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MRCP Master > CS: Bichem > Flashcards

CS: Bichem Flashcards

1
Q

Subunits of troponin * TIC =TAC

A
  • troponin T: binds to tropomyosin, forming a troponin-tropomyosin complex
  • troponin I: binds to actin to hold the troponin-tropomyosin complex in place
  • troponin C: binds to calcium ions
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2
Q

Glucose reabsorption in the nephron occurs

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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3
Q

What part of the nephron is Na+, K+, Cl- actively reabsorbed

A

Ascending loop of Henle

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4
Q

Part of the Nephron which reabsorbs 5% of Na+ reabsorption & between 5% - 25% of water,

A

Collecting tubules

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5
Q

where is the regulation of K+ ,Na+, ca2+ and pH.

A

DCT

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6
Q

Fx of Proteasome

A

degradation of protein molecules that have been tagged with ubiquitin

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7
Q

FX of Peroxisome

A

Catabolism of very long chain fatty acids & amino acids
=formation of hydrogen peroxide

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8
Q

Ribosome

A

are made in the nucleolus

Translation- converts mRNA into a string of AAs which =protein

They attach to the plasma membrane surface of the ER and will start translating. The protein gets directly injected it into the lumen - or the inside - of the ER.

Rely on a triplet code: every 3 nucleic acids along a sequence of mRNA = one of the twenty common AAs/stop codon
Think 3 Printer of proteins

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9
Q

Nucleolus

A

Ribosome production

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10
Q

Phase 1 Clinical trials

A

Determines pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and side-effects prior to larger studies Conducted on healthy volunteers

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11
Q

Phase 2a Clinical trials

A

assesses optimal dosing

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12
Q

Phase 2b Clinical trials

A

assesses efficacy

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13
Q

Phase 3 Clinical trials

A

Assess effectiveness
Typically involves RCT, comparing new treatment with established treatments

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14
Q

Phase 4 Clinical trials

A

Postmarketing surveillance Monitors for LT effectiveness and SE

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15
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A
  1. supports ribosomes
  2. rough ER - produces protein
  3. smooth ER -making lipids,(cholesterol, phospholipids for the cell membrane)
  4. detoxifying harmful chemicals
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16
Q

How is ATP made

A

In cytoplasm, glucose goes through glycolysis -
6-carbon glucose cleaves into 2 halves, which are 3-carbon molecules = pyruvate.

Pyruvate enters the mitochondria and goes through the citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle,+ electron transport chain, = ATP.

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17
Q

FX peroxisome

A

chops long fatty acids down into medium sized ones.

=hydrogen peroxide, but the

peroxidase, which safely converts the hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.

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18
Q

What are Pyrimidies

A

Cut Pye

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19
Q

What the 3 steps of DNA replication?

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

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20
Q

What is the fx of DNA Helicase

A

Separates the two DNA stands
=replication fork

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21
Q

What is the fx of dna topoisomerase

A

Loosens the tight coils of dna

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22
Q

Fx rna primase

A

I’m elongation it randomly synthesise small lengths of rna call rna primers

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23
Q

What happens in Paracetamol overdose

A

glutathione stores run-out leading to an increase in NAPQI (N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine)

24
Q

Explain Initiation process & the players involved

A
  1. Proteins get together to form the pre-replication complex looks for specific nucleotide sequences along the DNA strand - called origins of replication. A&T’S
    2.DNA helicase separates the two strands = replication fork,
  2. DNA binding proteins stabiles the single strands
  3. DNA topoisomerase works ahead of DNA helicase to loosen up the tight DNA coils.
25
Q

Explain Elongation for the leading strand 3’–>5

A
  1. RNA primase does is hover around and randomly synthesize small lengths of RNA which are only a few nucleotides long, called RNA primer
  2. at least one of those RNA primers will be complementary to the opened DNA strand - and it will bind.
  3. DNA polymerase can latch onto this short double stranded segment, and add more complementary nucleotides to the template strand.
26
Q

Explain Elongation for the leading strand DNA template strand, that runs from 5’ to 3’ *(forms the lagging strand)

A

RNA primase lays down a number of primers that bind to different spots along the length of the DNA template strand.

= lot of free 3’ ends! DNA polymerase can then add nucleotides to the 3’ ends of each of these primers.

growing fragments of DNA are called Okazaki fragments which are stuck together with DNA ligase

27
Q

Explain the termination of DNA replication

A

DNA sequence in the telomere signals the DNA polymerase to hop off of the strand right before replicating the DNA right up to the very end.

28
Q

Name the 2 processes involved in Gene expression to proteins

A

Decoding of DNA to make proteins
1. Translation - creation of mRNA by RNA polymerase
.
2. Transcription- ribosomes read mRNA = proteins

29
Q

Which part of the cell cycle is DNA Repaired

A

G0

30
Q

Out comes of cell when there is DNA damage

A
  1. Senescence - which is when the cell stops dividing.
  2. apoptosis, which is programmed cell death
  3. uncontrolled cell division and develop into a tumor.
31
Q

Cryoglobulinemia 1 is associated with

A

Monoclonal IgM
waldestrom & Multiple myeloma

32
Q

Cryoglobulinemia 2 associated with

A

Monoclonal IgG
HIV, Hep C(Not B ), chronic viral infections

33
Q

Cryoglobulinemia 3 associated with

A

Connective tissue diseases

34
Q

Lysosome fx

A

Breakdown of large molecules such as proteins and polysaccharides

35
Q

Proteasome fx

A

Along with the lysosome pathway involved in degradation of protein molecules that have been tagged with ubiquitin

36
Q

Peroxisome fx

A

Catabolism of very long chain fatty acids and amino acids
Results in the formation of hydrogen peroxide

37
Q

What is Endothelin
- What conditions is it raised 5

A

Long-acting vasoconstrictor and bronchoconstrictor.

Raised levels in
1. primary pulmonary hypertension
2. MI
3. HF
4. AKI
5.asthma

38
Q

Endothelin promoted by

A
  • angiotensin II
  • ADH
  • hypoxia
    mechanical shearing forces
39
Q

Endothelin Inhibition

A

Inhibits release
nitric oxide
prostacyclin

40
Q

What is Ghrelin
Produced
Fx

A

Produced in the fundus of the stomach & Pancreas
stimulates hunger
Raised in hyperphagia, Prader-Willi syndrome

41
Q

leptin induces

A

satiety

42
Q

CCK

A

reduces appetite

43
Q

Hereditary angioedema: inheritance, what’s the problem, investigations during attacks and between them

A

Auto dom
Low C1 inhibitor
During attacks: low C1-inh
Between attacks: low C4 (and C2)

44
Q

RTA 1 results in
What happens to K, H & Ca2+
Causes 4

A

Think:1st element of periodic table
–>H+ excretion defect

–>K+ is excreted instead =HYPO K

–occurs in distal tubule

–Chronic acidosis =decreased tubular ca2+ reabsorption =renal hypercalciuria.= Calcium phosphate stones and Nephrocalcinosis

  1. causes: RA , SLE, Sjogren’s, amphotericin B toxicity, analgesic nephropathy
45
Q

RTA 2 results in
What happens to K, H & Ca2+, HCO3
Causes

A

Think 2 = bi-carb
1. decreased HCO3- reabsorption in proximal tubule
= HYPO K

complications include osteomalacia

causes include
idiopathic,
Fanconi syndrome,
Wilson’s disease,
cystinosis,
outdated tetracyclines,
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (acetazolamide, topiramate)

46
Q

RTA 4 results in
What happens to K, H & Ca2+, HCO3
Causes

A

Collecting ducts
Type 4 RTA - HYPER K
-reduction in aldosterone = reduction in proximal tubular ammonium excretion

causes hyperkalaemia

causes include hypoaldosteronism, diabetes

47
Q

What doses the mnemonic 2–1-4 low, low, more stand for?

A
48
Q

Ominous ECG sign w/ HYPER K

A

Prolonged QRS
AV blk w/ bradycardia or slow AF
Just before arrest makes a sin wave

49
Q

What is RF

A

IgM

50
Q

Cell Cycle
G0

A

‘resting’ phase’
quiescent cells such as hepatocytes and more permanently resting cells such as neurons

51
Q

Cell Cycle : G1

A

Gap 1, cells increase in size
determines length of cell cycle
under influence of p53

52
Q

Cell Cycle : S

A

Synthesis of DNA, RNA and histone
centrosome duplication

53
Q

Cell Cycle : G2

A

Gap 2, cells continue to increase in size

54
Q

Cell Cycle : M

A

Mitosis - cell division
the shortest phase of the cell cycle

55
Q

What is secreted by the adrenal medulla

A

Adrenaline.
NB gfr is for cortex layers

56
Q

What type of medalian inherited disease are more likely in Tunners & why

A

Turner’s syndrome only have one X chromosome however, they may develop X-linked recessive conditions

57
Q

Name the 2 Obesity hormones

A

Leptin Lowers appetite
Ghrelin Gains appetite

MRCP Master (47 decks)

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