Chapter 4: Socioemotional Development in Infancy Flashcards
emotion
feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or interaction that is important to them. Emotion is characterized by behavior that reflects (expresses) the pleasantness or unpleasantness of the state a person is in or the transactions being experienced
basic cry
a rhythmic pattern usually consisting of a cry, a briefer silence, a shorter inspiratory whistle that is high pitched than the main cry, and then a brief rest before the next cry
anger cry
a cry similar to the basic cry, with more excess air forced through the vocal cords
pain cry
a sudden outburst of loud crying without preliminary moaning, followed by breath holding
reflexive smile
a smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli and appears during the first month after birth, usually during sleep
social smile
a smile in response to an external stimulus, which, early in development, typically is a face
social referencing
“reading” emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation
temperament
individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of responding
easy child
a child who is generally in a positive mood, who quickly establishes regular routines in infancy, and who adapts easily to new experiences
difficult child
a child who tends to react negatively and cry frequently, who engages in irregular daily routines, and who is slow to accept new experience
slow-to-warm-up-child
a child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative, and displays a low intensity of mood
goodness of fit
the match between a child’s temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope
trust vs. mistrust
Erikson’s first stage of socioemotional development where infant learn trust when they are cared for in a consistently nurturant manner. If the infant is not well fed and kept warm on a consistent basis, a sense of mistrust is likely to develop
attachment
a close emotional bond between two people
strange situation
Ainsworth’s observational measure of infant attachment that requires the infant to move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver and an adult stranger in a prescribed order
securely attached babies
babies that use the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore their environment
insecure avoidant babies
babies that show insecurity by avoiding their mothers
insecure resistant babies
babies that often cling to the caregiver, then resist her by fighting against the closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away
insecure disorganized babies
babies that show insecurity by being disorganized and disoriented
stranger anxiety
an infant’s fear and wariness of strangers that typically appears in the second half of the first year of life
separation protest
an infant’s distressed crying when the caregiver leaves
developmental cascade model
involves connections across domains over time that influence developmental pathways and outcomes
reciprocal socialization
socialization that is bidirectional, meaning that children socialize parents just as parents socialize children
scaffolding
process in which parents time interactions so that infants experience turn-taking with their parents
