruction based on the idea that instruction should parallel children’s natural language learning. Reading materials should be whole and meaningful
phonics approach to reading
reading instruction should teach the basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds
