Cognitive: Middle Childhood- Adolescence Flashcards
Concrete Operational Stage
involves mastering the use of logic in concrete ways. Stage of cognitive development for ages 7 to 11 proposed by Piaget. The concrete operational child is able to make use of logical principles in solving problems involving the physical world.
Inductive Reasoning
a logical process in which several premises are integrated to arrive at a given conclusion
Deductive Reasoning
also deductive logic, is the process of reasoning from one or more statements to reach a logical conclusion
Metacognition
an awareness of one’s own thought processes and an understanding of the patterns behind them
Children may experience three deficiencies in their use of memory strategies:
mediation deficiency: inability to grasp the strategy being taught
production deficiency: failure to use a known memory strategy
utilization deficiency: ineffective use of an appropriate memory strategy
Dysfluency
the disruption or interruption of the ongoing flow of speech
Generalized Intelligence
a construct that is made up of different cognitive abilities. These abilities allow people to acquire knowledge and solve problems.
Triarchic (three-part) Theory of Intelligence
- -creative intelligence: ability to produce new products, ideas, or inventing a new, novel solution to a problem
- -analytical intelligence: ability to analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast
- -practical intelligence: the ability to demonstrate common sense and street-smarts
Convergent Thinking
the type of thinking that focuses on coming up with a single, well-established answer to a problem. It is oriented toward deriving the single best or most often correct answer to a question.
Divergent Thinking
a thought process or method used to generate creative ideas by exploring many possible solutions, typically occurring in a spontaneous, free-flowing, “non-linear” manner, such that many ideas are generated in an emergent cognitive fashion
Savants
a rare, but extraordinary, condition in which persons with serious mental disabilities, including autistic disorder, have some “island of genius” that stands in marked, incongruous contrast to overall disability
Intellectual Disability
limitations of the ability of people to learn at the expected level and function in their daily lives (adaptive functioing. Very low IQ
Giftedness
refers to children who have an IQ of 130 or higher. It is often assumed that schoolchildren who are labeled as “gifted” may have adjustment problems that make it more difficult for them to create social relationships.
Learning Disability
a barrier to learning caused by the functioning of an individual child’s brain, unrelated to intelligence; often, delays are seen in one or more of reading, writing, listening, speaking, or calculating
Dyslexia
a learning disorder that involves difficulty reading due to problems identifying speech sounds and learning how they relate to letters and words (decoding). Also called reading disability, dyslexia affects areas of the brain that process language.
Dysgraphia
a term that refers to trouble with writing, with many experts viewing dysgraphia as challenges with a set of skills known as transcription
Dyscalculia
a learning disability in math. People with dyscalculia have trouble with math at many levels. They often struggle with key concepts like bigger versus smaller. And they can have a hard time doing basic math problems and more abstract math.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
a chronic condition including attention difficulty, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness. ADHD often begins in childhood and can persist into adulthood
Dopamine
a type of neurotransmitter. Your body makes it, and your nervous system uses it to send messages between nerve cells. That is why it is sometimes called a chemical messenger. Dopamine plays a role in how you feel pleasure. It is a big part of your unique human ability to think and plan.
Family Capital
a form of power wielded by parents that can improve children’s education.
Ecological Systems Model
a model that attempts to explain how social environments affect children’s development
Prefrontal Cortex
the front part of the frontal lobe, responsible for reasoning, problem-solving, creativity, and so on
Limbic System
the part of the brain involved in behavioral and emotional responses, especially when it comes to behaviors needed for survival: feeding, reproduction and caring for your young, and fight or flight responses
Oxytocin
a hormone that acts on organs in the body (including the breast and uterus) and as a chemical messenger in the brain, controlling key aspects of the reproductive system, including childbirth and lactation, and aspects of human behavior
Circadian Rhythm
a 24-hour natural pattern that regulates the sleep–wake cycle in individuals. As adolescents go through puberty, their circadian rhythms change and push back their sleep time until later in the evening.
Abstract Principles
an abstract way of thinking or a concept based on broad ideas rather than specific facts and experiences
Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning
the ability to think scientifically through generating predictions, or hypotheses, about the world to answer questions
Transitivity
that a relationship between two elements is carried over to other elements logically related to the first two
Imaginary Audience
a psychological state where an individual imagines and believes that multitudes of people are enthusiastically listening to or watching them.
Personal Fable
complex of beliefs in the uniqueness of (the adolescent’s) feelings and of their immortality
Pseudostupidity
adolescent tendency to overlook the obvious and approach simple problems at a level that is too complex
Executive Fuctions
the capability of the human mind to have flexible thinking, working memory, and self-control
Self-Regulation
the ability to understand and manage your own behavior and reactions
Dual-Process Model
provides an account of how thought can arise in two different ways, or as a result of two different processes
Intuitive VS Analytic Thoughts
intuitive thought: going with one’s first instinct and reaching decisions quickly based on automatic cognitive processes
analytic thought: the ability to tackle complicated issues by evaluating the information gathered and organized
Intrinsically Motivated
an incentive to perform an activity for the satisfaction it gives to the doer rather than for external rewards
