Chapter 4: From Cells to Organ Systems

Question 1

A group of cells that are similar in structure and work together to perform a common function are referred to as a(n)
A) organ system.
B) tissue.
C) organ.
D) community.
E) organism.

Answer 1

B) tissue

Question 2

The tissue lining the mouth, organs of the digestive system, and inner surfaces of the lungs is classified as
A) connective.
B) epithelial.
C) nervous.
D) muscle.
E) connective and nervous.

Answer 2

B) epithelial

Question 3

Which one of the following types of junctions in an epithelium allows the tissue to stretch and bend, as in the epithelium of the skin?
A) tight junction
B) adhesion junction
C) glandular junction
D) stratified junction
E) gap junction

Answer 3

B) adhesion junction

Question 4

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding endocrine glands?
A) As the body matures, endocrine glands develop from specialized exocrine glands.
B) Endocrine glands empty their products into a duct.
C) Examples of endocrine glands include sweat glands and salivary glands.
D) Endocrine glands are connective tissues that are specialized to produce and secrete a product.
E) Endocrine glands produce and secrete hormones.

Answer 4

E) Endocrine glands produce and secrete hormones.

Question 5

Which one of the following is characteristic of an exocrine gland but NOT of an endocrine gland?
A) produces hormones
B) can generate and transmit nerve impulses
C) releases its products into a duct
D) releases gland products into the blood
E) is composed entirely of connective tissue

Answer 5

C) releases its products into a duct

Question 6

Which one of the following is found directly beneath the cells of an epithelial tissue?
A) fibrous connective tissue
B) basement membrane
C) collagen and elastic fibers
D) bi or multipolar extensions
E) muscle tissue

Answer 6

B) basement membrane

Question 7

What kind of cells make up the basement membrane?
A) cuboidal epithelial cells
B) squamous epithelial cells
C) columnar epithelial cells
D) connective tissue cells
E) no cells, the basement membrane is an acellular structure, composed of protein

Answer 7

E) no cells, the basement membrane is an acellular structure, composed of protein

Question 8

8) A student in a histology class was asked to describe the structure of a stratified squamous epithelium. Which one of the following is the best description?
A) tissue composed of protein fibers in a ground substance and a few cells
B) tissue composed of one layer of flat cells located on a basement membrane
C) tissue composed of contracting protein fibers enclosed by plasma membranes
D) tissue composed of several layers of tall cells resting on a basement membrane
E) tissue composed of several layers of flat cells resting on a basement membrane

Answer 8

E) tissue composed of several layers of flat cells resting on a basement membrane

Question 9

In regions of the human body that must precisely control what enters or exits tissues, which one of the following is(are) present to ensure adjacent cells are packed close together?
A) basement membrane
B) adhesion junctions
C) collagen
D) tight junctions
E) gap junctions

Answer 9

D) tight junctions

Question 10

Goblet cells are critical to the movement of food in the body because they
A) secrete mucus in the digestive tract.
B) produce basement membrane for epithelial tissues.
C) synthesize cholesterol.
D) form gap junctions.
E) produce sodium-potassium pumps.

Answer 10

A) secrete mucus in the digestive tract.

Question 11

A student is describing the tissue that makes up the walls of the alveoli in the lungs. It appears that these walls are composed of flattened cells arranged in a single layer to facilitate gas exchange. Which one of the following terms best describes this tissue?
A) simple cuboidal
B) stratified squamous
C) simple squamous
D) simple columnar
E) stratified cuboidal

Answer 11

C) simple squamous

Question 12

All of the following are types of connective tissue EXCEPT which one?
A) bone
B) cartilage
C) blood
D) muscle
E) adipose

Answer 12

D) muscle

Question 13

A connective tissue differs from an epithelial tissue in that connective tissue
A) is composed of cells supported by a basement membrane.
B) can produce and secrete products into the bloodstream.
C) is composed of cells that can be described as squamous or cuboidal.
D) is composed primarily of a nonliving extracellular material, which is located between the cells.
E) is composed of cells interconnected by gap junctions or adhesion junctions

Answer 13

D) is composed primarily of a nonliving extracellular material, which is located between the cells.

Question 14

Which one of the following functions is associated with one type of connective tissue?
A) contraction
B) a membrane potential
C) absorption of digestive products
D) transport
E) secretion

Answer 14

D) transport

Question 15

In which one of the following locations would one expect to find cartilage?
A) between the skin and the underlying muscle
B) between the vertebrae
C) in a tendon
D) in the wall of a blood vessel
E) in adipose tissue

Answer 15

B) between the vertebrae

Question 16

Which one of the following wraps around, supports, and holds organs in proper position within the body?
A) loose areolar tissue
B) tendons
C) ligaments
D) cytoskeleton
E) reticular tissue

Answer 16

A) loose areolar tissue

Question 17

Which type of tissue is characteristic of ligaments and tendons?
A) loose connective tissue
B) dense connective tissue 
C) elastic connective tissue
D) reticular connective tissue
E) muscle tissue

Answer 17

B) dense connective tissue

Question 18

Which one of the following types of tissues surrounds hollow organs that change shape or size regularly?
A) loose connective tissue
B) dense connective tissue
C) elastic connective tissue
D) reticular connective tissue

Answer 18

C) elastic connective tissue

Question 19

All of the following are functions of cartilage EXCEPT which one?
A) mineral (calcium, phosphorus) storage
B) maintaining shape of body parts, such as nose and ears
C) protection and cushioning of joints
D) reduction of friction at joints
E) prebone models in the fetus that develop into bones

Answer 19

A) mineral (calcium, phosphorus) storage

Question 20

What general type of tissue is characterized by few cells, separated by a nonliving extracellular matrix?
A) epithelial tissue
B) connective tissue
C) muscle tissue
D) nervous tissue
E) organ tissue

Answer 20

B) connective tissue

Question 21

The type of muscle responsible for involuntary contractions of the stomach is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ muscle.
A) smooth
B) cardiac
C) intercalated
D) striated
E) skeletal

Answer 21

A) smooth

Question 22

Vasoconstriction is a term that refers to the contraction of muscle in the walls of the blood vessels, thus causing the diameter of the blood vessel to decrease. Which one of the following types of muscle would be involved in this contraction?
A) skeletal
B) smooth
C) cardiac
D) both cardiac and smooth
E) both skeletal and smooth

Answer 22

B) smooth

Question 23

Which type of tissue is able to contract?
A) epithelial
B) loose connective
C) dense connective
D) muscle
E) nervous

Answer 23

D) muscle

Question 24

Which one of the following tissues can respond to the environment by generating electrical signals?
A) dermis
B) nervous
C) muscle
D) epithelial
E) connective

Answer 24

B) nervous

Question 25

Which one of the following statements is TRUE regarding glial cells?
A) They are located in the matrix of cartilage.
B) They transmit nerve impulses from the brain to the internal organs.
C) They stimulate the contraction of cardiac muscle.
D) They support and protect neurons.
E) They produce blood plasma

Answer 25

D) They support and protect neurons.

Question 26

Which one of the following are structures in the body that are composed of two or more different tissue types joined together to perform a specific function?
A) tissues
B) organs
C) organ systems
D) junctions
E) body cavities

Answer 26

B) organs

Question 27

The abdominal cavity is separated from the thoracic cavity by the
A) stomach.
B) diaphragm.
C) liver.
D) heart.
E) lungs.

Answer 27

B) diaphragm.

Question 28

Which one of the following is a tissue membrane positioned in thin cavities between bones in movable joints?
A) synovial membrane
B) basement membrane
C) cutaneous membrane
D) mucous membrane
E) serous membrane

Answer 28

A) synovial membrane

Question 29

Which one of the following membranes lines the airways and digestive tract?
A) serous
B) cutaneous
C) membranous
D) synovial
E) mucous

Answer 29

E) mucous

Question 30

The wrist is located \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to the elbow.
A) superior
B) distal
C) proximal
D) anterior
E) inferior

Answer 30

B) distal

Question 31

Skin functions to
A) absorb sunlight to facilitate the synthesis of vitamin A.
B) initiate muscle contractions.
C) provide protection from dehydration.
D) synthesize components for bone tissue.
E) produce vitamin C.

Answer 31

C) provide protection from dehydration.

Question 32

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding skin?
A) Beneath the dermis is the basement membrane, which separates the dermis from the hypodermis.
B) Keratin is a protein in the cells of the epidermis that provides strength and waterproofing.
C) Melanocytes and keratinocytes are two skin cell types that are prevalent in the dermis.
D) The sebaceous glands and the sweat glands are two types of endocrine glands located in the dermis.
E) Melanocytes produce calcium, which strengthens the skin.

Answer 32

C) Melanocytes and keratinocytes are two skin cell types that are prevalent in the dermis.

Question 33

A fluid-filled blister develops when excessive rubbing of the skin causes the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to separate from each other.
A) tight junctions; gap junctions
B) epidermis; dermis
C) dermis; hypodermis
D) melanocytes; keratinocytes
E) epidermis; hypodermis

Answer 33

B) epidermis; dermis

Question 34

In a negative feedback system, which one of the following statements is TRUE?
A) A sensor detects a stimulus, which in turn amplifies the original disturbance.
B) Deviations from a desired condition are automatically detected and counteracted.
C) Homeostasis cannot be re-established until the effector is turned off.
D) The effector activates the sensor.
E) A sensor is not needed because the body anticipates the coming change.

Answer 34

B) Deviations from a desired condition are automatically detected and counteracted.

Question 35

Calcium levels in the body are maintained by hormones. If the blood calcium level rises above a set point, calcitonin is secreted by the thyroid gland and sets into motion responses to lower the blood calcium back to the set point. If the blood calcium level falls below a set point, the parathyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone that sets into motion responses to raise the blood calcium. These homeostatic responses are examples of
A) positive feedback.
B) effectors.
C) sensors.
D) negative feedback.

Answer 35

D) negative feedback.

Question 36

Positive feedback control occurs
A) during maintenance of proper body temperature.
B) when insulin and glucagon regulate blood glucose levels.
C) during the process of childbirth (labor).
D) to counter the effects of negative feedback.
E) in other animals but not in humans.

Answer 36

C) during the process of childbirth (labor).

Question 37

Each of these organ systems is involved in the homeostatic regulation of body temperature EXCEPT which one?
A) nervous system
B) integumentary system
C) circulatory system
D) muscular system
E) skeletal system

Answer 37

E) skeletal system