Culture & Ethnicity Flashcards
?
What a group of people have in common, but it changes over time
Includes the behaviors, arts, beliefs, values, customs, & life ways that get passed on from generation to generation
Consider this so we can provide ___-competent care to clients as nurses
Culture
culturally-
The United States is a multicultural society
Increasing # of immigrants coming in
A lot of people from South and Central Americas that try to immigrate over the southern border
US is on track to become a majority-minority nation by 2024
* Meaning that no single group is going to have the majority share of the total population
Bristol County, MA
White 80.2%
Asian 2.33%
Black/African American 4.72%
American Indian/Alaskan Native 0.26%
Foreign Born 23.1%
- Largest race living in poverty in Bristol County is whites at 41,000 followed by Hispanics at 14,000 people
Bristol County, MA cont’d
- Has highest incidence of smoking in MA
- 2nd highest incidence of obesity
- 3rd highest incidence of violent crimes
95% US citizens
3% uninsured
11.3% living in poverty (highest incidence among females 25-34 y.o.; 2nd/3rd rankings are females of middle adulthood age)
Ethnicity, Race, and Religion
?
Biological similarities
Is not an appearance-based finding
i. e. skin color, blood type, bone structure
- Can be a characteristic of an ethnic group; may have same biological similarities
- Can include white, black, American Indian, Alaskan Native, Asian, Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander
Race
?
System of beliefs
- Is typically about the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe
- Beliefs related to god/gods
i. e. India ⇒ Buddhist/Muslim/Hindu
Religion
?
Based on a client’s country of origin
May include race but is not the same thing as race
i.e. Mexican-American, Columbian-American, Asian-American
Ethnicity
?
Many cultures
Describes groups, not individuals
i.e. the United States
Multicultural
?
When an individual identifies with two cultures
i.e. mother (Jewish) and father (Roman Catholic)
Can experience divided loyalties
Bicultural
?
Occurs when immigrants assume the characteristics of the new culture
A person accepts the new and their own cultures and beliefs
Adopting elements from each
Acculturation
?
Is learning to become a member of a society or group
Learning rules, roles, behaviors
Socialization
?
Is when new members (emigrants) gradually learn and take on the values, beliefs, and behaviors of the dominant culture
i.e. learning to speak the dominant language
Assimilation
?
Is thinking that your group is superior to others
i.e. cultural, ethnic, social, professional groups
Ethnocentrism
?
The group with the most authority or power to control values
Usually (but not always) the largest group
i.e. the healthcare system
Dominant culture
?
Are groups within a larger culture that have characteristics different from the dominant culture
i.e. nursing group
Subcultures
?
Are individuals who share race, religion, or ethnic heritage
Fewer members than the dominant group
Term that can infer inferiority and marginalization
Minority group
?
Are groups that are more likely to develop health problems and experience poorer outcomes because of things such as limited access to care, high risk behaviors, and multiple/cumulative stressors
Impactful things include; homelessness, mental illness, disabilities, being a young child or older adult
* We must focus on the strengths and resources of those we take care of
Vulnerable populations
?
Is a set of behaviors that one follows
Practices
?
Are something one accepts as true
Beliefs
?
Are principles or standards that have meaning or worth to someone
Values
Values, Beliefs, and Practices
Don’t assume these; are individual to each person
?
Are the values, beliefs, and practices that are special or unique to a certain culture
Culture specifics
?
Are the values, beliefs, and practices that people from all cultures share
Culture universals
?
Is a symbol for remembering some of the culture specifics and is usually not negative
Archetype
?
Is an unsubstantiated belief that all people of a certain group are alike in many respects
Are often negative and can be inaccurate
Stereotype
How Do Culture Specifics Affect Health?
Communication
- Verbal or non-verbal; exchange of information, beliefs, and feelings
Space
- The personal space/distance that is kept between people/persons
Time Orientation
- Past, present, future-oriented
How Do Culture Specifics Affect Health? cont’d
Social Organization
- Patriarchy or matriarchy; the family unit and bigger organizations
Environmental Control
- i.e. stoicism in Asian cultures
Biological variations
- Genetic/physiological differences
- i.e. African Americans have a poorer response to certain categories of anti-hypertensive drugs than whites
?
Is the perception of the ability to plan activities to control nature or direct environmental factors
Environmental control
The Culture of Healthcare
2 dominant culture systems
- Indigenous
- Professional
Indigenous
- Folk medicine; traditional healing methods
Professional
- Run by those professionally educated and trained in their roles and responsibilities
Health Illness Beliefs
?
Supernatural forces dominate
?
Need for harmony and balance between one and nature
?
Dominant healthcare culture in the United States
Magico-religious (indigenous)
Holistic belief
Scientific/biomedical
?
Involve beliefs and practices that are followed when you are ill
Knowledge of treatments passed down generation to generation by oral or written tradition
i.e. room temperature ginger ale for a stomachache
Folk medicine
Nursing as a Subculture (of the healthcare culture)
* Nurses value autonomy, caring, use of the nursing process, knowledge, and critical thinking
A cultural assessment review is used to assess all remedies a client is using and to determine if any remedies pose a risk to their health
* Remember to respect and understand these practices
Culturally Competent Care
___ - is our appreciation of the external signs of diversity
___ - involves our personal attitudes
___ - exists on a continuum from incompetent to competent
Cultural awareness
Cultural sensitivity
Cultural competence
Culturally Competent Care cont’d
The ANA Scope and Standards of Practice identifies that nurses should practice in a manner that’s congruent with cultural diversity and inclusion to ensure a culturally congruent practice
This figure illustrates ?
Purnell’s Model for Cultural Competence
?
When we automatically provide culturally congruent care to our diverse group of clients
Unconsciously competent
?
When we learn about our client’s culture and provide culturally specific interventions
Consciously competent
?
When you are aware you lack knowledge
Consciously incompetent
?
Is not being aware that you lack knowledge about another culture
Unconsciously incompetent
?
Is a lack of impartiality which leads to onesidedness
Can be positive or negative
Bias
?
Is a negative attitude towards another person or people based on stereotypes; negative, untrue conotations
Prejudices
?
Is a form of prejudice and discrimination that’s based on the belief that racial differences produce an inherent superiority or inferiority
Racism
?
Is the assumption of male superiority
chauvinism
Prejudice can lead to ___ - the behavioral manifestation of prejudice
discrimination
?
Is the assumption that members of one gender are superior to those of another gender
Sexism
Barriers to Culturally Competent Care
Racism
Emotion (fear, mistrust between clients/providers)
Knowledge
Barriers to Culturally Competent Care cont’d
Sexism
Language barriers (use professional, qualified translators and interpreters)
LIVE and LEARN
L = ?
I = ?
V = ?
E = ?
Like
Inquire
Visit
Experience
LIVE and LEARN cont’d
L = ?
E = ?
A = ?
R = ?
N = ?
Listening
Evaluating
Acknowledging
Recommending
Negotiating
