CSMP 3 Flashcards
SOCIAL INQUALITY
definitions
standard of living and quality of life
standard of living = the ability to access services and goods
quality of life = the extent in which needs or desires are met
its subjective and includes : work, health , family issues , leisure tim e
SOCIAL INQUALITY INDICATORS
5 categories
income
housing
education
healthcare
employment
SOCIAL INQUALITY INDICATORS
income
- absolute poverty stats = % people below £1.25 a day
- census = % recieving free school meals
- Gini coeficcient
SOCIAL INQUALITY INDICATIORS
housing
- tenure = % of houses owned, rented, council
- HOWEVER = LIDCS have slums and they are illigal so tenure stats are unhelpful
SOCIAL INQUALITY INDICATIORS
education
qualification rates = gaps between literacy
HOWEVER = doesnt account for informal education eg: cooking anf farming
SOCIAL INQUALITY INDICATIORS
healthcare
- number of doctors
- death rates / life expectancy
- post code lottery in UK = dependign on your area you will have free access to different treatments
SOCIAL INQUALITY INDICATIORS
employment
- unemployment rate = not all countries have the same definition
- doesnt cover informal jobs
- doesnt take into account wages as normally rural areas earn less then urban
SOCIAL INEQUALITY
spatial patterns ( wealth )
(4)
-elderly people = poorer due to relying on a pension and not working
- women = less likely to be hired due to risk of pregnancy, many woemn are housewives, women are discriminated agains in high class jobs
- LIDCS - poorer schooling = trapped in poverty cycle
- rural areas = poorer due to lower payed jobs not in cities = may affect quality of life and standard of living
SOCIAL INEQUALITY
spatial patterns ( housing )
(2)
- quality of housing = costly to buy privately, many people on low wages , need council houses, poor quality eg: small and damp = cycle of deprivation
- LIDCS = slums, illigal housing, poor standard of living with little access to services, no perminant adress= cant get a bank account
SOCIAL INEQUALITY
spatial patterns ( health )
(3)
- LIDC’s = poor health due to poor standard of living = sewange and dirty water
- Elderly = mobility issues, may live in peacful rural areas with poor transport and cannot access hospitals easily
-NHS postcode lotters = dependent on where you live are the treatments you get funded due to the facilities in the area
SOCIAL INEQUALITY
spatial patterns ( education )
(4)
- rural = less choice due to fewer schools
- urban = many different schools often with higher OFSTED rankings
- AC’s = state funded schools, many private and grammar schools = smaller class sizes, better learning
- LIDC’ not all school sare state funded and some areas dont have school at all, relying on informal education eg: cooking and farming
SOCIAL INEQUALITY
spatial patterns ( access to services )
(4)
- Urban = high quantity of services due to large populations to cover
- Rural = less access = further to travel with poorer access links
- AC’s = many services due to alot of training facilities and higher education eg: unis
- LIDC’s = poorer education = poorer qulaifications, less people to fill the service gap222
CONTRASTING PLACES
JEMBATAN BESI
social economic characteristics
- indonesia = edc
- economic growth over 15 years lead to widening of social inequality = wealthiest 10% comtrolling 30% of funds
- 1/4 living in slums
CONTRASTING PLACES
JEMBATAN BESI
characteristics
- slum settlement with 31000 people
- developed organically due to population growth
- Hyperurbanisation, rual substinance farmers moving to urban city for better pay
- contains migrants and people who have lived for generations
CONTRASTING PLACES
JEMBATAN BESI
location
- slum in Jakarta
- 4km from city centre
- densely populated
- hemmed in both sides via built up areas and ciliwung river
CONTRASTING PLACES
JEMBATAN BESI vs NORTHWOOD
housing
JEMBATAN BESI (SLUMS)
- well built ground floor using tinber and bricks
- due to space demand they have had to be built higher
- average 5 per house
NORTHWOOD
- spacious family homes $1 mill
- 91% owner occupied
- average 2.8 per house
CONTRASTING PLACES
JEMBATAN BESI vs
employment
JEMBATAN BESI (SLUM)
- insecure employment, often self empolyed selling items found in waste tips
- thriving garment industry (TNC global shift) but very unsanitary and dangerous
- women only recieving 25% of wages in garment factories eventhough they are the majority workers
- average $4 a day
NORTHWOOD
- wage average $110,000
- wide employment oppotunities eg: blizzard entertainment and toshiba
CONTRASTING PLACES
JEMBATAN BESI vs
education
JEMBATAN BESI (SLUM)
-schools poorly equipped, families often dont put in formal education as they need them to work for money
NORTHWOOD
- 5 high schools , ranked highly for achievemnt
- 70% of people have a degree
CONTRASTING PLACES
JEMBATAN BESI vs
health
JEMBATAN BESI (SLUM)
- air pollution very high due to kerosine cooking
- humid area = malaria
- make use of many materials they have, electrical wiring often overloaded = fires
- nutrition based on rice = poor protein
- shared toilets with running sewage
- groundwater supplies contaminated due to built on a old waste tip = collerah
- life expectancy 70
NORTHWOOD
- air pollution very low compared to LA centre which is very polluted from congestion
- variety of hospitals ( priv and national )
- life expectancy of 82
CONTRASTING PLACES
NORTHWOOD
location
- western coast of USA
- surrounded by oceans and mountains
- within an edge city ( self contained )
- built to attract rich people seeking a good quality of life
CONTRASTING PLACES
NORTHWOOD
characteristics
- edge city ( irvine )
- large housing, tech parks
- family area 1/3 school aged children
CONTRASTING PLACES
NORTHWOOD
socio economic
- 6th worst area for social inequality
- richest are 12 x more rich due to new tech companies
- african american and latino = poor = obama care set up to help afford healthcare
CONTRASTING PLACES
poverty cycle = place specific
growing up
education
work
growing up = $4 a day, poor household
education
- need to work for money
- overcrouded
- 5 people per house = cant study
- lack of personal mobility
- poor attendance due to illness ( collerah )
- poor education facilities
jobs
- no qualifications
- garment factory, scavenging, street food
- informal jobs = no tax = no mult effect
CONTRASTING PLACES
wealth cycle = place specific
growing up
education
work
growing up
- 91% owner occupied
- good quality of life
- large spacious $1 mill houses
education
- 5 high school = good achievemts
- lack of illnes, many hospitals, low pollution
- easy to study = only 2.8 per house
-unis ( 70% with degree )
jobs
- wealth of oppotunity
- toshiba, blizzard entratainment, jobs at univercity
- high payed
GLOBALISATION AND SOCIAL INEQUALITY
definitions
NIDL
NIC
deindustrialisation
NIDL - new international division of labour
= rich countries kept skilled jobs and LIDCS now have low skilled and payed jobs
NIC = newly industrialised countries
- countries going through industrial revolution
Deindustrialisation leads to..
- less government spending
- poverty cycle
- increased crime
- protest crime = riots
- derelict bulidings attracting drugs and prostitution
GLOBALISATION AND SOCIAL INEQUALITY
impact of globalisation on AC
pros
- benifit from cheaper products
- TNCs make more profit as poorer countries develop and buy more things
- improved environmental quality
GLOBALISATION AND SOCIAL INEQUALITY
impact of globalisation on AC
cons
- lost jobs = people dont have skills so cant find new jobs = poverty cycle
- well qualified people benifit, poor people = jobless, increases social inequality
GLOBALISATION AND SOCIAL INEQUALITY
impact of globalisation on EDC
pros
- TNCs bring large export industry = multiplier effect eg: VW factory in Brazil
- Increases skill level in EDCs, so if loss of job they can get another
- Related inforstructure built = roads and water treatment
GLOBALISATION AND SOCIAL INEQUALITY
impact of globalisation in EDC
cons
- hyper urbanisation = slums
- exploitive with child labour
- loss of work could be catastrophic due to so many people involved
- destabalised food production due to so many people moving away from primary indusry
HOW BOOMBS AND RECESSIONS IMPACT PEOPLE
places which benifit from booms
- Hubs of inovation, where tech is developed eg: caimbridge and silicone valley
- Beauty parlours, people have more disposable income
HOW BOOMBS AND RECESSIONS IMPACT PEOPLE
things that fall and rise in a recession
FALL - size of economy, investment, disposable income
RISE - unemployment rates
HOW BOOMBS AND RECESSIONS IMPACT PEOPLE
jobs not at risk and jobs at risk dueing a recession and why
at risk =
- IT workers = market is saturated, less buyers ( can easily find new jobs )
- Beauty parlours, less disposable income
Not at risk =
- Public sector jobs = payed by government
METHODS GOVERNMENT USE TO DECREASE SOCIAL INEQUALITY
Taxation
- National insurance = pays for NHS, state pensions and benifits
-essential food is excempt from VAT - richer people paying more tax = 50,000 =20%, poorer paying less eg: 12,500 playing 0
EVALUATION
- poorer groups spend most of money on food, no VAT helps
- Reduced inequality as without taxes the richest 20% would be 12x more rich then poorest, but with taxes its only 5x more
METHODS GOVERNMENT USE TO DECREASE SOCIAL INEQUALITY
subsidies
lower waged earners and unemployed recieved universal credit
EVALUATION
- not reduced as 1.2 % claim taxes in south and 3.9% claim taxes in north = not recovered from deindustrialisation
- if they were working people would be using money to go through education and get better jobs. not happening = cultural deprivation
METHODS GOVERNMENT USE TO DECREASE SOCIAL INEQUALITY
Planning
- planning organised geographically and targeted at depprived areas
- eg: when new builds are built 10% are allocated to social housing
EVALUATION
- social housing is good as poor people can be in cathcment for good schools to get out of poverty cycle
- bad as 2 mill spent on a market in Jaywick, this wont help as people will come and sell from outside the town and take profits away from jaywick
METHODS GOVERNMENT USE TO DECREASE SOCIAL INEQUALITY
Law
many protected characteristics in Equality Act of 2010 eg: age and gender
EVALUATION
- bad = minimum wage differs, if 18= £10 and if 17 = £7.55
- geographical location = not a protected characteristic = doesnt reduce social inequlaity between north and south
METHODS GOVERNMENT USE TO DECREASE SOCIAL INEQUALITY
Healthcare
free at point of access, payed for through National Insurance
EVALUATION
- post code lottery = colchester no free IVF and ipswich have 2 rounds free
- private healthcare increased socail inequality as rich can get better quicker and work more
METHODS GOVERNMENT USE TO DECREASE SOCIAL INEQUALITY
Education
- Tony Blair introduced schools in deprived areas get more funding
- Boris Johnson chnaged thi sby making the funding equal so its ‘fair’
- uk government providing funding for adult training eg: people on benifits recioeving some free courses at colchester institute
EVALUATION
- sink schools will keep performing poorly without funding, poor people ususlly live near these bad schools, cultural deprivation occours
- adult courses offered free = good as they can get better jobs and no longer need benifits
METHODS GOVERNMENT USE TO DECREASE SOCIAL INEQUALITY
Pensions
- Life expectancy increasing and aging population = recieving pensions later
- state pension is below 9,000
EVALUATION
- 5% of pensioners in severe poverty, bad as nothing they can do as they cant get jobs
- rich people getting occupational pensions aswell, increasing development gap, as the rich rise up from poor even when not working
