CS: Bichem Flashcards
Subunits of troponin * TIC =TAC
- troponin T: binds to tropomyosin, forming a troponin-tropomyosin complex
- troponin I: binds to actin to hold the troponin-tropomyosin complex in place
- troponin C: binds to calcium ions
Glucose reabsorption in the nephron occurs
Proximal convoluted tubule
What part of the nephron is Na+, K+, Cl- actively reabsorbed
Ascending loop of Henle
Part of the Nephron which reabsorbs 5% of Na+ reabsorption & between 5% - 25% of water,
Collecting tubules
where is the regulation of K+ ,Na+, ca2+ and pH.
DCT
Fx of Proteasome
degradation of protein molecules that have been tagged with ubiquitin
FX of Peroxisome
Catabolism of very long chain fatty acids & amino acids
=formation of hydrogen peroxide
Ribosome
are made in the nucleolus
Translation- converts mRNA into a string of AAs which =protein
They attach to the plasma membrane surface of the ER and will start translating. The protein gets directly injected it into the lumen - or the inside - of the ER.
Rely on a triplet code: every 3 nucleic acids along a sequence of mRNA = one of the twenty common AAs/stop codon
Think 3 Printer of proteins
Nucleolus
Ribosome production
Phase 1 Clinical trials
Determines pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and side-effects prior to larger studies Conducted on healthy volunteers
Phase 2a Clinical trials
assesses optimal dosing
Phase 2b Clinical trials
assesses efficacy
Phase 3 Clinical trials
Assess effectiveness
Typically involves RCT, comparing new treatment with established treatments
Phase 4 Clinical trials
Postmarketing surveillance Monitors for LT effectiveness and SE
Endoplasmic reticulum
- supports ribosomes
- rough ER - produces protein
- smooth ER -making lipids,(cholesterol, phospholipids for the cell membrane)
- detoxifying harmful chemicals
How is ATP made
In cytoplasm, glucose goes through glycolysis -
6-carbon glucose cleaves into 2 halves, which are 3-carbon molecules = pyruvate.
Pyruvate enters the mitochondria and goes through the citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle,+ electron transport chain, = ATP.
FX peroxisome
chops long fatty acids down into medium sized ones.
=hydrogen peroxide, but the
peroxidase, which safely converts the hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.
What are Pyrimidies
Cut Pye
What the 3 steps of DNA replication?
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
What is the fx of DNA Helicase
Separates the two DNA stands
=replication fork
What is the fx of dna topoisomerase
Loosens the tight coils of dna
Fx rna primase
I’m elongation it randomly synthesise small lengths of rna call rna primers
What happens in Paracetamol overdose
glutathione stores run-out leading to an increase in NAPQI (N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine)
Explain Initiation process & the players involved
- Proteins get together to form the pre-replication complex looks for specific nucleotide sequences along the DNA strand - called origins of replication. A&T’S
2.DNA helicase separates the two strands = replication fork, - DNA binding proteins stabiles the single strands
- DNA topoisomerase works ahead of DNA helicase to loosen up the tight DNA coils.
Explain Elongation for the leading strand 3’–>5
- RNA primase does is hover around and randomly synthesize small lengths of RNA which are only a few nucleotides long, called RNA primer
- at least one of those RNA primers will be complementary to the opened DNA strand - and it will bind.
- DNA polymerase can latch onto this short double stranded segment, and add more complementary nucleotides to the template strand.
Explain Elongation for the leading strand DNA template strand, that runs from 5’ to 3’ *(forms the lagging strand)
RNA primase lays down a number of primers that bind to different spots along the length of the DNA template strand.
= lot of free 3’ ends! DNA polymerase can then add nucleotides to the 3’ ends of each of these primers.
growing fragments of DNA are called Okazaki fragments which are stuck together with DNA ligase
Explain the termination of DNA replication
DNA sequence in the telomere signals the DNA polymerase to hop off of the strand right before replicating the DNA right up to the very end.
Name the 2 processes involved in Gene expression to proteins
Decoding of DNA to make proteins
1. Translation - creation of mRNA by RNA polymerase
.
2. Transcription- ribosomes read mRNA = proteins
Which part of the cell cycle is DNA Repaired
G0
Out comes of cell when there is DNA damage
- Senescence - which is when the cell stops dividing.
- apoptosis, which is programmed cell death
- uncontrolled cell division and develop into a tumor.
Cryoglobulinemia 1 is associated with
Monoclonal IgM
waldestrom & Multiple myeloma
Cryoglobulinemia 2 associated with
Monoclonal IgG
HIV, Hep C(Not B ), chronic viral infections
Cryoglobulinemia 3 associated with
Connective tissue diseases
Lysosome fx
Breakdown of large molecules such as proteins and polysaccharides
Proteasome fx
Along with the lysosome pathway involved in degradation of protein molecules that have been tagged with ubiquitin
Peroxisome fx
Catabolism of very long chain fatty acids and amino acids
Results in the formation of hydrogen peroxide
What is Endothelin
- What conditions is it raised 5
Long-acting vasoconstrictor and bronchoconstrictor.
Raised levels in
1. primary pulmonary hypertension
2. MI
3. HF
4. AKI
5.asthma
Endothelin promoted by
- angiotensin II
- ADH
- hypoxia
mechanical shearing forces
Endothelin Inhibition
Inhibits release
nitric oxide
prostacyclin
What is Ghrelin
Produced
Fx
Produced in the fundus of the stomach & Pancreas
stimulates hunger
Raised in hyperphagia, Prader-Willi syndrome
leptin induces
satiety
CCK
reduces appetite
Hereditary angioedema: inheritance, what’s the problem, investigations during attacks and between them
Auto dom
Low C1 inhibitor
During attacks: low C1-inh
Between attacks: low C4 (and C2)
RTA 1 results in
What happens to K, H & Ca2+
Causes 4
Think:1st element of periodic table
–>H+ excretion defect
–>K+ is excreted instead =HYPO K
–occurs in distal tubule
–Chronic acidosis =decreased tubular ca2+ reabsorption =renal hypercalciuria.= Calcium phosphate stones and Nephrocalcinosis
- causes: RA , SLE, Sjogren’s, amphotericin B toxicity, analgesic nephropathy
RTA 2 results in
What happens to K, H & Ca2+, HCO3
Causes
Think 2 = bi-carb
1. decreased HCO3- reabsorption in proximal tubule
= HYPO K
complications include osteomalacia
causes include
idiopathic,
Fanconi syndrome,
Wilson’s disease,
cystinosis,
outdated tetracyclines,
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (acetazolamide, topiramate)
RTA 4 results in
What happens to K, H & Ca2+, HCO3
Causes
Collecting ducts
Type 4 RTA - HYPER K
-reduction in aldosterone = reduction in proximal tubular ammonium excretion
causes hyperkalaemia
causes include hypoaldosteronism, diabetes
What doses the mnemonic 2–1-4 low, low, more stand for?
Ominous ECG sign w/ HYPER K
Prolonged QRS
AV blk w/ bradycardia or slow AF
Just before arrest makes a sin wave
What is RF
IgM
Cell Cycle
G0
‘resting’ phase’
quiescent cells such as hepatocytes and more permanently resting cells such as neurons
Cell Cycle : G1
Gap 1, cells increase in size
determines length of cell cycle
under influence of p53
Cell Cycle : S
Synthesis of DNA, RNA and histone
centrosome duplication
Cell Cycle : G2
Gap 2, cells continue to increase in size
Cell Cycle : M
Mitosis - cell division
the shortest phase of the cell cycle
What is secreted by the adrenal medulla
Adrenaline.
NB gfr is for cortex layers
What type of medalian inherited disease are more likely in Tunners & why
Turner’s syndrome only have one X chromosome however, they may develop X-linked recessive conditions
Name the 2 Obesity hormones
Leptin Lowers appetite
Ghrelin Gains appetite
