CSF (Organelles)

Question 1

Endomembrane System

Answer 1

Work with PM to package, label, and ship molecules.

Nucleus, ER, Golgi, Lysosomes.

Question 2

Phospholipids

Answer 2

Hydrophilic polar ends (phosphate) and hydrophobic lipid tails (fatty acid). Arranged in double layer around cytoplasm, tail-tail.

Question 3

PM Proteins description

Answer 3

Control movement of hydrophilic substances. Amphipathic. Allow cell-cell identification and communication.

Question 4

Cell-Cell recognition

Answer 4

Glycoproteins are used as ‘molecular signatures’ on the extra cellular side.

Question 5

Attachment to Cytoskeleton and ECM

Answer 5

Eg. Fibronectin between cell surface integrins and ECM (eg. Collagen).
Can facilitate movement.

Question 6

Nuclear Envelope

Answer 6

Double lipid bilayer surrounded by rough ER.

Question 7

Nucleus function

Answer 7

Protect DNA, make RNA and ribosomes, pores regulate movement of substances, molecule segregation to allow temporal and spatial control of cell function.

Question 8

Chromosomes condensing

Answer 8

DNA wrapped around histones (nucleosomes) collectively called chromatin. Cell division: chromatin fibre, loops, chromosomes.

Question 9

Ribosomes

Answer 9

Made of rRNA, made in the nucleolus and leave through pores. Translation. Found free in cytoplasm (proteins for cytosol, non-endo,) or attached to rough ER (non-cytosol, endo).

Question 10

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 10

Proteins enter lumen for folding. ER membrane forms transport vesticles around proteins and sends them to golgi. Produces secreted/membrane/organelle proteins.

Question 11

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 11

Cell / tissue specific. Housing unit for proteins and enzymes. Makes lipids. Stores cell specific proteins. Liver: houses enzymes for detox. & glucose release. Muscle: Ca ions.

Question 12

Golgi

Answer 12

Stacked cisternae. Modify, sort, package and transport proteins from the rough ER using enzymes in each cristernae. Exocytosis.

Question 13

Lysosomes

Answer 13

Digestive enzymes. Vesticles formed from Golgi membrane. Membrane proteins pump H+ for acidic pH. Digests substances, autophagy, autolysis. Once digested, building blocks are recycled.

Question 14

Lysosomal Storage Disorder

Answer 14

Gaucher Metabolic Disorder - a lipid is poorly degraded resulting in severe phenotype.

Question 15

Mitochondria

Answer 15

Membrane, cristae, matrix. ATP. Geonome for mitochondrial-specific products. ATP —-> ADP (transfer P)

Question 16

Cytoskeleton

Answer 16

Support. Size, shape, integrity. Intercellular transportation and cell movement.

Question 17

Microfilaments

Answer 17

Actin. Lines the interior of cell. Bear tension and weight by anchoring cytoskeleton to PM proteins. Promote amoeboid motility if need. Dynamic.

Question 18

Intermediate Filaments

Answer 18

Range (eg. Keratin). Cytoplasm. Most permanent. Bear tension and weight - keep everything in place.

Question 19

Microtubles

Answer 19

Tubular dimers coiled into tube. Extends from centriole to cytoplasm / nucleus. Supports cell size and shape. Guides, organised chromosomes, moves cilia/flagella. Dynamic.

Question 20

What are cilia and flagella composed of?

Answer 20

Microtubles

Question 21

Vesicles

Answer 21

Consists of liquid or cytoplasm, enclosed by a lipid bilayer.

Question 22

Amoeboid motility

Answer 22

Movement of the cell, accomplished by protrusion of the cytoplasm. Can change shape and engulf if need.

Question 23

Centriole

Answer 23

Corn-like organelles which make spindle fibres.