CSF (Respiration) Flashcards
Glycolysis (where, O2, invested, produced)?
Cytosol, no oxygen.
Energy investment phase: 2ATP.
Energy Payoff Phase: 4ATP + 2Pyruvate.
Overall, 2ATP and 2NADH and 2 Pyruvate produced.
Pyruvate oxidation (where, O2, produced, info)
Matrix, O2.
Produces 1NADH per pyruvate (2 per glucose) + 1CO2.
Acetyl CoA enables 2-carbon acetyl group to enter the CAC.
Citric Acid Cycle (where, O2, produced)
Matrix, O2.
Produces 2ATP, 6NADH, 2FADH2, 4CO2 per glucose.
Substrate phosphorylation
A phosphate is transferred to ADP, making ATP.
Glycolysis and CAC make ATP this way.
Oxidative Phosphorylation
ATP is made through oxidation of NADH and FADH2, then the transfer of e- and pumping of H+.
More efficient.
Electron Transport Chain (where, O2)?
Proteins within the inner membrane, O2.
Electron Transport Chain (where do e- come from?)
NADH and FADH2 oxidize to donate 1-2 electrons.
Electron Transport Chain (what happens to e-)?
Electrons go from protein-protein in series of redox reactions. Each transfer, each e- release some energy which enables H+ ions to be pumped into intermembrane space.
Electron Transport Chain (role of O2?)
O2 pulls e- down chain and is the final e- acceptor where it’s reduced to H2O.
Electron Transport Chain (chemiosmosis)
H+ ions in the int.membrane space rush down conc.gradient through ATP synthase, causing its turbine to spin.
Electron Transport Chain (what causes the turbin to turn and what does this result in?)
“Fall” of e- down the chain enables movement of H+ into int.membrane space and generates proton gradient which causes the turbine within ATP synthase to turn. This enables phosphorylation of ADP to generate ATP. Producing 26-28ATP.
What could cause a cell to die (ETC?)
If cyanide blocks the passage of e- to O2 so that it can’t accept electrons.
How much ATP is produced overall?
30-32ATP per glucose
What controls respiration?
Phosphofructokinase can be:
- Stimulated by AMP (+)
- Inhibited by citrate (-)
- Inhibited by ATP (-)
- ve feedback controls ATP production.
How does Homeostasis control an INCREASE in blood glucose levels?
Receptors: B-cells pancreas secrete insulin.
Effectors: all body cells send more glucose to target cells.
How does homeostasis respond to a DECREASE in blood glucose levels?
Receptors: a-cells pancreas secrete glucagon.
Effectors: liver, muscle, adipose cells turn more glycogen to glucose (in liver & muscle).
Insulin
Produced by B-cells of Islets of Langerhans in pancreas.
Promote glucose uptake into cells (for ATP production or storage in liver)
Glucagon
Produced by alpha cells of Islets of Langerhans in pancreas.
Stimulates breakdown of glycogen to increase blood sugar levels.
What happens if you lose the function of insulin?
No glucose in cells, no ATP, no glycogen for times in need.
Diabetes Mellitus
Can’t produce or respond to insulin hormone. So lack insulin. Metabolizes lots of carbs and have too much glucose in blood.
Glucagon
Hormone released by alpha cells of pancreas. Raises the concentration of glucose and fatty acids in the bloodstream.
Negative feedback vs positive
Negative: a reaction that causes a decrease in function.
Positive: the output enhances the original stimulus
Hyper/hypo glycemia
Low or high blood sugar