CSIM 1.4 - Neoplasia 1

Question 1

Name the five types of cellular adaptations that may occur?

Answer 1

Atrophy
Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia

Question 2

Describe atrophy?

Answer 2

Decrease in cell size and decrease in cell number at an organ level.
It is an adaptive response to a decrease in the body’s requirement for the function of that particular organ
Pathological - osteoporosis

Question 3

Describe hypertrophy?

Answer 3

Increase in cell size
Occurs in response to an increased functional demand or hormonal stimulation
It is the only response to increased demand possible in cells that do not have dividing capacity (muscle cells)

Question 4

Describe hyperplasia?

Answer 4

Increase in cell number
Occurs in response to increased functional demand by a cell which has the capacity to undergo cell division
Regulated by hormones and growth factors

Question 5

Describe metaplasia?

Answer 5

Change of one mature cell into another

Is the adaptation of a sensitive cell type to become a more resistant cell type within an adverse environment

Question 6

Describe dysplasia?

Answer 6

Deranged differentiation - can only be identified microscopically
Abnormal architecture - disorderly epithelium
Abnormal cells - variations of nuclear size and shape
Abnormal proliferation - increased mitotic figures

Question 7

Define tumour?

Answer 7

An abnormal swelling which is not necessarily neoplastic

Question 8

Define cancer?

Answer 8

Lay term meaning malignant neoplasm

Question 9

Define neoplasm?

Answer 9

An abnormal proliferation of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissue and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimulus which invoked the change

Question 10

Describe benign neoplasms?

Answer 10

Slow growth rate with few mitotic figures
Well differentiated with often normal nuclei
Circumscribed/encapsulated
Don’t invade
Don’t metastasise

Question 11

Describe malignant neoplasms?

Answer 11

Relatively rapid growth
Numerous mitotic figures
Variable differentiation
No capsule (often ill defined)
Invasive
Frequently metastasises

Question 12

What is an adenoma?

Answer 12

Benign neoplasm of GLANDULAR epithelium

Question 13

What is an papilloma?

Answer 13

Benign neoplasm of NON-GLANDULAR epithelium

Question 14

What is the medical term given to a malignant neoplasm of glandular epithelium?

Answer 14

Adenocarcinoma

Question 15

What is the medical term given to a malignant neoplasm of squamous cell epithelium?

Answer 15

Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 16

What is the medical term given to a malignant neoplasm of transitional epithelium?

Answer 16

Transitional cell carcinoma

Question 17

What is the medical term given to a malignant neoplasm of urothelium?

Answer 17

Urothelial carcinoma