Chapter 4: Socioemotional Development in Infancy

Question 1

emotion

Answer 1

feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or interaction that is important to them. Emotion is characterized by behavior that reflects (expresses) the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the state a person is in or the transactions being experienced

Question 2

basic cry

Answer 2

a rhythmic pattern usually consisting of a cry, a briefer silence, a shorter inspiratory whistle that is high pitched than the main cry, and then a brief rest before the next cry

Question 3

anger cry

Answer 3

a cry similar to the basic cry, with more excess air forced through the vocal cords

Question 4

pain cry

Answer 4

a sudden outburst of loud crying without preliminary moaning, followed by breath holding

Question 5

reflexive smile

Answer 5

a smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli and appears during the first month after birth, usually during sleep

Question 6

social smile

Answer 6

a smile in response to an external stimulus, which, early in development, typically is a face

Question 7

social referencing

Answer 7

“reading” emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation

Question 8

temperament

Answer 8

individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding

Question 9

easy child

Answer 9

a child who is generally in a positive mood, who quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and who adapts easily to new experiences

Question 10

difficult child

Answer 10

a child who tends to react negatively and cry frequently, who engages in irregular daily routines, and who is slow to accept new experience

Question 11

slow-to-warm-up-child

Answer 11

a child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood

Question 12

goodness of fit

Answer 12

the match between a child’s temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope

Question 13

trust vs. mistrust

Answer 13

Erikson’s first stage of socioemotional development where infant learn trust when they are cared for in a consistently nurturant manner. If the infant is not well fed and kept warm on a consistent basis, a sense of mistrust is likely to develop

Question 14

attachment

Answer 14

a close emotional bond between two people

Question 15

strange situation

Answer 15

Ainsworth’s observational measure of infant attachment that requires the infant to move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order

Question 16

securely attached babies

Answer 16

babies that use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore their environment

Question 17

insecure avoidant babies

Answer 17

babies that show insecurity by avoiding their mothers

Question 18

insecure resistant babies

Answer 18

babies that often cling to the caregiver, then resist her by fighting against the closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away

Question 19

insecure disorganized babies

Answer 19

babies that show insecurity by being disorganized and disoriented

Question 20

stranger anxiety

Answer 20

an infant’s fear and wariness of strangers that typically appears in the second half of the first year of life

Question 21

separation protest

Answer 21

an infant’s distressed crying when the caregiver leaves

Question 22

developmental cascade model

Answer 22

involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes

Question 23

reciprocal socialization

Answer 23

socialization that is bidirectional, meaning that children socialize parents just as parents socialize children

Question 24

scaffolding

Answer 24

process in which parents time interactions so that infants experience turn-taking with their parents