Cognitive: Middle Childhood- Adolescence

Question 1

Concrete Operational Stage

Answer 1

involves mastering the use of logic in concrete ways. Stage of cognitive development for ages 7 to 11 proposed by Piaget. The concrete operational child is able to make use of logical principles in solving problems involving the physical world.

Question 2

Inductive Reasoning

Answer 2

a logical process in which several premises are integrated to arrive at a given conclusion

Question 3

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 3

also deductive logic, is the process of reasoning from one or more statements to reach a logical conclusion

Question 4

Metacognition

Answer 4

an awareness of one’s own thought processes and an understanding of the patterns behind them

Question 5

Children may experience three deficiencies in their use of memory strategies:

Answer 5

mediation deficiency: inability to grasp the strategy being taught
production deficiency: failure to use a known memory strategy
utilization deficiency: ineffective use of an appropriate memory strategy

Question 6

Dysfluency

Answer 6

the disruption or interruption of the ongoing flow of speech

Question 7

Generalized Intelligence

Answer 7

a construct that is made up of different cognitive abilities. These abilities allow people to acquire knowledge and solve problems.

Question 8

Triarchic (three-part) Theory of Intelligence

Answer 8

• -creative intelligence: ability to produce new products, ideas, or inventing a new, novel solution to a problem
• -analytical intelligence: ability to analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast
• -practical intelligence: the ability to demonstrate common sense and street-smarts

Question 9

Convergent Thinking

Answer 9

the type of thinking that focuses on coming up with a single, well-established answer to a problem. It is oriented toward deriving the single best or most often correct answer to a question.

Question 10

Divergent Thinking

Answer 10

a thought process or method used to generate creative ideas by exploring many possible solutions, typically occurring in a spontaneous, free-flowing, “non-linear” manner, such that many ideas are generated in an emergent cognitive fashion

Question 11

Savants

Answer 11

a rare, but extraordinary, condition in which persons with serious mental disabilities, including autistic disorder, have some “island of genius” that stands in marked, incongruous contrast to overall disability

Question 12

Intellectual Disability

Answer 12

limitations of the ability of people to learn at the expected level and function in their daily lives (adaptive functioing. Very low IQ

Question 13

Giftedness

Answer 13

refers to children who have an IQ of 130 or higher. It is often assumed that schoolchildren who are labeled as “gifted” may have adjustment problems that make it more difficult for them to create social relationships.

Question 14

Learning Disability

Answer 14

a barrier to learning caused by the functioning of an individual child’s brain, unrelated to intelligence; often, delays are seen in one or more of reading, writing, listening, speaking, or calculating

Question 15

Dyslexia

Answer 15

a learning disorder that involves difficulty reading due to problems identifying speech sounds and learning how they relate to letters and words (decoding). Also called reading disability, dyslexia affects areas of the brain that process language.

Question 16

Dysgraphia

Answer 16

a term that refers to trouble with writing, with many experts viewing dysgraphia as challenges with a set of skills known as transcription

Question 17

Dyscalculia

Answer 17

a learning disability in math. People with dyscalculia have trouble with math at many levels. They often struggle with key concepts like bigger versus smaller. And they can have a hard time doing basic math problems and more abstract math.

Question 18

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Answer 18

a chronic condition including attention difficulty, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness. ADHD often begins in childhood and can persist into adulthood

Question 19

Dopamine

Answer 19

a type of neurotransmitter. Your body makes it, and your nervous system uses it to send messages between nerve cells. That is why it is sometimes called a chemical messenger. Dopamine plays a role in how you feel pleasure. It is a big part of your unique human ability to think and plan.

Question 20

Family Capital

Answer 20

a form of power wielded by parents that can improve children’s education.

Question 21

Ecological Systems Model

Answer 21

a model that attempts to explain how social environments affect children’s development

Question 22

Prefrontal Cortex

Answer 22

the front part of the frontal lobe, responsible for reasoning, problem-solving, creativity, and so on

Question 23

Limbic System

Answer 23

the part of the brain involved in behavioral and emotional responses, especially when it comes to behaviors needed for survival: feeding, reproduction and caring for your young, and fight or flight responses

Question 24

Oxytocin

Answer 24

a hormone that acts on organs in the body (including the breast and uterus) and as a chemical messenger in the brain, controlling key aspects of the reproductive system, including childbirth and lactation, and aspects of human behavior

Question 25

Circadian Rhythm

Answer 25

a 24-hour natural pattern that regulates the sleep–wake cycle in individuals. As adolescents go through puberty, their circadian rhythms change and push back their sleep time until later in the evening.

Question 26

Abstract Principles

Answer 26

an abstract way of thinking or a concept based on broad ideas rather than specific facts and experiences

Question 27

Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning

Answer 27

the ability to think scientifically through generating predictions, or hypotheses, about the world to answer questions

Question 28

Transitivity

Answer 28

that a relationship between two elements is carried over to other elements logically related to the first two

Question 29

Imaginary Audience

Answer 29

a psychological state where an individual imagines and believes that multitudes of people are enthusiastically listening to or watching them.

Question 30

Personal Fable

Answer 30

complex of beliefs in the uniqueness of (the adolescent’s) feelings and of their immortality

Question 31

Pseudostupidity

Answer 31

adolescent tendency to overlook the obvious and approach simple problems at a level that is too complex

Question 32

Executive Fuctions

Answer 32

the capability of the human mind to have flexible thinking, working memory, and self-control

Question 33

Self-Regulation

Answer 33

the ability to understand and manage your own behavior and reactions

Question 34

Dual-Process Model

Answer 34

provides an account of how thought can arise in two different ways, or as a result of two different processes

Question 35

Intuitive VS Analytic Thoughts

Answer 35

intuitive thought: going with one’s first instinct and reaching decisions quickly based on automatic cognitive processes
analytic thought: the ability to tackle complicated issues by evaluating the information gathered and organized

Question 36

Intrinsically Motivated

Answer 36

an incentive to perform an activity for the satisfaction it gives to the doer rather than for external rewards