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Culture Final Flashcards

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1
Q

A researcher determines the amount of sugar in each childs diet by interviewing the childrens parents. Then the researcher watches the children on a playground to obtain measurements of their level of activity. The researcher hopes to demonstrate that sugar intake is related to activity level. This researcher is using which of the following designs?

A

correlational research strategy.

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2
Q
  1. Which is a major challenge specific to longitudinal studies?
    a)Loss of research control
    b)Deterioration of participants` health
    c)Inferential challenges
    d)Attrition
A

d)Attrition

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3
Q
  1. there are several alternative strategies for controlling confounding participant characteristics. Which method is most effective?
    a. Using a homogeneous sample
    b. Statistically controlling confounders
    c. Matching subjects on confounding variables
    d. Randomizing participants to conditions
A

d. Randomizing participants to conditions

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4
Q
  1. The placebo effect occurs when participants receiving a placebo report therapeutic results:
A

true

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5
Q
  1. a sample of both users and nonusers of electronic cigarettes was followed over a 10 year period to assess whether there were any long term adverse effects. What type of design was this?
    A.Time series
    B.Case control
    C.Prospective
    D.Crossover
A

C.Prospective

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6
Q
  1. Dicenso et al. (2009) note that the advantages of a synopsis of a single study over a single study are which of the following:
A

3 fold

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7
Q
  1. what statement is true?
    A) Random assignment is accomplished with random sampling.
    B) Grouping participants with similar features together is the best way to achieve
    random assignment.
    C) The assignment of participants to different conditions at random is a signature of
    a true experiment.
    D) Recruiting participants from different neighborhoods results in random
    Assignment.
A

C) The assignment of participants to different conditions at random is a signature of
a true experiment.

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8
Q
  1. Which statement is true?
    A) A crossover design allows participants to choose the intervention they will
    receive.
    B) A crossover design is useful for eliminating crossover effects.
    C) A crossover design is not a true experimental design.
    D) A crossover design achieves the highest possible equivalence among participants
    exposed to different conditions.
A

D) A crossover design achieves the highest possible equivalence among participants
exposed to different conditions.

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9
Q
  1. Which statement is true?
    A) RCTs are in the middle of most evidence hierarchies for Therapy questions.
    B) RCTs are more susceptible to confounding variables than quasi-experiments.
    C) Many variables of interest to nurse researchers cannot be experimentally
    manipulated.
    D) RCTs are the most often used design for studying the effect of cigarette smoking
    on lung cancer.
A

C) Many variables of interest to nurse researchers cannot be experimentally
manipulated.

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10
Q
  1. Which of the following statements is true?
    A) A signature of quasi-experiments is that they involve randomization.
    B) Quasi-experiments sometimes²but not always²involve an intervention.
    C) A hallmark of quasi-experiments is that they involve a comparison group.
    D) In a nonequivalent control group design, it cannot be assumed that any groups
    being compared are equivalent at the outset.
A

D) In a nonequivalent control group design, it cannot be assumed that any groups
being compared are equivalent at the outset.

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11
Q
  1. which is a key criterion for making a causal inference about the relationship between two variables?
    A) The absence of ambiguity about how outcomes will be measured
    B) The absence of ambiguity about which variable occurred first
    C) The ability to randomly assign study participants to groups
    D) The ability to blind study participants and research staff
A

B) The absence of ambiguity about which variable occurred first

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12
Q
  1. The research design for a quantitative study involves decisions with regard to all except:
    A) Which conceptual framework to use
    B) Whether there will be an intervention
    C) What types of comparisons will be made
    D) How many times data will be collected
A

A) Which conceptual framework to use

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13
Q
  1. in a true experimental design what does the researcher manipulate?
A

independent variable

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14
Q
  1. an important function of a research design in a quantitative study is to exert control over which variables?
    A. Mediating variables
    B. Confounding variables
    C. Carryover variables
    D. Outcome variables
A

B. Confounding variables

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15
Q
  1. in quantitative studies what is a key criterion for evaluating sample quality?
A

How representativeness the sample is of the population

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16
Q
  1. a nurse researcher recruits study participants by placing a recruitment poster at the entrance to a neurology clinic. What type of sampling did the researcher use?
    a) Purposive Sampling
    b) Quota Sampling
    c) Stratified Sampling
    d) Convenience Sampling
A

d) Convenience Sampling

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17
Q
  1. A researcher is studying the relationship between stress and diet among college students. The researcher recruits students by sending out an email blast, and then includes in the sample the first 100 male and 100 female students who volunteer to participate. What type of sampling did the researcher use?
    a) Snowball Sampling
    b) Stratified Sampling
    c) Quota Sampling
    d) Convenience Sampling
A

c) Quota Sampling

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18
Q
  1. a researcher was studying nurses attitudes toward evidence based practice and sent a questionnaire to a sample of nurses on a membership roster of a professional organization, using probability methods to select the members. What type of sampling did the researcher use?
    a) Systematic Sampling
    b) Simple Random Sampling
    c) Cluster Sampling
    d) Stratified Random Sampling
A

b) Simple Random Sampling

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19
Q
  1. what procedure do researchers use to estimate how large a sample they need?
    A. Randomization
    B. Screening
    C. stratification
    D. Power analysis
A

D. Power analysis

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20
Q
  1. which data collection method is the most widely used by nurse researchers?
    A) Records
    B) Self-reports
    C) Observation
    D) Biophysiologic measures
A

B) self-reports

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21
Q
  1. why are interviews preferable to questionnaires for collecting research data?
A

The quality of the data tends to be higher

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22
Q
  1. a questionnaire included “during my hospital stay, staff were respectful of my needs as an individuals”. Participants were asking to indicate on a five point scale the design to which they agreed or disagreed with the statement. This question represents:
A

An item on a Likert scale

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23
Q
  1. which Is an advantage of observation as a method of data collection in a study?
    A.Subjects may be anxious because they are being observed.
    B.Respondents can remain anonymous.
    C.It is less time consuming than a questionnaire.
    D.It directly captures an event and behaviors.
A

D.It directly captures an event and behaviors.

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24
Q
  1. which occurs in an assessment of test-retest reliability?
    a) a measure is administered to the same people on two occasions
    b) Alternative versions of an instrument are administered to the same people
    c) Two different raters simultaneously use the same instrument to measure people
    d) A measure is administered once to a sample of people
A

a) a measure is administered to the same people on two occasions

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25
Q
  1. which statement about qualitative design is true?
    a) Qualitative design benefits from having researchers who are intensely involved and reflexive.
    b) Qualitative researchers strive to achieve constancy of conditions in terms of research settings.
    c) The goal of many qualitative designs is to permit causal inferences.
    d) Most qualitative designs involve an explicit, preplanned comparison
A

a) Qualitative design benefits from having researchers who are intensely involved and reflexive.

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26
Q
  1. Which technique do ethnographers use in studying a culture?
    a) Constant comparison
    b) Participant observation
    c) Hermeneutics
    d) Bracketing
A

b) Participant observation

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27
Q
  1. In phenomenological studies, researchers strive to ensure that their own preconceived beliefs and opinions do not influence the emerging data, using which strategy?
    a) Constant comparison
    b) Participant observation
    c) Hermeneutics
    d) bracketing
A

d) bracketing

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28
Q
  1. Which qualitative tradition focuses on the manner in which people make sense of and resolve problems that arise within social contexts?
    a) Phenomenology
    b) Grounded theory
    c) Ethnography
    d) Narrative analysis
A

b) Grounded theory

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29
Q
  1. Which best describes a typical sample in qualitative studies?
    a) Large and randomly selected
    b) Small and randomly selected
    c) Large and selected not at random
    d) Small and selected not at random
A

d) ) Small and selected not at random

30
Q
  1. Which is true regarding both quantitative and qualitative research?
    a) Both involve the development of eligibility criteria before recruiting study participants
    b) Both involve the use of random samples whenever possible
    c) Both rely on power analysis to estimate sample size needs
    d) Generalizability is a major quality criterion in both types of research.
A

a) Both involve the development of eligibility criteria before recruiting study participants

31
Q
  1. Which is a potential drawback of convenience sampling in qualitative research?
    a) Convenience sampling is too expensive.
    b) Convenience sampling may not yield the most information-rich sources.
    c) Convenience sampling is only useful at the end of the sampling process.
    d) Convenience sampling is inefficient.
A

b) Convenience sampling may not yield the most information-rich sources.

32
Q
  1. Which statement about sampling is true?
    a) Qualitative researchers do not need to be as concerned as quantitative researchers about the quality of their samples.
    b) Convenience sampling is used by both quantitative and qualitative researchers.
    c) Quantitative researchers establish eligibility criteria, but qualitative researchers do not.
    d) Another name for snowball sampling is volunteer sampling.
A

b) Convenience sampling is used by both quantitative and qualitative researchers.

33
Q
  1. Which qualitative research tradition relies on theoretical sampling?
    a) Ethnography
    b) Descriptive phenomenology
    c) Interpretive phenomenology
    d) Grounded theory
A

d) Grounded theory

34
Q
  1. Why do qualitative nurse researchers use theoretical sampling?
A

To select participants who will help to develop the emerging conceptualization

35
Q
  1. What is data saturation?
A

Point of research where enough data has been collected to draw conclusions, and further collection doesnt hold value

36
Q
  1. Studies that consist of individuals compared at different time points or under different conditions is referred to as which of the following?
A

Longitudinal

37
Q
  1. What is the most frequently occurring score in a distribution called?
A

Mode

38
Q
  1. Consider the following hypothesis: the amount of daily daylight is unrelated to levels of depression in older adults. What type of hypothesis is this?
    a) Nonsignificant hypothesis
    b) Null
    c) Research hypothesis
    d) Alternative hypothesis
A

b) Null

39
Q
  1. What represents the highest level of the 6S model?
A

Systems

40
Q
  1. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) removes the effect of what type of variable before testing whether mean group differences on the outcomes are statistically significant?
    A)Independent
    B)Mediating
    C)Confounding
    D)Dichotomous
A

C)Confounding

41
Q
  1. A nurse researcher develops a scale to measure preparedness for caregiving among family members of palliative care patients. A panel of experts is recruited to assess the relevance of the items and the results indicated a CVI of .91. what type of validity is being assessed?
A

Content validity

42
Q
  1. An instruments ability to correctly identify a case is its:
    a) Specificity
    b) Sensitivity
    c) Area under the curve
    d) Predictive value
A

b) Sensitivity

43
Q
  1. Which is a significant challenge in qualitative analysis?
    A) Mastering the standard procedures for analysing qualitative data
    B) Lack of narrative materials to analyse
    C) Reducing data for reporting purposes
    D) Deducing particulars from a universal
A

C) Reducing data for reporting purposes

44
Q
  1. Which statement about coding qualitative data is true?
    a) Coding schemes typically have major thematic categories and subcategories.
    b) Once a coding scheme is developed, the coding itself is straightforward.
    c) Each paragraph in a transcribed interview is assigned a single code.
    d) Once a coding scheme has been developed, it is important not to change it.
A

a) Coding schemes typically have major thematic categories and subcategories.

45
Q
  1. In an ethnographic analysis, what term is used for units of cultural knowledge?
    A. Domains
    B. Taxonomies
    C. Components
    D. Themes
A

A. Domains

46
Q
  1. Descriptive phenomenology most fundamentally involves a search for:
    A) A core category from open coding
    B) Intersubjective agreement among judges
    C) Thematic descriptions from artistic sources
    D) Common patterns shared by particular instances
A

D) Common patterns shared by particular instances

47
Q
  1. Which of the following is the best example of research with an ideological perspective?
    A) Critical ethnography
    B) Symbolic interaction
    C) Participatory action research
    D) Feminist research
A

A) Critical ethnography
C) Participatory action research
D) Feminist research

48
Q
  1. A researcher conducted a phenomenological study about the experience of losing one’s eyesight to macular degeneration and used one of Van Manen’s analytic approaches. The researcher pulled out significant statements from interview transcripts that seemed essential to the participants experience. Which approach did the researcher use?
A

Selective

49
Q
  1. Which statement about qualitative content analysis is true?
    A) qualitative analysis is less time-consuming than quantitative analysis
    B) there are no universally adopted rules for analyzing qualitative
    C) qualitative results can be summarized in tables
A

B) there are no universally adopted rules for analyzing

50
Q
  1. Which is not an activity involved in qualitative analysis?
    A) Breaking down data into smaller units
    B) Coding and naming units according to the content they represent
    C) Collecting information on participants
    D) Grouping coded material based on shared concepts
A

C) Collecting information on participants

51
Q
  1. When searching for a clinical practice guideline (CPG) it is helpful to create a question in the PICO format. What does PICO stand for?
A

Patient/population, intervention, comparison, outcomes

52
Q
  1. Select true or false: Randomized controlled trial is the best design for studies on effectiveness of a new treatment for diverticulitis:
A

true

53
Q
  1. A systematic literature review is which of the following:
    A. one which generates a literature review using a treasure hunt system.
    B. a replicable, scientific, and transparent process.
    C. one which gives equal attention to the principal contributors to the area.
    D. a manufactured system for generating literature reviews tailored to your subject.
A

B. a replicable, scientific, and transparent process.

54
Q
  1. Research questions often stem from the nurse researchers interest in a subject. True or false?
A

true

55
Q
  1. Which is an example of a primary source in a literature review?
    a. A video recorded interview of a nurse researcher
    b. A critique of a nursing research study
    c. An edited textbook on nursing research
    d. A review of theoretical frameworks used in nursing research
A

a. A video recorded interview of a nurse researcher

56
Q
  1. Which of the following examples of clinical decision support systems (CDSS)?
    a) A system used to schedule client visits for follow up care after extensive abdominal surgery
    b) A system used to register clients who are admitted to an acute health care facility for surgery
    c) A system used by emergency room administration to bill clients once their diagnoses are verified
    d) A system used by physicians to provide suggestions for diagnostic tests according to selected admitting diagnoses
A

d) A system used by physicians to provide suggestions for diagnostic tests according to selected admitting diagnoses

57
Q
  1. According to Dicenso et al (2009), which of the following is one of the advantages of a synopsis of a study over a single study?
    ● the assurance that the study is of sufficiently high quality and clinical relevance to merit abstraction,
    ● the conciseness of the summary, and
    ● the added value of the commentary provided by the authors
A

● the assurance that the study is of sufficiently high quality and clinical relevance to merit abstraction,
● the conciseness of the summary, and
● the added value of the commentary provided by the authors

58
Q
  1. The nurse is caring for a client who has a condition that is not responding to standard interventions. How could accessing the clinical decision support system help with this clients care?
    A) Provides evidence-based recommendations for care
    B) Decreases the need to use critical thinking skills
    C) Tells the nurse what the next step should be
    D) Supports the nurse’s “gut” instinct when providing care
A

A) Provides evidence-based recommendations for care

59
Q
  1. Which best describes how the use of a clinical decision support system can help the nurse plan care for a client with a particular condition?
    A) It can help the nurse find out what was done on the previous admission.
    B) It can help the nurse identify evidence-based guidelines for this client’s condition.
    C) It can help the nurse use standardized nursing language during documentation.
    D) It can help the nurse search the internet for information about surgical procedures.
A

B) It can help the nurse identify evidence-based guidelines for this client’s condition.

60
Q
  1. The nurse on the hospital research committee is assigned the task of compiling information related to the therapeutic and side effects of a specific drug. Which best describes how the nurse can use informatics to gain information about this topic?
    A. Query electronic health records (EHRs) to determine client responses to the drug.
    B. Email other research committees to find out what they know about the drug.
    C. Search for articles about the drug in the hospital’s library.
    D. Look up the drug facts in the latest pharmacology textbook.
A

A. Query electronic health records (EHRs) to determine client responses to the drug.

61
Q
  1. Which of the following types of studies has a treatment and a control group?
A

Randomized controlled trial

62
Q
  1. Which of the following are domains of the Agree II framework?
A

Scope and purpose, stakeholder involvement, rigour of development, clarity of presentation, applicability, and editorial independence

63
Q
  1. Which of the following type of study has the potential for the highest level of bias?
A

Qualitative?

64
Q
  1. using pre-appraised research (synopsis and synthesis) decreases barriers for nursing and other healthcare professionals to use EBP. True or false?
A

True

65
Q
  1. The implementation of order sets within HER systems decrease the efficiency of patient care delivery. True or false?
A

False

66
Q
  1. Ham and associates (2017) published a study entitled “The influence of social structure on cancer pain and quality of life”. The stated purpose is “… to examine the differences in cancer pain and quality of life given socioeconomic variables (household income, education level, race/ethnicity, and access to health care)” which of the following is correct?
A

When developing interventions, nurses should consider the influence of socioeconomic variables on pain and quality of life while considering possible moderating factors such as education.

67
Q
  1. which of the following provides the highest level of evidence?
    A Case Control Study
    B Cohort Study
    C Systematic Review of RCTs
    D Randomized Controlled Trial
    E Case Report
A

C Systematic Review of RCTs

68
Q
  1. which of the following is an experimental methodology in which groups of individuals are [made] unaware of which treatment the participants are assigned to
A

Triple Blinding

69
Q
  1. all of the following are examples of the benefits and goals of clinical decision support systems except?
A

high cost of maintaining the CDSS with up-to-date medical research, clinicall pathways, guidelines, medication costs, and so forth
potential overreliance on computer technology
perception by healthcare providers as a threat to clinical knowledge and skills
harmful outcomes if software is not thoroughly and continuosly updated

70
Q
  1. the purposes of the AGREE II instrument include assessing the quality of guidelines, providing a methodological strategy for the development of guidelines, and informing what information and how information should be reported In guidelines. True or false?
A

true

71
Q
  1. A research group at a university is conducting a study in conjunction with a pharmaceutical company to test a new anti-hypertension drug that is at the final human testing stage before being available for widespread use. The researchers are using an RCT design for their study.the control group will be given a pill that looks identical to the treatment received by the treatment group, except that it contains no active ingredients: the group group is receiving which of the following?
A

Placebo

72
Q
  1. Which of the following statements is true?
    A) Narrative materials tend to be linear, which simplifies the coding process.
    B) Qualitative researchers typically develop a category scheme before they collect their data.
    C) CAQDAS is available for coding, organizing, and retrieving qualitative data.
    D) Content analysis is the analytic method used in phenomenologic studies.
A

C) CAQDAS is available for coding, organizing, and retrieving qualitative data.

Bio Midterm (20 decks)

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