Cultural Influences: Newborn- Early Childhood

Question 1

Authoritative Parents

Answer 1

express warmth and affection, listen to their child’s point of view, and provide opportunities for independence

Question 2

Authoritarian Parents

Answer 2

use a set of rigid rules with firm consequences and exhibit a large amount of control over their child’s decisions and behavior

Question 3

Permissive Parents

Answer 3

tend to be overindulgent, make few demands, rarely use punishment, and allow their children to make their own decisions, regardless of the consequences

Question 4

Uninvolved Parents

Answer 4

may provide for the child’s basic needs, but little else; in more extreme forms of neglect, basic needs may not be cared for at all or children may be placed in harmful situations

Question 5

Primary Emotions

Answer 5

emotions that first appear in infants and include happiness, anger, and fear

Question 6

Secondary Emotions

Answer 6

emotions that appear as children begin to develop a self-concept and require social instruction on when to feel such emotion; includes doubt, envy, fear, and guilt

Question 7

Secure Attachment Style

Answer 7

an attachment style that allows a child to explore freely while the caregiver is present; child may engage with a stranger

Question 8

Ambivalent Attachment Style

Answer 8

an attachment style that makes a child wary of a new situation or strangers; child stays close or even clings to the caregiver

Question 9

Avoidant Attachment Style

Answer 9

an attachment style in which a child avoids or ignores the caregiver, showing little emotion when the caregiver departs or returns

Question 10

Disorganized or Disoriented Attachment Style

Answer 10

an attachment style that leads the child to inconsistent ways of coping with the stress of a stranger situation

Question 11

Gender Stereotypes

Answer 11

oversimplified notions about the attitudes, traits, and behavior patterns of males and females

Question 12

Empathy

Answer 12

the ability to identify with the feelings of another person that helps in the development of prosocial (socially positive) and altruistic (helpful, beneficent, or unselfish) behavior

Question 13

Intersubjectivity

Answer 13

the psychological relationship between people, like the shared, reciprocal bond between caregivers and newborn infants