ABT LE1 Flashcards
Biotechnology definition
any biology-based technology which uses organisms or their parts to make or modify products, or improve plants, animals and microorganisms.
Timeline of Biotechnology
- 1880s
- 1890s
— 1929 - 1940s-1960s
— 1953 - 1970s
- 1980s
— 1983
— 1985 - 1990s
—1999 - 2000s
— 2001
— 2006 - 2010s
— 2011
— 2012
— 2015
— 2018
- 1880s - mammalian and microbial cell cultures
- 1890s - improved corn
— 1929 - penicillin - 1940s-1960s - plant tissue cultures
— 1953 - dna structure - 1970s - dna technology
- 1980s - health products in cell cultures
— 1983 - polymerase chain reaction (pcr)
— 1985 - zinc finger nuclease - 1990s - gm crops; dolly sheep
—1999 - chromosome sequence - 2000s - chromosome mapped
— 2001 - gene therapy
— 2006 - pluripotent stem cells - 2010s - genome editing tools
— 2011 - talens
— 2012 - CRISPR
— 2015 - gm animal (salmon)
— 2018 - CRISPR human trials
Ancient Biotechnology
- 4000 BC
- 3000 BC
- 1700 BC
- 500 BC
- 4000 BC - egyptians discovered yeast and used it to make wine, bread, and cheese; fermentation
- 3000 BC - peruvians improved potatoes to make them frost tolerant and larger; plant breeding
- 1700 BC - sumerians started to brew beer
- 500 BC - first antibiotic in the form of moldy tokwa or soybean curds used to treat boils (china); soy sauce from soybeans (china); more fermentation food products developed
Our Filipino ancestors
practised biotechnology more
than ___________
400 years ago
From: History of the Philippine Islands Vols
By ___________
Their drink is a wine made from the (a) and (b)… Drawing off the (c), they distil it…to a greater or less strength, and it becomes (d). This is drunk throughout the islands. It is a (e) of the clarity of water, but strong and dry. If it be used with moderation, it acts as a (f)… If mixed with (g), it makes a (h), and one very palatable and healthful.
by Antonio de Morga
a. tops of cocoa (coconut)
b. nipa palm
c. tuba
d. brandy
e. wine
f. medicine
g. Spanish wine
h. mild liquor
Name the typical fermented foods in the Philippines (7)
- tuba - wine from coconut sap
- bagoong - fermented fish paste
- wine
- patis
- bread
- cheese - kesong puti
- beer
plant and animal breeding is biotechnology examples (5)
- selective breeding that enlarged desired traits of the wild mustard plants (Brassica oleracea)
- china’s panda captive breeding programs
- bush tomato, australia
- native and modern corn
- native chickens from different parts of the world
what practices are considered to be biotechnology? (3)
- cloning a microorganism by multiplying a single cell
- cloning a plant by separation, cutting, and grating
- cloning animals by twinning (identical twins)
these are:
- “live” fertilizers
- give benefits (2)
Biofertilizers
- with beneficial microorganisms
- reduces fertilizer cost
Advances in ___________ have brought us more and better applications of ___________ in ___________, ___________, ___________!
give examples of this (6)
- science and technology
- biotechnology
- health & medicine
- food and agriculture
- environment and industry
- vaccines for animals and humans, tissue culture of plants (from micro parts or from cells), mammalian cell culture, monoclonal antibodies, recombinant dna technology, genetic engineering of microorganisms, plants, and animals
scope of biotechnology
name examples of classical biotechnology (6)
- biofertilizers
- biological nitrogen fixation
- fermentation
- antibiotics
- vaccines
- breeding
scope of biotechnology
name examples of modern biotechnology (8)
- recombinant diagnostics
- dna & protein markers
- recombinant vaccines
- recombinant medicines
- recombinant microorganims
- genetic engineering of animals
- genetic engineering of plants
- genomics
- The (a) carabao is a (b)
- The (c) breed of carabao from (d) is an (e)
- How to transfer the trait? By (f); (g) of (c) breed produced.
a. native
b. poor milk producer
c. Murrah
d. India
e. excellent milk producer
f. embryo transfer
g. twin calves
what do cloning thru mammalian cells produces and what is it called?
Mammalian cell culture—produce health
therapeutic products
ex. monoclonal antibodies, interferon etc.
how was dolly the sheep created?
- The Roslin Technique of somatic cell nuclear transfer
- the cell of a white faced sheep (father) and the enucleated egg of a black faced sheep (mother) was fused with electricity
- dolly is white faced since the cell that contained a dna was from the father
scope of biotechnology
name examples of biotechnologies between classical and modern (3)
- immunodiagnostics
- plant tissue culture
- cell culture
who discovered the important concepts of genetics?
Gregor Mendel in 1866
important concepts of genetics:
- Traits are (a) from one (b) to another
- (c); (genes) control the (d) of organism;
- there is a (e) of parental traits in (f);
- Some genes are (g), some are (h)
a. inherited
b. generation
c. Elementen
d. traits
e. recombination
f. offspring
g. dominant
h. recessive
- go:
- grow:
- glow:
- code:
- these are called?
- carbohydrates; fats
- proteins
- vitamins
- nucleic acids (dna, rna)
- biomolecules
- give the 3 important information that contributed to the discovery of the DNA structure
- these are used by _______ and ____ to discover the ______
- X-ray diffraction patterns of Rosalind Franklin and
Maurice Wilkins - Chargaff’s ratio
- Physical and chemical properties of constituents:
bases, sugar, phosphate
- James Watson; Francis Crick; DNA structure
patterns indicated helical structure of the DNA
- The distinctive (a) tells this is a (b)
- (c) backbone deduced to be outside
- X-ray pattern is (d), so diameter of helix stays the same
- (e) between bars gives height of one turn
- (f) denote helical turn
X-ray diffraction
a. “X”
b. helix
c. Sugar-phosphate
d. regular
e. Vertical distance
f. Horizontal bars
- Chargaff observed that the number of the base Guanine (G) equals (a),
- the number of (b) equals Thymine (T)
- DNA base ratio (c) (d)
- In all life forms; (e),
- ratio will (f) in different species
Chargaff’s ratio
a. Cytosine (C)
b. Adenine (A )
c. (pyrimidine and purine bases)
d. 1:1
e. Universal
f. differ
- Molecular structure of the (a), (b), (c)
- (d) (size, shape, charge) and (e)
properties
Physico-chemical properties of DNA constituents
a. bases
b. sugar
c. phosphate
d. Physical
e. chemical
what is the meaning of dna and its structure
Deoxyribonucleic Acid; double helix
DNAs are long chains of (a) with (b) different bases. The (d) is attached to the (d) and the (e) connected by a (f)
(g) will always pair with (g); and (h) with (h); they are complementary to each other.
a. nucleotides
b. nucleotides
c. base
d. ribose sugar
e. nucleotides
f. phosphate group
g. A=T
h. G=C
Why was the discovery of Watson and Crick very important?
- Based on the (a) and (b) properties of DNA, Crick and Watson hypothesized a (c) for DNA, much like a twisted ladder. The (c) explains
- How the DNA molecule could replicate or produce identical copies of itself (d)
- How the information in the gene is (e) (f)
a. physical
b. chemical
c. double-helix structure
d. replication
e. expressed
f. transcription and translation
Since the (a) of a strand is (b) to that of its partner strand, both strands will actually bear the (c) genetic information.
This process of (d) ensures that the resulting daughter DNA molecules are (e) to the parental DNA helix.
a. nucleotide sequence
b. complementary
c. same
d. DNA replication
e. identical
- The information for traits is encoded in the (a)
- Some traits are (b); one gene for one trait
◦ ex: - Some traits are (c); many genes contribute to the formation of the trait
◦ ex:
genes
simple (ex: color, selected pest resistance traits)
complex (ex: Yield, intelligence)
What is a gene? DNA?
Gene
* a DNA
* codes for a trait
