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abt le2 Flashcards

1
Q
  • material consisting (a) used in the body of an organism to sustain growth, repair, and vital processes and to furnish energy; also : such food together with supplementary substances (as minerals, vitamins, and condiments)
  • viewed as a (b) to meet daily requirements at a minimum in order to survive
A

food

a. essentially of protein, carbohydrate, and fat
b. source of nutrition

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2
Q

Unequal food distribution
* Developed countries – ___
* Developing countries – ___;

require a (a), and the (b) have a part to play

A

overconsumption
undernourishment

a. modified food supply
b. tools of biotechnology

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3
Q
  • (a) - refer to the foods that is developed to (b)
  • may be (c) to enhance a food’s nutritional value and therefore its health benefits.
A

a. Designer foods
b. have some health benefits other than its traditional nutritional value
c. genetically engineered or specially manufactured

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4
Q

Synomyms

  • any food that has a (a) on an individual’s (b) in addition to its (c)
A
  • Functional foods
  • Pharmafoods
  • Fortified foods
  • Nutraceuticals
    a. positive impact
    b. health, physical appearance or state of mind
    c. nutritive values
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5
Q

Examples:
Designer Eggs
* (a) developed designer egg rich in (b) by feeding hen with (c) and patented as (d)
* Fortification of omega-3 fatty acid
-increases the (e) of designer egg
-reduces the (f) of the egg by replacing (g)

A

a. Sim and Sunwoo (2002)
b. omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants
c. flax seed
d. Professor Sim’s Designer Egg
e. health benefits
f. cholesterol content
g. saturated fatty acid in egg yolk

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6
Q

Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fatty Acids

A

Saturated fatty acids have hydrocarbon chains connected by single bonds only. Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds

unsaturated fats bends

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7
Q

Examples

  • Probiotics —are live microorganisms such as (a), which provide various (b); commercially available as (c).
  • Designer probiotics’—strains are specifically tailored:
  • to target certain (d) (Sleator and Hill 2008)
  • for controlling (e) (Elson 2006; Sleator 2010)
  • which (f) (Paton et al. 2006)
A

a. Lactobacilli sp., Bifidobacteria sp. and Streptococcus thermophilus
b. health benefits upon ingestion
c. spores or in lyophilized forms or in the form of probiotic fortified fermented dairy products
d. pathogens and/or toxins in vivo
e. human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as novel mucosal vaccine delivery vehicles
f. interacts ligand-receptor binding of toxins released by microbial pathogens causing enteric infections

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8
Q

Examples
Designer broccoli
* contain (a), a nutrient believed to help (b).
* Sold as (c); Britain- Oct. 2011.

A

a. two to three times the normal amount of glucoraphanin
b. ward off heart disease
c. Beneforte in select stores in California and Texas in 2010

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9
Q

Examples
Designer Vegetable Protein

Mungbean
* Protein content – _____
* _____ of resource poor families
* _____
* Strategy: _____

A
  • 17 to 26%
  • Protein source
  • Low nutritional quality due limiting amino acids: methionine and cysteine
  • increase the number of methionine and cysteine by protein engineering
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10
Q

Examples

is the process by which the nutritional
quality of food crops is improved through
conventional plant breeding and/or use of
biotechnology.
give examples

A

Biofortification
- Iron Biofortified Transgenic Rice
- BioCassava Plus (BC+)
- Orange Sweet Potato

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11
Q

Examples

Golden Rice
In 2005, dramatical increase in
the amount of (a), making the rice a
(b) color; (c)

Golden Rice - a (d) way to help those affected by (e) in the Philippines

A

a. carotenoid synthesized
b. deep golden
c. 37 mg/g of carotenoid, of which 84% is β
carotene (~31 mg)
d. sustainable and cost-effective
e. vitamin A deficiency

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12
Q

Examples

  • (a), a biotech snack by (b) in Camden, N.J.
  • (c)
  • consistent in (d),
  • can be gathered at the same length by a
    (e)
  • be cut into (f).
  • Do not vary in in (g)—necessary features of mass-marketed snack foods.
A

a. VegiSnax
b. DNA Plant Technology
c. tissue culture techniques that speed up the
plant selection process–has developed for
carrots and celery
d. size, weight and shape
e. harvesting machine
f. identical pieces for packaging
g. texture, taste or size

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13
Q

Some designer foods and their health benefits
first

A

Micro/Macro nutrient -
Omega 3 fatty acid

Designer foods -
Omega 3 fatty acid enriched egg, oil and milk

Health benefits -
Management of Cardiovascular disease, hypertension, autoimmune, allergic, neurological disorders, maternal health, and rheumatoid arthritis

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14
Q

Some designer foods and their health benefits
second

A

Micro/Macro nutrient -
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)

Designer foods -
CLA enriched egg and milk

Health benefits -
Antiadipogenic, anti-carcinogenic, anti atherogenic and anti-inflammatory

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15
Q

Some designer foods and their health benefits
third

A

Micro/Macro nutrient - Selenium (Se)

Designer foods - Se enriched egg,
broccoli and milk

Health benefits -
Prevents cardiac muscle degeneration, muscular dystrophy, reduce the risk and prevalence of prostate and colon cancer and antioxidant activity

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16
Q

Some designer foods and their health benefits
fourth

A

Micro/Macro nutrient -
Glucoraphanin

Designer foods -
Glucoraphanin enriched broccoli sprouts

Health benefits - Reduce the risk of cancer

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17
Q

Some designer foods and their health benefits
fifth

A

Micro/Macro nutrient - Probiotics

Designer foods - Probiotic yoghurt

Health benefits -
Produces pro-inflammatory cytokines eliminates enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis, Helicobacter pylori, prevents gastrointestinal and lower respiratory tract infections, improves defecation frequency and abdominal pain due to constipation in pediatric patients improves antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic patients

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18
Q

Some designer foods and their health benefits
sixth

A

Micro/Macro nutrient -
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)

Designer foods - DHA enriched milk

Health benefits -
Reduces the level of blood lipids, improves
composition of red blood cell membranes
and intelligence in infants when consumed
by pregnant and lactating

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19
Q

Some designer foods and their health benefits
seventh

A

Micro/Macro nutrient - Vitamins

Designer foods - Golden rice

Health benefits -
Management of vitamin deficiencies

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20
Q

Biotechnology in Food Production
1. Speeding up the development of (a).
2. Producing (b).
3. Developing (c) such as soybeans.
4. Producing (d).
5. Developing (e) or result in a more marketable or nutritious
product.
6. Developing (f) for human food.

A

a. new strains of fruits and vegetables–strains that can ward off disease, obtain nutrients more easily, or resist frost
b. “meatier” breeds of livestock
c. inexpensive animal feed substitutes that lessen farmers’ dependence on crops
d. food additives more cheaply
e. processing techniques that permit faster production of conventional foods
f. new sources of protein

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21
Q

These are the modern generations or waves of biotech processes or products. Most of the current products belong to the first wave. Biofuels are in the fourth wave!

A

first wave: agronomic traits: biotic or abiotic stress yield
second wave: quality traits: improved nutrition, functional properties
third wave: factories: industrials, pharmaceuticals
fourth wave:
- renewable resources - biofuels from cellulosic materials
- recombinant health products produced by microorganisms

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22
Q

Biofuels
* are alternative fuels that are (a).
* Produced from (b).
*Recurring sources like (c).
*“bio” in “biofuels.”

A

a. not composed substantially of petroleum or imported crude oil
b. feedstock and other biomass or organic sources that are renewable such as trees, crops and plant fiber
c. poultry litter, animal wastes, industrial wastes and the biodegradable component of solid waste

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23
Q

Why is there a need for biofuels? (3)

A
  • High cost and imminent depletion of petroleum-based fuel
  • Energy self-sufficiency
  • Search for clean, renewable and affordable energy sources
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24
Q
  • Biofuels include (a) produced from (b) and are primarily used for (c), in accordance with the (d).
  • Produced from (e).
A

a. bioethanol, biodiesel and other fuels
b. biomass
c. motive, thermal and power generations
d. Philippine National Standards (PNS)
e. at least 81% live organism

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25
Q

Categories (3)

A
  1. First-generation biofuels ̶ largely from edible sugars and starches.
  2. Second-generation biofuels ̶ non-edible plant materials.
  3. Third-generation biofuels ̶ algae and other microbes.
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26
Q

Biofuels
First generation from (a)
* bioethanol (b)
* biodiesel (c)

A

a. sugarcane, starchy crops such as maize, cassava, sugarcane, and nipa
b. sucrose -> glucose -> ethanol
starch -> glucose -> ethanol
c. from soybean oil, coconut oil, palm oil

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27
Q
  • (a) is a light alcohol produced by fermenting (b).
  • It is currently being used in Brazil, United States, China, India and Thailand.
  • (c) produced (d) gallons of bioethanol from sugarcane in 2019: (e) produced (f) gallons of bioethanol mostly from maize in 2019.
A

a. Bioethanol
b. carbohydrates, such as starch or sugar in vegetable matter
c. carbohydrates, such as starch or sugar in vegetable matter
d. 8.57 B
e. USA
f. 15.78 B

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28
Q
  • (a) is a renewable and biodegradable fuel extracted from (b).
  • Sources: (c).
  • undergo a (d) to
    make them suitable fuels for transport.
A

a. Biodiesel
b. plant oils
c. palm, jatropha, soy, rapeseed
and coconut
d. chemical process for
conversion into Fatty Acid Methyl Ester

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29
Q

Second generation
* (a- what is it)
* Biomass consists of (b)
* Microorganisms (c) have been engineered to (d)
* US Dept of Energy poured $2 billion in 2007 to build (e)

A

a. cellulosic ethanol from agricultural and forest wastes, grasses, etc.
b. cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin
c. (E. coli, yeast, Zymomonas)
d. convert five-carbon sugars like xylose and others to ethanol and are tolerant to alcohol
e. 6 cellulosic ethanol plants

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30
Q
  • Third generation – (a)
  • (b. who and what did they invent)
A

a. biofuel from algae “oilgae”
b. CEAT, UPLB – Prof Rex Demafelis developed photobioreactor for algal culture

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31
Q
  • a facility to undertake the (a) was established in the existing (b) in Bgy. Tagpako, Gingoog City, Misamis Oriental.
  • main objective is to (c).
  • Initial results from the (d) showed very encouraging data.
  • The process and engineering design for a (e) each are now in operation
A

a. productivity of local microalgae strains
b. R&D facility of Secura International Corp.
c. determine the productivity rate of local microalgae strains
d. pilot plant size of 4 cubic meters photobioreactors
e. small scale commercial production, 32 ponds of 16 cubic meters

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32
Q

UPLB Biofuel Research (4)

A
  • bio-ethanol from sugarcane and sweet sorghum,
  • biodiesel from coconut and other food crops,
  • biofuels from non-food energy crops jatropha * cellulosic ethanol
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33
Q

(a)
* (b), mandates the use of biofuels in the Philippines.
* Signed into law in (c)
* mandates (d)
* (e) by (e)
* Diesel – (f)

A

a. Philippine Biofuels Act of 2006
b. Republic Act 9367
c. January 2007
d. 5% ethanol be blended into all gasoline by 2009
e. 10%, 2011
f. 1% biodiesel within three months and two percent within two years

34
Q

Philippine Ethanol Production 2018
* ethanol production in (a)
* Blending peaked at (b).
* for biodiesel - (c)
* the planned 5 percent blend in 2015 has not happened due to feedstock supply concerns.
* (d) maintained the current ethanol and biodiesel blends (d).

A

a. 2018 was 296 million liters
b. 10 percent in 2014 but declined to under 9
percent in recent years
c. consumption growth is driven by increased diesel use since 2009 with the blend rate peaking at 2.8 percent in 2016 due to
increased motor vehicle sales
d. DOE; (10 and 2 percent, respectively) through 2019

35
Q

Biofuels Research: USA
* Researchers at the (a), a bioenergy research center led by Berkeley Lab, the developed a new technique for (b).
* new technique – (c).

A

a. U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)’s Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI)
b. pre-treating cellulosic biomass with ionic liquids – salts that are liquids rather than crystals at room temperature
c. does not use expensive enzymes and makes easier recovery of fuel sugars and recycle the ionic liquid

36
Q

Biofuels Research: Australia
* (a) is assessing current state-of-the-art technology for developing second generation biofuels obtained from (b).
* discover (c) and study their structure and functions
* (d) are studied

  • (e) were screened from over (e)
  • Collections included (f).
  • potential of different strains for biodiesel studied through (g)
  • selected strains for tailored lipids or high productivity or both.
  • viability of aviation biofuels was released in (h), by The University of Queensland, James Cook University, The Boeing Company, Virgin Australia, Mackay Sugar and IOR Energy
A

a. CSIRO
b. lignocellulose
c. genes for lipid metabolising proteins
d. Lignocellulose degrading enzymes
e. >200 strains of algae; 125 species and 16 different classes
f. high hydrocarbon producing microalga Botryococcus and productive green algae such as Nannochloropsis and Tetraselmis
g. lipid profiling and assessing biofuel production potential
h. may 2013

37
Q

Biofuel production in Canada

  • Canada’s total ethanol production capacity is 1.80 billion litres, while the federal (a).
  • Almost all of Canada’s (b)
  • Bio(c)
  • animal fat and recycled oils, with canola expected to account for nearly (d).

Biofuels in Canada 2017:
* Ethanol consumption has increased from roughly 1,700 million liters in 2010 to 2,800 million liters in 2015, accounting for over 6% of fuel consumption in the gasoline pool.
* Renewable fuel in the diesel pool has increased from 160 million liters in 2010 to 620 million liters in 2015, accounting for roughly 2% of diesel fuel consumption.
* Annual avoided lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions resulting from biofuel consumption reached 4.4 Mt/yr in 2015.
* On net, estimated biofuel consumption reduced fuel expenditures in Canada by 0.14% from 2010 to 2015, relative to a counterfactual scenario without biofuel consumption.
* The cost impact is equivalent to an average $8/yr savings for an archetypal gasoline consumer (i.e. private light-duty vehicle) or an additional cost of $106/yr for an archetypal diesel consumer (i.e. a long-haul trucker).

Biofuels in Canada 2019:
* (e) also embarked on a recently discovered strain of (f).
* will explore the use of the (g) desired for
biofuel.

A

a. mandate (at 5%) requires about 2 billion litres
b. ethanol production - corn (78%, east) or wheat (21%, west);
c. diesel - soybean, canola,
d. 40% by 2014
e. Montana State University
f. algae could be cultivated using only the ambient carbon dioxide of the atmosphere
g. genome editing technique called CRISPR for enhancing the algae’s ability to produce the oils

38
Q

Palm Biodiesel Production in Malaysia 2017
* increased steadily since 2014 with 611
million liters to 907 million liters in 2017
(Wahab, 2018).
* there are ____ operating that are still operating in the country,

A

16 palm biodiesel refineries

39
Q

Advantages (3)

Disadvantages
* (3)
* US, 28 liters water ̶ (a) (12 gallons of water consumed per mile driven).
* (b)

A

Advantages
* Widespread distribution and diverse use
* Renewable
* Environment friendly

Disadvantages
* land competition, energy inputs, and water use
- a. produce soybeans to propel an average vehicle 1 kilometer
- b. Typical flexible-fuel vehicle on E85 produced from irrigated cornfields consumes about 26 L/km

40
Q

Food vs. Fuel Debate
* Question of whether or not we should be using crops as fuel rather than using them for food purposes.
* (a. example)
* U.S. already appropriates (b)
* Philippines – (c)

Solutions
* (d)
* (e)

A

a. Example: Corn, which is used not only for human food products, but also feed for livestock.
If enough of the corn produced was used for fuel purposes, theoretically the price of food and feed could increase.
b. 30% of its corn supply to displace about 6% of its gasoline consumption
c. sugarcane production to meet the mandated 10% bioethanol blend would reduce amount for sugar production and hence
increase the price of sugar
d. Bioethanol - increased production and consumption of non-corn and non-food fuel crops such as sorghum and switchgrass.
e. Biodiesel – use of non-food feedstocks, algae and jatropha that give significantly higher returns per acre, and do not compromise food supplies or stimulate higher food prices.

41
Q

–known location on a chromosome
– can be or are associated with certain traits

A
  • gene or DNA sequence
42
Q

Types of Markers (2)

A
  • Morphological markers
  • Molecular markers
    1. Protein
    2. DNA markers
43
Q

Traditional Marker Systems (3)

A
  • Protein Markers and Allozymes
  • DNA sequencing of a defined region
  • Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
    – Nuclear RFLPs and DNA fingerprinting
    – RFLPs from chloroplast and mitochondria
44
Q
  • (a) that can be identified within the whole genome
  • (b)
  • Found at (c) of the genome
  • (d) or the inheritance of a particular characteristic
  • In a hybrid, the characteristics of interest will usually (e)
  • Selection for the marker itself means (f)
  • Types: (g)
A

Molecular or DNA markers
a. Specific fragments of DNA
b. Nucleotide sequences
c. specific locations
d. ‘flag’ the position of a particular gene
e. stay linked the molecular markers
f. selection for a desired trait
g. SSRs, SNPs

45
Q

Some applications/uses (3)

A team of researchers from the UP-NSRI DNA Lab, forensic pathologist (a) of the College of Medicine, (b) of the College of Dentistry, and (c) of the Department of Anthropology, collaborated and succeeded in identifying all but two of the fire victims using (d).

A
  1. Genetic fingerprinting
    –Forensics
    * Identify dead individuals
    * Identify and convict criminals
    * Paternity testing
  2. Selection of crop, animal and microbial genotypes with desired traits
  3. Plant Breeding (Marker-assisted selection)

a. Dr. Raquel Fortun
b. Dr. Danilo Magtanong
c. Dr. Francisco Datar
d. DNA fingerprinting technology

46
Q

APPLICATIONS OF MOLECULAR MARKERS IN AGRICULTURE (5)

A
  • DNA Fingerprinting
  • DNA mapping
  • Barcoding of Crops and Animals in the Philippines
  • Markers used: Cytochrome C oxidase and SSR markers
  • identifying hybrids using ssr markers
  • identifying sex of seedlings
47
Q

What is marker-assisted selection or MAS?
- breeding for specific traits in plants is (a)
- the progeny often need to (b) before a determination of the success of the cross can be made
- the (c) needed to achieve a desirable result

A
  • the use of DNA markers that are tightly-linked or near genes of interest as a substitute for or to assist phenotypic screening

a. expensive and time consuming
b. reach maturity
c. greater the complexity of the trait, the more time and effort

48
Q

general methodology for marker genotyping
(6)

A
  1. leaf sample (young; disease free)
  2. dna extraction (ctab extraction; CIMMYT, 2005)
  3. PCR (Nunome et al, 2009: 60-68 *C annealing temp)
  4. PAGE (mini-vertical PAGE)
  5. gel scoring (polymorphic gels; presence/absence of allele)
  6. data analysis (NTSYpc software; Rohlf, 2000)
49
Q

Selection of different crops
(a)
At PhilRice
* Incorporating into popular rice varieties (b) previously identified by molecular markers
* using (c)
(d)
(e)

A

a. Marker-assisted selection in apples
b. resistance genes to important diseases and pests (bacterial blight and tungro)
c. marker-aided breeding, PHILRICE developed NSICRc142 or Tubigan 7 resistant to bacterial leaf blight (BLB); NSIC Rc154
d. Development of DNA Markers for Genetic Diversity Analysis, Fingerprinting and Sex
Determination of Pili (Canarium ovatum)
e. SSR-based Genetic Relationship in Eggplant
Genotypes with Varying Morphological Response to Drought

50
Q

issues and concerns scope

A
  • Food Safety and Safety to Environment
  • Ethical and social issues
51
Q

We define biotechnology – as

A

any biology-based technology which uses organisms or their parts to make or modify products, or improve plants, animals and microorganisms.

52
Q

(a)—is a method that allows the
combination of genes in a (b) to form a
hybrid DNA.
*Design gene for (c)

Genetic engineering or modern
biotechnology allows the (d)

e. give the process

A

a. Recombinant DNA technology or genetic
engineering
b. test tube
c. specific trait
d. transfer of a specific gene for a desirable trait
e. gene -> mRNA -> protein (transgene product) -> trait

53
Q

What do we call products of genetic engineering? (+synonyms)

A

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)
Recombinant
Transgenic
Engineered
Biotech

Microorganisms, plants, animals

54
Q

scope of biotechnology

name examples of classical biotechnology (6)
name examples of modern biotechnology (8)
which has more issues and concerns?

A
  • biofertilizers. biological nitrogen fixation, fermentation, antibiotics, vaccines, breeding
  • recombinant diagnostics, dna & protein markers, recombinant vaccines, recombinant medicines, recombinant microorganims, genetic engineering of animals, genetic engineering of plants, genomics
  • modern biotech
55
Q

Issues and concerns
(a) , those that are inherent to the technology
b. what are these
(c) transcend the technology

ALL types of technologies have issues
and concerns!

A

a. Technological issues
b. ◦ Food safety and ◦ Environmental biosafety
c. Social issues

56
Q

Adoption of GM crops has been phenomenal!

Other GM crops planted: sugar beet, alfalfa, papaya, squash, potato, poplar, eggplant and pineapple

A

HT, herbicide tolerant;
GM, both HT and insect protected (Bt)

increasing area of crops throughout the years

57
Q

In 2017, GM crops were grown in (a)

These countries planted 50,000 hectares or more of GM crops:
USA, Brazil, Argentina, Canada, India, Paraguay,
Pakistan, China, South Africa, Bolivia, Uruguay,
Australia, Philippines, Myanmar, Sudan, Spain, Mexico, Colombia;

Less than 50,000 hectares: Vietnam, Honduras, Chile, Portugal, Bangladesh, and Costa Rica.

A

a. 26 countries, 19 developing countries and 7
industrial countries

58
Q

The Bt technology
* Bt used as (a)
* Bt gene transferred (b)
* specific (c)

in the gut of larvae, what happens? (d)

A

a. microbial pesticide for the past 35 years with a history of safe use
b. to plant genome; plant produces toxic protein which is pesticidal
c. toxic protein binds with receptors
on gut of target larvae
d. bt protoxin (alkaline pH) -> toxin (receptor) -> toxin receptor -> “ulcer-like” -> death

59
Q

Are GM foods allergenic?
- GM foods are subjected to (a) before they are
released commercially!
- That (b) into the GM food.

A

a. careful study to be sure they are similar or “substantially equivalent” to nonGM foods
b. no new allergen has been introduced

60
Q

Animal feeding studies
(a) have been completed or are in progress with various animals:
❖ Including chickens, dairy, beef, sheep and growing bull calves

Studies in progress
Results to date: (b)

A

a. >35 animal feeding studies using biotech crops (corn, soybean)
b. Animals perform in a comparable manner as compared to conventional counterparts

61
Q

Effect on nontarget organisms
- Example, (a)
- Target organism: (b)
- Non-target organisms: (c)

Does Bt corn affect nontarget organisms?
“Corn line MON 80100 is not likely to pose a greater plant pest risk than non-modified corn”

Conclusion based on evaluation of phenotypic characteristics. Safety of inserted protein and lack of any deleterious environmental effects.
* Bt protein in Bt corn is toxic specifically to
Lepidoptera

A

a. Bt corn is protected against Lepidoptera , an order of insects that includes moths and butterflies
b. Lepidoptera
c. other insects - ex: male monarch butterfly

62
Q

Possible development of weedy relatives
What are weeds? Weedy relatives? (a,b,c)

Can Bt corn become a potential
weed?
- In the Philippines, there are (d)
- Corn cannot (e).
- Even in the Americas where corn comes from, and where wild populations exist, interbreeding of corn with the wild relatives has (f)

A

a. Weeds are nuisance plants.
b. They grow fast, faster than domesticated
crops.
c. They are pervasive—they grow everywhere,
under most conditions even if they are not
taken care of.
d. no wild relatives of corn
e. cross with its oriental relative, Coix laychryma, under field conditions
f. not posed any important agricultural problem

63
Q

Is Bt toxic protein persistent?

Degradation in soil
Cry1 Ab protein
DT50: 1.6 days DT90: 15 days
(in corn plant tissue)

Cry1 Ab protein
similar
(in cotton plant tissue)

microbial Bt products* 4 - 41 days*

DT50, time to 50% reduction of bioactivity
DT90, time to 90% reduction of bioactivity
*depending on soil composition and type of Bt protein

A

will not degrade soil and is not protein persistent

64
Q

Are GM plants persistent?
● Ten-year study of performance of GM crops in natural habitats:
- four crops (oilseed rape, potato, maize and sugar beets; herbicide tolerance and pest resistance)
- (a) at any site for the crops, GM or non GM
- (b) than conventional
- in (c) than their conventional counterparts

A

a. no increase in abundance
b. survival of GM lines not significantly longer
c. no case were the GM plants found to be more invasive or persistent

65
Q

Risks inherent to technology (2)

How to address? (3)

A

Food safety issues
Environment safety issues

❑ Amenable to science-based evaluation
❑ Solutions are technology-based
❑ Case-by-case basis

66
Q

Social Issues and concerns (2)

A
  • Socio-Economic Issues
    ■ Multinational corporations will control the
    production of GM crops
    ■Access to technology
    ■Intellectual property rights (IPR)
  • Ethical, cultural Issues
    ■ Playing God
67
Q

Socio- economic issues
■Will multinational corporations
control the production of GM crops ?
■ Access to technology
■ Higher cost?
■ Intellectual property rights issues
a.

Will farmers not be able to access GM
crops because of the higher cost “due to
IPR and that big companies developed
them”?

Access by Filipino Farmers
Consider the costs of seeds:
GM corn, (b)
Ordinary hybrid, (c)
Cost of seed is only about 20 to 30% of total production.
Do farmers use/prefer GM corn?
(d)

A

a. Since big companies own patents of
biotechnologies, the biotech
products will be more expensive
b. 5000 to 5500 PhP per 9 kg bag
c. 2,500 to 3000 PhP per 9 kg bag
d. More than 700,000 ha are grown to GM crops by Filipino farmers

68
Q
  • (a) refers to creations of the mind: inventions, literary and artistic works, and symbols, names, images, and designs used in commerce.
  • IP rights cover various rights given by the law to (b)
  • rights are usually (c)
  • Why?
  • to (d) by giving the creator an incentive of limited exclusive exploitation
  • to (e) by providing him limited monopoly

Examples of IPR protection: (f)

A

a. Intellectual property (IP)
b. protect economic investment in creative effort
c. conferred by legislation
d. encourage creativity
e. provide opportunity to creator/innovator to recover his investments
f. patents (formulas), copyrights (songs, literary), trademarks (ffc)

69
Q
  • A set of rules or standards that govern how people behave and make decisions on what is the right thing to do.
  • There are many ____.
  • Ethics related to biotechnology and its applications are not really different from the ethics of everyday life
A
  • Ethics
  • codes of ethics for different professions
70
Q

Ethical Issues and concerns

(a) said that playing God or “pag
aastang Diyos may be considered bad if it is to
demonstrate pride or “kahambugan” as in
flaunting power.

However, “pag-aastang Diyos” (acting like God)
can also refer to creative changes made by man
on his surrounding and environment.

Ethically objectionable–playing God?

In this case, de Castro adds, “hindi kinakailangang sumalungat ito sa pamamahalang rasyonal ng tao sa kalikasan.” (This does not have to go against the rational management of nature by man.)

Bishop (b)
“Playing God” is not an issue in modern biotechnology since man received the divine mandate to “increase and multiply and subdue the earth” (Gen. 1:26-29), he has continually developed his skills to upgrade his condition.

A

a. De Castro (1999)
b. Emeritus Jesus Varela of the Diocese of Sorsogon

71
Q

Social Issues and Concerns
■ Breaking the (a)
■ (b) compared to the 30,000 or so genes of the organism.
■ (c) as those of the organism.

Regarding the origin of genes and techniques:
■ “Genes are in themselves simply complex chemicals and their biological significance derives from their cellular host.”
■ “Much technology and most medicine is based on human intervention into natural processes…genetic engineering does not seem different from other forms of scientific advance.” —-Church of England

How to address these issues
■ need to assure public of (d)
■ need for (e) to the public
■ institute measures so that (f)
■ develop (g)
■ need for more public (h) for country’s needs
■ encourage increased private sector (i)

A

a. species barrier
b. Genes introduced are very few
c. Genes are of the same substance
d. good regulation
e. wider and more balanced dissemination of information
f. poor farmers will have ready, affordable access to new technologies
g. technologies suited to the needs of our country
h. funding for R & D
i. investment, collaboration and technology
sharing

72
Q

From the (a)-
“We are increasingly encouraged that the
advantages of genetic engineering of plants and
animals are greater than the risks. The risks should be carefully followed through openness, analysis and controls, but without a sense of alarm.”–Bishop (b), Vice President, Oct 1999
“…a prudent yes to genetic engineering of plants and animals…”

A

a. Vatican Pontifical Academy
b. Elio Sgreccia

73
Q

(a)
- Study Week in the Vatican, from May 15 to 19 May 2009, affirmed conclusions made during the Study done on November 10 to 13, 2000:
- “There is nothing intrinsic about the use of GE
technologies for crop improvement that would
cause the plants themselves or the resulting food products to be unsafe.
- Special efforts should be made to provide poor
farmers in the developing world with access to
improved GE crop varieties adapted to their local conditions.

A

a. Vatican Pontifical Academy of Sciences

74
Q

From the _____for Social Responsibility

“Perhaps the most widely articulated opposition to GM foods is based on the belief that they are radically unnatural and that to produce them is for human beings to be guilty of the hubris of ‘Playing God.’ Certainly, they represent possibilities that could not come about without direct human action upon nature.

However, much technology and most medicine is based on human intervention into natural processes…genetic engineering does not seem very different from other forms of scientific advance…”

A

Church of England’s General Synod

75
Q

From the ____Malaysia

“The Muslim world that is mostly devoid of fertile agricultural land should seize the opportunity provided by the more resilient GM crops…as with countless other knowledge bestowed upon humans by Allah, this breakthrough too can be used for the good of mankind. Above all, moral panic should check but not hinder development.”

A

Institute of Islamic Understanding

76
Q

From the Third World Academy of Sciences,
Brazilian Academy of Sciences, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Mexican Academy of
Sciences, National Academy of Sciences of
the USA, The Royal Society (UK)

  • We conclude that steps must be taken to meet the urgent need for sustainable practices in world agriculture if the demands of an expanding world population are to be met
    without destroying the environment or natural resource base.
  • In particular, GM technology, coupled with important developments in other areas, should be used to increase the production of main food staples, improve the efficiency of production, reduce the environmental impact of agriculture, and provide access to small-scale farmers
A

just read

77
Q

From 2004 to 2016, reputable scientific
organizations have attested to the safety of
GMOs:
- “No substantial evidence that GE crops were less safe than foods from non-GE crops.”
- (a)
- (b) (111 national academies of science, 29 scientific unions)
- (c)
- (d) of 50 studies
- (e)

A

a. 2004 US National Academy of Sciences (NAS)
b. 2003 International Council for Science
c. WHO; American Medical Association
d. 2010 European Commission Review
e. US National Academy of Sciences 2016

78
Q

GMOs increase yields, and work towards
feeding a hungry world.
- 2009 Union of Concerned Scientists reported
Failure to Yield as a definitive study on GM crops
and yields.
- 2010 Review article in Nature Biotechnology “of
168 results comparing yields of GM and conventional crops, 124 show positive results for adopters compared to non-adopters, 32 indicate no difference and 13 are negative.”
- Yield increases are greater for poor farmers in
developing countries than for farmers in rich
countries.

A

just read

79
Q

From the _____(Philippines)

  • We therefore advocate and promote the safe
    and responsible applications of modern biotechnology in science and technology, agriculture and food, health and medicine,
    environment and trade and industry –for the
    upliftment of the Filipino Nation. Considering
    the tremendous potential of this technology,
    we urge policymakers to base their decisions
    on sound scientific evidence.

april 2000

A

National Academy of Science and Technology

80
Q

_____Policy Statement on Biotechnology

“We shall promote the safe and responsible
use of modern biotechnology and its products
as one of several means to achieve and
sustain food security, equitable access to
health services, sustainable and safe
environment and industry development…”
July 2001

A

Philippine Government

81
Q

central dogma of molecular biology

A
  1. repetition/replication -> transcription (rna)
  2. post-transcription (mrna)
  3. from nucleus to cytoplasm:
    - ribosome - site of translation/ protein synthesis
  4. further processing of mrna (active protein after post-translation)
82
Q

where can the dna be found?

A

cell > nucleus > chromosome > centromere gitna and telomere are the legs > histones > dna (double helix) > base pairs

abt 1 (11 decks)

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