CSIM 1.12 - Introduction to Immunology 1

Question 1

In an ‘idle’ state what is the function of a macrophage?

Answer 1

Clear up cellular debris

Question 2

During phagocytosis the release of chemical messengers leads to what actions?

Answer 2

Increased blood flow = red + hot
Increased vascular permeability = swelling
Increased stimulation of local nerves = pain

Question 3

Where are macrophages stationed?

Answer 3

Tissues

Question 4

How do macrophages sense ‘invaders’?

Answer 4

Through receptors

Question 5

What do pluripotent haematopoetic stem cells derive into?

Answer 5

Common lymphoid progenitor

Common myeloid progenitor

Question 6

What do common lymphoid progenitor cells derive into?

Answer 6

B-cells
T-cells
NK-cells

Question 7

Where do B-cells/T-cells/NK-cells migrate?

Answer 7

Lymph nodes

Question 8

What do common myeloid progenitor cells derive into?

Answer 8

Granulocyte/macrophage progenitor

Megakaryocyte/Erythrocyte progenitor

Question 9

What do granulocyte/macrophage progenitor cells derive into?

Answer 9

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes

Question 10

Where do mast cells/macrophages migrate?

Answer 10

Tissues

Question 11

Where are mature dendritic cells found?

Answer 11

Lymph nodes

Question 12

Describe the function of neutrophils?

Answer 12

Phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms

Expresses receptors for immunoglobulin and compliment and are involved in acute inflammatory responses

Question 13

Describe the function of eosinophils?

Answer 13

Killing of antibody coated parasites
Carry receptors for IgE
Contribute to the responses of allergens

Question 14

Describe the function of basophils?

Answer 14

Circulating counterpart of tissue mast cells
Express high affinity for IgE and once stimulated are responsible for immediate hypersensitivity following antigen induced aggregation of these receptors

Question 15

Describe the function of mast cells?

Answer 15

Release of granules containing histamines and active agents

Question 16

Describe the function of macrophages?

Answer 16

Phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms

Question 17

Describe the function of dendritic cells?

Answer 17

Antigen uptake in the peripheral sites, they ingest and destroy micro-organisms and present these antigens for T-cell recognition

Question 18

How do bacterial envelope molecules recognise dendritic cells?

Answer 18

Myeloid receptor CD14 expressed on the dendritic cell

Question 19

Where do T-lymphocytes arise?

Answer 19

Bone marrow (mature in the thymus)

Question 20

Name the four types of T-cells?

Answer 20

CD4 - T-helper cell (MHC class II)
CD8 - T-cytotoxic cell (MHC class II)
CD17 - secretes IL7 - important in the defence of mucosa
CD4 - T-regulatory cell - turns 'off' the immune response

Question 21

Where is NK-cell activity highest?

Answer 21

Peripheral blood

Question 22

Where are NK-cells found?

Answer 22

Spleen
Lymph nodes
Bone marrow

Question 23

Which cell do follicular dendritic cells originate from?

Answer 23

Stromal cell development

Question 24

Compliment is a series of proteins that lead to what?

Answer 24

Activation of inflammatory pathways
Recruitment of phagocytes
Opsinisation of pathogens
Removal of immune complexes
Lysis of certain pathogens (MAC)

Question 25

Cytokines are proteins released by cells that lead to what?

Answer 25

Effect the behaviour of the cell that releases the cytokines (autocrine)
Effect the behaviour of adjacent cells (paracrine)