Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

abt 1 > crop sci le 1 > Flashcards

crop sci le 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Abaca

A

Musa textilis

Only in the Ph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pili

A

Canarium ovatum

Only in the Ph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Kapa-kapa

A

Medinilla magnifica

Only in the Ph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Jade vine

A

Strongylodon macrobotrys

Only in the Ph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Mussaenda

A

Mussaenda sp.

Only in the Ph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Waling-waling

A

Vanda sanderiana

Endemic in the Ph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Lubi-lubi

A

Ficus pseudopalma

Only in the Ph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Duhat

A

Syzigium cumini

Indigenous to the Ph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Agricultūra (Latin)

A

ager- a field, cultūra- cultivation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

systematic raising of useful plants and
livestock under the management of man

A

Agriculture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

the entire system that links the producers and
consumers of food and non-food agricultural
products

A

Agriculture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Agriculture includes…

A
  • Provision of Agricultural Supplies and Services (Technical assistance and Agri supplies: Fertilizers, Packaging materials, Pesticides, Seeds, Irrigation systems, Etc.)
  • Production of plants for food and fiber
  • Processing
  • Trade, Marketing, Use
  • Storage, Distribution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Agriculture in Changing Environments

A

Food - basic human need

Three out of four people - depend directly or indirectly on agriculture for their livelihood (developing world)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Changing Environments

A
  • Urbanization and other land uses
  • Decreasing amount of arable land
  • Decreasing number of people engaged in agriculture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Changing Global Climate

A
  • Drought
  • Floods
  • Tsunami
  • Flash floods
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Agriculture in Changing Environments

A

Challenge- enough to feed the growing population of developing nations
* Reduction in arable lands
* Reduction in number of people engaged in
agriculture
* Changing global climate
* Regional and Global Pandemic (COVID-19)
More PRODUCTIVE AGRICULTURE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Origins of Agriculture: When did agriculture start?

A
  • Later than existence of man (Start of agriculture - 10-15T years before present)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Origins of Agriculture: Where did it start?

A

Independently in different areas
* China
* India
* Central Asia
* Near East
* Mediterranean
* Ethiopia
* Mesoamerica
* South America: Andes of Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, Chile, Brazil, Paraguay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Origins of Agriculture: Why did agriculture start?

A

Theories
- Agriculture as a divine gift
- Agriculture as a discovery
- Agriculture as a result of stress
- Agriculture as an extension of gathering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Origins of Agriculture: What type of plants?

A
  • Thrive in disturbed areas (open lands)
  • Short life cycle
  • High competitive ability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Origins of Agriculture: EVIDENCES

A
  • Living Plants
  • Archeological Finds
  • Pottery
  • Literature
  • History
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Elements to start agriculture

A

Plants, Man, Environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Site of Human Civilization

A

The Fertile Crescent (Mesopotamia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

History of Agriculture

A

Hunting and Gathering

-> Cultivation and Domestication (Agriculture)
Cultivation – encouragement of growth
Domestication –selection of particularly useful plants by man

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Plants Cultivated

A
  • Cereals: source of energy
  • Legumes: source of proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Cereals and legumes

A

Americas – maize and peanuts
Africa – sorghum and beans
Near east – wheat, barley and beans
Asia- rice and soybeans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Origin of some economically important crops: 1. India, Indochina and the Pacific Islands as centers of origin

A

Asian rice
Pigeon pea, Winged bean, Rice bean
Yams, Arrowroot, Taro
Coconut
Bread fruit, Orange, Lime, Tangerine,
Grapefruit, Mango, Banana, Plantain
Cucumber, Nutmeg, Eggplant
Jute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Origin of some economically important crops: 2. The Chinese center of origin

A

Asian rice, Proso and Foxtail Millets
Soybean, Adzuki bean
Turnip, Yams
Rape seed
Chinese hickory, Chestnut, Quince,
Persimmon, Litchi, Apricot, Peach
Chinese cabbage, Ginger
Tea, Ginseng, Camphor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Origin of some economically important crops: 3. The Near Eastern center of origin

A

Wheat, Barley, Rye, Oat
Pea, Chickpea (garbanzo), Lentil,
Lupine
Turnip, Carrot, Radish
Rape seed, Safflower, Flax, Olive
Fig, Walnut, Date palm, Almond,
Grape, Apple, Pear, Plum
Onion & relatives, Lettuce,
Saffron, Parsley

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Origin of some economically important crops: 4. The African center of origin

A

African rice, Pearl millet, Sorghum
Cowpea, Hyacinth bean
Yam
Oil palm, Castor bean
Watermelon, Melon
Okra, Sesamum sp. Solanum spp.
Kenaf
Coffee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Origin of some economically important crops: 5. Mesoamerican center of origin

A

Maize
Amaranth
Phaseolus beans
Cotton, agave (“sisal”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Origin of some economically important crops: 6. The South American center of origin

A

Peanut, Phaseolus beans
Potato,, Sweet potato, Cassava
Chili, Tomato
Peanut
Cotton
Cashew, Pineapple, Brazil nut, Papaya,
Avocado, Guava
Pepper, Squash
Cocoa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Facts and Figures
- World’s population, 2021
- People in poverty
- World’s population, 2050

A
  • 7.8B
  • 1B
  • 9.2B
  • increase in world population put pressure on agricultural lands.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

balancing of the potential tradeoffs between economic and environmental objectives

A

Sustainable Development of Agriculture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

are a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity

A

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for 2030, otherwise known as the Global Goals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
- 8000 BC
- 7000 BC
- 3500 BC
- 1000 BC
- 1ST CENTURY AD
- 14TH CENTURY AD

A
  • Middle Stone Age (Food collection)
  • New Stone Age ( Raising of crops)
  • Bronze Age (Rise of centers of agriculture)
  • Iron Age ( Early development of cultural
    management practices)
  • No record
  • Discovery of New World (Diffusion of agriculture)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
- 14th – 17th C
- 20th C
- 40’s
- 60’s-70’s
- 80’s-90’s
- 21st C

A
  • Agricultural revolution/Scientific method of agriculture ( plant anatomy, plant systematics, genetics/breeding)
  • Technological changes in agriculture (new plant cultivars, improved crop nutrition, improved irrigation techniques)
  • Basic research — agricultural chemicals
  • Green revolution and CGIAR Centers
  • SA, environmental concerns, integrated/alternative approaches in agriculture
  • Biotechnology and GMOs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND (detailed)
- 70’S
- 80’S
- 90’S

A
  • Green Revolution (HYVs, High Inputs)
  • Productivity Decline (Land Conversions, Soil Degradations, Climate Change, Chemical Pollution, Eroding Biodiversity, Water Distribution)
  • Alternative Agriculture (Soil Health Conservation, Nutrient Cycling, Less Use of Chemical Inputs, Improved WUE, Varietal Resistance to Pests & Stress Environments, Minimum Tillage, Alternative/Integrated Pest Mgt., Alternative/Integrated Nutrient Mgt., Alternative/Integrated Crop Mgt., Crop Improvement, Water Management, Others)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

STAGES OF PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURE

A
  • PRE-COLONIAL
  • COLONIAL
  • POST-WAR
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

PRE-COLONIAL

A
  • Indo-Malayan migrants brought wet rice agriculture - carabao near bodies of water
  • Slash and burn type - shifting agriculture
  • Main Crops - Rice, corn, banana, coconuts Gabi, citrus ginger, clove
  • No agricultural specialization - subsistence
    agriculture
  • Private land ownership - did not exist
  • Absence of surpluses
  • Limited foreign trade
  • Food scarcity in some settlements
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

COLONIAL

A
  • Increased in agricultural production — surpluses produced
  • Plant introduction— mulberry, cacao, wheat,
    cucumber, cantaloupe, coffee, New varieties of
    cereals and peas
  • Hacienda system — introduced
  • Technological innovations in production and
    processing — introduced
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

POST-WAR

A
  • Introduction of technological improvement
  • Establishment of IRRI in the 1960’s
  • Development and expansion of international agriculture
  • Exports: coco/by products, mango, banana, sugar and pineapple
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL SITUATION: Facts and Figures

A
  • Agricultural land area = 9.671 M ha
  • Cropping intensity (cropping index) = 1.26
  • Land-man ratio of about 0.20 ha lower than world average of 0.28 ha
  • > 80% of agricultural area — planted to
    three crops: rice, corn, and coconut
  • Generally small-scale and dependent on manual labor
  • Farmers are heterogeneous: commercial, semi-commercial, subsistence, and landless farm workers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURAL SITUATION: Country’s Small-scale Commodity Production

A
  • Dominated by farmers cultivating an average area of 1.5 ha
  • Poor rice farmers toiling on large landholdings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF PHILIPPINE
AGRICULTURE

A
  • Low adoption rates of component
    technologies
  • Heavy dependence on imported inputs
  • Essentially monoculture
  • Middleman-mediated marketing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

STATE OF PHILIPPINE AGRICULTURE

A
  • poor agriculture performance due to failed policies
  • Inadequate infrastructure
  • Declining competitiveness
  • Deteriorating environment
  • Continuing food imports
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

STRENGTHS

A
  • Availability of expertise
  • Basic institutions in place
  • Rich natural resources
  • Technologies are at hand or forthcoming
47
Q

WEAKNESSES

A
  • PHYSICAL: Climatic stresses, Soil erosion
  • BIOLOGICAL: Insects, Diseases, Weeds
  • SOCIOECONOMIC: Low family income, Inadequate support services, Inadequate incentives from the government, Middlemen-mediated marketing
48
Q

OPPORTUNITIES

A
  • Diverse agro-environment diverse cropping system
  • Wide range of soils and climate growing different crops
  • Whole year round growing period
  • sunlight -11-13 hrs
  • temperature- 24-32
  • rainfall-2400-4000mm/yr
49
Q

THREATS

A
  • Population growth
  • Deteriorating natural resource endowments
  • Globalization
  • Brain drain
  • Weak governance
  • Land conversion
50
Q

FACTS AND FIGURES ON THE PHILIPPINE
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY (2023): Demography

A

Population Density: 405 people km-2
2025 population growth -1.5% (120.9 M)

2023 - 117.34 M
2020 - 112.19 M
2010 - 94.64 M
2000 - 77.96 M
1990 - 60.70 M

51
Q

FACTS AND FIGURES ON THE PHILIPPINE
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY (2023): Geography

A

Area
Total - 300.00 M ha
Land - 298.17 M ha
Water - 1.830 M ha

52
Q

FACTS AND FIGURES ON THE PHILIPPINE
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY (2023): Geography

A

About 32 percent of the country’s total land area constitute the agricultural land. Of this, 51% and 44% were arable and permanent croplands, respectively.

Arable Land - 4.936 M ha
Permanent Crop Land - 4.225 M ha
Permanent Meadows/Pastures - 0.129 M ha
Forest Land - 0.074 M ha
Other Lands - 0.307 M ha

53
Q

Cultivated plants grown for human food and
animal feed

A

crop

54
Q

How do we identify/classify?

A
  • taxonomic classification based on morphology, and other markers
  • descriptive-based on environmental adaptation, growth habit, other observable features
  • classification based on phylogenetic relationship
55
Q

Agricultural Classification

A
  • Useful vs not useful
  • Vary from place to place
  • Differences in the primary usage
  • Intensity of care
  • Extent of cultivation
56
Q

Classification of Agricultural Crops
(food crops, non-food crops)

A

staple crops, cereal/grain, legume/pulses, root and tuber crops, oil seed crops, sugar and
sweetener, beverage, rubber, latex and gum, dye and tannin, fiber, pasture and forage, biofuel fruit (pomological) and nuts crops, vegetable (olericultural) crops, ornamental crops, industrial, plantation

57
Q

Classification of Crops

A
  • Manner of Culture (Agronomic, Horticultural)
  • Use
  • Climatic Requirement (Temperate, Tropical)
  • Mode of Reproduction
  • Length of Life Cycle
  • Habitat
58
Q

Classification based on Use

A

Cereals
Seed legumes
Fiber
Drug
Sugar
Oil
forage
Vegetables
Fruits
Plantation
Ornamentals

csfdso fvfpo

59
Q

Vegetable Classification by Family

A
  • Cole Crops Or Crucifers
  • Cucurbits
  • Legume Vegetables
  • Lilies
  • Solanaceous

CCLLS

60
Q

any of several ___ (as broccoli, kale, brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, and kohlrabi) derived from the same ___ ___ (___ ___)

A

Cole crops: Crucifers

  • brassicas
  • wild cabbage
  • Brassica oleracea
61
Q

The ___, also called ___ ___ ___ ___ ___, are a plant family consisting of around a hundred genera, the most important of which are:
___ – squash, pumpkin, zucchini, some gourds.
___ – mostly inedible
gourds.

A

Cucurbits

  • Cucurbitaceae
  • cucurbits and the gourd family
  • Cucurbita
  • Lagenaria
62
Q

refers to the plants whose fruit is enclosed in
a ___
___ refers only to the dried seed

A

Legumes

  • pod
  • pulse
63
Q

any of several fruits of plants of the family ___; especially of the genera ___, ___, and ___

A

Solanaceous

  • Solanaceae
  • Solanum - tomato
  • Capsicum - pepper
  • Lycopersicon - eggplant??
64
Q

any of a genus (___ of the family ___,
the ___ family) of erect perennial leafy
stemmed bulbous herbs

A

Lilies

  • Lilium
  • Liliaceae
65
Q

Classification based on Special Purpose

A

Green manure
Catch
Cover
Companion
Trap
Soilage
Silage

GCCCTSS

66
Q

Classification based on Special Purpose:

crops (usually legumes) grown for a
specific period and then plowed under and incorporated
into the soilto improve soil fertility

A

Green manure

67
Q

Classification based on Special Purpose:

fast-growing crops grown simultaneously with or between successive plantings of a main crop

A

Catch

68
Q

Classification based on Special Purpose:

crop grown primarily to provide ground ___ to improve soil properties, control erosion and or control weed

A

Cover

69
Q

Classification based on Special Purpose:

a crop planted in proximity to another due
to the benefits it confer to the other plant (insect-repelling qualities)

A

Companion

70
Q

Classification based on Special Purpose:

a plant grown to protect the main crop from biotic and abiotic factors

A

Trap

71
Q

Classification based on Special Purpose:

forage crops which are cut when green and
succulent and are fed to livestock without curing

A

Soilage

72
Q

Classification based on Special Purpose:

crops harvested, processed and stored in
succulent condition for feeds to livestock

A

Silage

73
Q
  • World’s most planted crop
  • World’s most fecund crop
  • World’s most popular crop
  • World’s most revenue crop
A
  • wheat, maize, rice
  • sugar cane, sugar beet
  • sugar cane
  • cannabis, rice, cocaine, opium poppy
74
Q

A discipline dealing with the scientific approaches to improve the quality of crops and their management for more economical production

A

Crop Science

75
Q

Branches of Crop Science

A

Agronomy and Horticulture

76
Q
  • ___ word ‘ ___’ meaning ___ ‘___’ ___ ___
  • Deals with the principles and practices of
    managing field crops and soils
A

Agronomy

  • Greek
  • agros: field
  • nomos: to manage
77
Q
  • ___ words ‘___’ – ___, derived from the ___word ___ ____ and ___ ___
  • The concept of gardens or plants within an enclosure is distinct from the culture of field crops
  • implies a more ___ cultivation of crops as contrasted to the ___ cultivation of field crops
A

Horticulture

  • Latin
  • hortus: garden
  • Anglosaxon
  • gyrdan: to enclose
  • colere: to cultivate
  • intensive
  • extensive
78
Q

Contribution of Related Sciences to Crop Production

  • Weather (forecasting)
A

agrometeorology

79
Q

Contribution of Related Sciences to Crop Production

  • Improvement of heritable properties of crops
A

crop breeding/genetics

80
Q

Contribution of Related Sciences to Crop Production

  • Plant structure, processes/relationship with environment
A

botany

81
Q

Contribution of Related Sciences to Crop Production

  • Soil fertility and management
A

soil science

82
Q

Contribution of Related Sciences to Crop Production

  • Pests and their management
A

Plant Pathology/Entomology

83
Q

Contribution of Related Sciences to Crop Production

  • Structures/machineries, Water management, Crop processing, Waste management
A

Agricultural Engineering

84
Q

Contribution of Related Sciences to Crop Production

  • Production and marketing
A

Agricultural Economics

85
Q

related sciences to crop production

A

agrometeorology
crop breeding/genetics
botany
soil science
plant pathology/entomology
agricultural engineering
agricultural economics

86
Q

Development of Crop Science

  • ___–> ___
  • Establishment of agricultural ___ ___ ___
  • Establishment of agricultural ___ ___ both ___ and ___
A
  • Traditional; Scientific
  • colleges and universities
  • research institutions; national; international
87
Q

National Research Institutions (NARs)

  1. PhilRice
  2. PCA
  3. SRA
  4. NTA
  5. NARC
  6. PhilFIDA
  7. PhilRoots
  8. NPRCRTC
A

PhilRice - Philippine Rice Research Institute
PCA - Philippine Coconut Authority
SRA - Sugar Regulatory Administration
NTA – National Tobacco Administration
NARC – National Abaca Research Center
PhilFIDA - Philippine Fiber Industry and Development Authority
PhilRoots - Philippine Root crops Research and Training Center
NPRCRTC – Northern Philippines Root crops Research and Training Center

88
Q

International Agricultural Research Centers

  1. IRRI
  2. CIMMYT
  3. CIP
  4. ICARDA
  5. CIAT
  6. IITA
  7. BI
  8. ICRISAT
A

IRRI – International Rice Research Institute
CIMMYT- Centro Internacional de Mejoramiento de Maize y Trigo
CIP – Centro de Internacional de Patatas
ICARDA – International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas
CIAT- Centro Internacional de Agricultural Tropical
IITA- International Institute for Tropical Agriculture
Bioversity International
ICRISAT- International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics

89
Q
  • Study of parts and functions in organisms
  • In plants, basic physiological processes are
  • ___
  • ___
  • ___
  • ___
  • ___
  • ___
  • ___
  • ___ of plants define the interaction between genetic potential and environment resulting in growth, development and yield
  • Knowledge of physiology should be/is utilized to improve crop production (___ and ___)
A

Physiology

  • Photosynthesis
  • Respiration
  • Transpiration
  • Translocation
  • Mineral uptake
  • Response to environmental stimuli or conditions
  • Many other metabolic activities
  • growth; yield
90
Q
  • ___ – produce their own food (___) through
    ___
  • ___ mainly occurs in the ___
  • ___ cells–>___–>___
A

Plants
- autotrophs; glucose: photosynthesis
- Photosynthesis; leaves
- Mesophyll: Chloroplasts; chlorophyll

91
Q

Chemistry of Photosynthesis
1. ___ (small molecules ___)
2. ___ (___ CHEMICAL energy)
3. ___ ___ requiring process that uses ___ ___ and ___ to produce ___ ___.

give the formula for number 3

A
  • Anabolic; combined
  • Endergonic; stores
  • Carbon dioxide (CO2); light energy (photons); water (H2O); organic macromolecules (glucose)

6CO2 + 6H2O + (light energy) → C6H12O6 + 6O2
carbon dioxide + water + light = sugar + oxygen

92
Q
  • The ___ has TWO membranes
  • “bi-bilayer”
  • ___ are sub-organelles where PS takes place
  • ___ are stacked ___
  • The ___ is the space surrounding the ___
A
  • chloroplast
  • Thylakoids
  • Thylakoids; granum (grana plural)
  • stroma; grana
93
Q

Parts of the Chloroplast

  • ___ molecules - found in the ___ internal
    organs of the chloroplast and are embedded in the ___ ____
  • act like a ___ ___ and absorb energy from ___
A
  • Chlorophyll; green; thylakoid membrane
  • light “antenna” ; sunlight
94
Q

where does LDR of photosynthesis takes place?
where does calvin cycle of photosynthesis takes place?

A
  • thylakoid membrane
  • stroma
95
Q

Requirements for photosynthesis
* 3 inputs from the environment that are required for
photosynthesis to proceed:

  • ___ has a spectrum of varying ___ and emit
    ___ ___
  • Photosynthesis is most efficient in the ___ ___ (___nm) and ___ ___ (___ nm)
A
  • Sunlight/ visible light, Carbon dioxide (CO2), Water
  • Light; wavelengths; different colors
  • blue range - 425–450 ; red range - 600–700
96
Q

How light energy is harvested by plants

___ ___ hits a ___ molecule; the energy from ___ is transferred from one ___ molecule to another resulting in ___ ___ to a ___ ___ ___

___ - clusters of ___ ___ (with
___ ___) that harvest light energy

A
  • Light energy; chlorophyll; light; chlorophyll; electron transfer; primary electron acceptor
  • Photosystem; thylakoid membranes; chlorophyll pigments
97
Q

___ ___ ___ produce energy and reducing power that will be used in the ___ ___

The ___ of light reaction

A
  • Light (dependent) reactions; Calvin cycle
  • Z-scheme
98
Q

3 major reactions in the Calvin Cycle

  • ___ or Rubisco is the major enzyme involved in the
    fixation or carboxylation in the ___ cycle.
  • Rubisco can function as ___ or ___
  • Rubisco uses ___ as substrate if the ratio of carbon dioxide to oxygen is ___, however ___ ___ ___ is
    increased when there is more oxygen in the ___ ___
A
  • carbon fixation, reduction of 3-Phosphoglyceric acid (pga), regeneration of Ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP)
  • Ribulose-1,5-bisphospate carboxylase/oxygenase; Calvin
  • carboxylase; oxygenase
  • CO2; high; affinity for oxygen; leaf cells
99
Q

___ is a process wherein ___ acts as an oxygenase to produce 1 molecule of ___ and 1 molecule of ___

___ is common under ___ conditions, where __ ___ increase ___ levels in the ___ cells.

For maximum photosynthesis, we want ___ to act as a ___ always

A
  • Photorespiration; Rubisco; 3 PG (phosphoglycolate); CO2
  • Rubisco; tropical; high temp; oxygen; mesophyll
  • Rubisco; carboxylase
100
Q

Photorespiration
* ___ ___ and ___
* ___ O2 and ___ CO2 oxygenase!
* ___ of RuBP yields 1 molecule of
___ and 1 molecule of ___, a ___ compound

___ of photorespiration is
stimulated by four factors:
1) high ___,
2) high ___,
3) low ___ and
4) high ___

Photorespiration loses ___ of the ___ it takes from the ___ cycle
It is a ___ process

A
  • Rubisco; carboxylates; oxygenates
  • 21%; 0.038%
  • oxidation; 3-pga; phosphoglycolate; 2-carbon
  • rate
    1. light levels
    2. O2 levels
    3. CO2 levels
    4. temperatures
  • 25%; carbon; calvin
  • wasteful
101
Q

How photorespiration leads to lower yields:
1. ___ of the ___ is lost during ___
2. metabolically-expensive reaction
* Uses up _ ___ and _ ___ for every ___
of RuBP
* Additional ___ of the amount of ___ expended on ___
3. Result in lower rate of ___ ___ production
because of lower ___ ___.

A
  • 25%; carbon; photorespiration
  • 5 ATP; 3 NADPH; oxygenation
  • 50: energy; carboxylation
  • dry matter; photosynthetic efficiency
102
Q

___ is a wasteful
process and is exhibited by ___
plants!

A

Photorespiration; c3

103
Q

Plants’ evolved means to avoid
photorespiration

A

C4 and CAM
pathways

104
Q

Categories of Plants based on their Carbon Fixation Pathway

C3 plants and examples

A

because the first stable intermediate has three carbons (enter directly the Calvin cycle)
* rice, wheat and soybeans

105
Q

Categories of Plants based on their Carbon
Fixation Pathway

C4 plants

A

*first incorporate carbon dioxide into four-carbon compounds before the Calvin cycle
* thousand species in at least 19 families including corn sugarcane, and important agricultural grasses
* This pathway is adaptive, because it enhances carbon fixation under conditions that favor photorespiration, such as hot, arid environments

106
Q

c4 photosynthetic reactions occur in separate
cells
where?

A

C4 pathway or Hatch-Slack Pathway

mesophyll and bundle sheath cells

107
Q

bundle sheath cells in C4 plants
– ___ ___ is confined to the ___ of the bundle sheath.

Mesophyll cells in C4 plants
- have an additional enzyme, ___ ___ ___

___ Anatomy in C4 plants

A
  • Calvin cycle; chloroplasts
  • phosphoenol pyruvate carboxylase (PEP carboxylase)

Kranz

108
Q

C4 photosynthesis
1. ___ ___ enters the ___ cells
2. ___ is ___ thru the action of ___ ___ to form ___ ___ (OAA)
3. OAA is then converted to ___, which is an ___ ___
4. ___ is transported to the ___ ___ cells through the action of a ___ ___
5. ___ is released via ___ and enters the ___ ___.
6. Because of the ___ concentration of ___ , the ___ in the calvin cycle acts as a ___ always

Note: all plants have both the ___ ___ and ___ ___ reactions

A
  • Carbon dioxide; mesophyll
  • PEP; carboxylated; PEP carboxylase; Oxaloacetic acid
  • malate; organic acid
  • Malate; bundle sheath; malate pump
  • CO2; decarboxylation; Calvin cycle
  • high; CO2; Rubisco; carboxylase

light dependent; light-independent (Calvin cycle)

109
Q
  • Exhibited by plants that are growing in very arid, dry, and hot environments
  • give examples
  • Light and dark reactions are separated in ___
    • ___ open at ___ to allow entry of ___
    • __ ___ occurs at ___
    • ___ ___ occurs in the ___
A

Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM pathway)

  • Cacti, succulents, pineapple
  • time (temporal separation)
    • Stomata; night; CO₂
    • C4 pathway; night
    • Calvin cycle; daylight
110
Q

CAM pathway - ___ ___ are separated in ___

A

photosynthetic reactions; time (temporal)

111
Q

Comparative Adaptive Values

  • Most efficient under ___ and ___ conditions and under ___ light
  • Requires less machinery (fewer ___ and no ___ ___)
A

C3 plants

  • cool; moist; normal
  • enzymes; specialized anatomy
112
Q

Comparative Adaptive Values

  • More efficient than C3 plants under ___ ___ ___ and ___ ___
  • Better ___ ___ ___
  • ___ ___ brings in ___ faster
  • ___ ___ ___ by transpiration for the same amount of ___ gained for PS
A

C4 plants

  • high light intensity; high temperatures
  • Water Use Efficiency
  • PEP Carboxylase; CO₂
  • Less water lost; CO₂
113
Q

Comparative Adaptive Values

  • Better water use efficiency than C3 plants under arid conditions
  • a state where they minimize metabolic activity to conserve water, essentially going into “idle” mode.

In this state:
- Stomata remain closed during ___ ___ ___ ___ to prevent ___ ___.
- The plant can ___ internally produced CO₂ from respiration for photosynthesis without taking in external CO₂, which further reduces water loss.

A

CAM plants

  • cam-idle
  • both day and night; water loss
  • recycle
114
Q

Staghorn

A

Platycerium grande

115
Q

Kahoy-dalaga

A

Mussaenda philippica

abt 1 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions