Chapter 8: Socioemotional Development in Middle and Late Childhood

Question 1

Erikson’s industry vs. inferiority

Answer 1

4th stage that appears during middle and late childhood. Children direct their energy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual skills. Negative outcome is that the child may develop a sense of inferiority – feeling incompetent and unproductive. Industry refers to children becoming interested in how things are made and how they work

Question 2

perspective taking

Answer 2

social cognitive process involved in assuming the perspective of others and understanding their thoughts and feelings

Question 3

self-esteem

Answer 3

the global evaluative dimensions of the self; also known as self-worth or self-image

Question 4

self-concept

Answer 4

domain specific evaluations of the self

Question 5

self-efficacy

Answer 5

belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes

Question 6

Kolberg’s stages of moral development

Answer 6

1. preconventional level 2. conventional level 3. postconventional level

Question 7

preconventional level

Answer 7

moral reasoning controlled by external rewards and punishments

Question 8

conventional level

Answer 8

individuals abide by certain standards, but they are standards of others, such as parents or laws of society

Question 9

postconventional level

Answer 9

individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then decides on a personal moral code

Question 10

justice perspective

Answer 10

moral perspective that focuses on the rights of the individual; individuals independently make moral decisions

Question 11

care perspective

Answer 11

moral perspective of Carol Gilligan, which views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others

Question 12

gender sterotypes

Answer 12

broad categories that reflect our impressions and beliefs about females and males

Question 13

androgyny

Answer 13

presence of positive masculine and feminine characteristics in the same individual

Question 14

popular children

Answer 14

frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers

Question 15

neglected children

Answer 15

infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers

Question 16

controversial children

Answer 16

frequently nominated both as someone’s best friend and as being disliked

Question 17

rejected children

Answer 17

infrequently nominated as a best friend and are actively disliked by their peers

Question 18

constructivist approach

Answer 18

learner-centered approach that emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher

Question 19

direct instruction approach

Answer 19

structured, teacher-centered approach that is characterized by teacher direction and control, high teacher expectations for students’ progress, maximum time spent by students on learning tasks, and efforts by the teacher to keep negative affect to a minimum

Question 20

mindset

Answer 20

cognitive view that individuals develop for themselves