CSF (Respiration)

Question 1

Glycolysis (where, O2, invested, produced)?

Answer 1

Cytosol, no oxygen.
Energy investment phase: 2ATP.
Energy Payoff Phase: 4ATP + 2Pyruvate.
Overall, 2ATP and 2NADH and 2 Pyruvate produced.

Question 2

Pyruvate oxidation (where, O2, produced, info)

Answer 2

Matrix, O2.
Produces 1NADH per pyruvate (2 per glucose) + 1CO2.
Acetyl CoA enables 2-carbon acetyl group to enter the CAC.

Question 3

Citric Acid Cycle (where, O2, produced)

Answer 3

Matrix, O2.

Produces 2ATP, 6NADH, 2FADH2, 4CO2 per glucose.

Question 4

Substrate phosphorylation

Answer 4

A phosphate is transferred to ADP, making ATP.

Glycolysis and CAC make ATP this way.

Question 5

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Answer 5

ATP is made through oxidation of NADH and FADH2, then the transfer of e- and pumping of H+.
More efficient.

Question 6

Electron Transport Chain (where, O2)?

Answer 6

Proteins within the inner membrane, O2.

Question 7

Electron Transport Chain (where do e- come from?)

Answer 7

NADH and FADH2 oxidize to donate 1-2 electrons.

Question 8

Electron Transport Chain (what happens to e-)?

Answer 8

Electrons go from protein-protein in series of redox reactions. Each transfer, each e- release some energy which enables H+ ions to be pumped into intermembrane space.

Question 9

Electron Transport Chain (role of O2?)

Answer 9

O2 pulls e- down chain and is the final e- acceptor where it’s reduced to H2O.

Question 10

Electron Transport Chain (chemiosmosis)

Answer 10

H+ ions in the int.membrane space rush down conc.gradient through ATP synthase, causing its turbine to spin.

Question 11

Electron Transport Chain (what causes the turbin to turn and what does this result in?)

Answer 11

“Fall” of e- down the chain enables movement of H+ into int.membrane space and generates proton gradient which causes the turbine within ATP synthase to turn. This enables phosphorylation of ADP to generate ATP. Producing 26-28ATP.

Question 12

What could cause a cell to die (ETC?)

Answer 12

If cyanide blocks the passage of e- to O2 so that it can’t accept electrons.

Question 13

How much ATP is produced overall?

Answer 13

30-32ATP per glucose

Question 14

What controls respiration?

Answer 14

Phosphofructokinase can be:

1. Stimulated by AMP (+)
2. Inhibited by citrate (-)
3. Inhibited by ATP (-)
   - ve feedback controls ATP production.

Question 15

How does Homeostasis control an INCREASE in blood glucose levels?

Answer 15

Receptors: B-cells pancreas secrete insulin.
Effectors: all body cells send more glucose to target cells.

Question 16

How does homeostasis respond to a DECREASE in blood glucose levels?

Answer 16

Receptors: a-cells pancreas secrete glucagon.
Effectors: liver, muscle, adipose cells turn more glycogen to glucose (in liver & muscle).

Question 17

Insulin

Answer 17

Produced by B-cells of Islets of Langerhans in pancreas.

Promote glucose uptake into cells (for ATP production or storage in liver)

Question 18

Glucagon

Answer 18

Produced by alpha cells of Islets of Langerhans in pancreas.
Stimulates breakdown of glycogen to increase blood sugar levels.

Question 19

What happens if you lose the function of insulin?

Answer 19

No glucose in cells, no ATP, no glycogen for times in need.

Question 20

Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 20

Can’t produce or respond to insulin hormone. So lack insulin. Metabolizes lots of carbs and have too much glucose in blood.

Question 21

Glucagon

Answer 21

Hormone released by alpha cells of pancreas. Raises the concentration of glucose and fatty acids in the bloodstream.

Question 22

Negative feedback vs positive

Answer 22

Negative: a reaction that causes a decrease in function.
Positive: the output enhances the original stimulus

Question 23

Hyper/hypo glycemia

Answer 23

Low or high blood sugar