ansci le 4

Question 1

(a) cost accounts for as much as (b) of the total expenses in (c). (a) do not only affect farm (d) but also impact farm (e). Thus, a good knowledge of feeds influences the success or failure of livestock and poultry farms. Knowing when and how to use different feeds for different species and classes of farm animals is important for those engaged in livestock and poultry production.

Answer 1

a. Feed
b. 80%
c. livestock and poultry production
d. productivity
e. profitability

Question 2

defined as any material grown or developed to be fed to livestock and poultry to sustain or support life. It usually connotes (a), but may also be used to refer to (b). (c) can be used interchangeably with (a).

Answer 2

Feeds

a. complete feeds, rations, or diets
b. feed ingredients or components of mixed feeds
c. Feedstuff

Question 3

Classification of Feeds

Answer 3

Roughages, Concentrates, Supplements

Question 4

feed materials containing (a) and are generally (b) content ((c) TDN or Total Digestible Nutrients)

Answer 4

Roughages

a. more than 18% crude fiber
b. low in energy
c. <60%

Question 5

Concentrates

Answer 5

Energy feeds

Animal protein feeds

Plant protein feeds

Question 6

feeds that are (a) (+60% TDN) and low in (b) (<18%)

Answer 6

Concentrates

a, high in energy content
b. crude fiber

Question 7

Supplements

Answer 7

Amino acid supplements

Mineral supplements

Vitamin supplements

Question 8

feedstuffs that are mixed with a ___ to provide all the nutrients required to support the form of production for which it is intended

Answer 8

Supplements

primary grain and/or roughage

Question 9

non-nutritive substances added in the feed for specific purposes such as ____

Answer 9

Feed additives

enzymes, probiotics, prebiotics, acidifiers, etc.

Question 10

Common Roughages

Answer 10

grasses, legumes, other forages

Question 11

belongs to Poaceae family (formerly called as (a)); normally with (b) crude protein and (c) calcium content

Answer 11

Grasses

a. Gramineae
b. 6-10%
c. <0.9%

Question 12

grasses and Distinctive parts

Answer 12

Guinea grass
Distinctive parts: presence of trichomes in nodes

Para grass
Distinctive parts: presence of trichomes in whole culm

Napier grass
Distinctive parts: rough leaves (no trichomes in culm)

Star grass
Distinctive parts: presence of roots at nodes

Alabang X
Distinctive parts: presence of trichomes at nodes

gpn sa

Question 13

belongs to Fabaceace family, normally with (a) crude protein or higher and (b) calcium content

Answer 13

Legumes

a. 10.5%
b. >0.9%

Question 14

legumes

Answer 14

Madre de cacao
Ipil-ipil
Centrosema
Moringa
Forage peanut
Stylosanthes
Rensoni
Calopo

mic mf src

Question 15

Other forages

Answer 15

Madre de agua
Mulberry

Question 16

Common Concentrates

Answer 16

Energy feeds, Protein feeds (animal and plant)

Question 17

contain a (a) but exceptionally (b). include cereal grains. milling by-products, processed tubers, fats and oils, and some considered as miscellaneous feeds.

Answer 17

Energy feeds

a. variabte amount of nutrients
b. high in energy

Question 18

energy feeds

Answer 18

Ground com is the entire com kemel ground or chopped

Wheat grain/Feed wheat refers to the entire wheat kemet Including the hulls.

Sorghum grains include hegari, kafir, milo grains, and other vaneties of sorghum grains

Rice bran is composed mainly of pericarp or bran layer of rice and germ that are removed from rice grains in the manufacture of polished rice for human consumption.

Cassava meal is also known as tapioca or manioc. It is produced from ground sliced and dried cassava tubers. Fresh tubers contain anti-nutritional factor, known as hydrocyanic acid (HCN) or prussic acid, which can be destroyed by proper drying.

Question 19

concentrates with ___ CP or higher.

Answer 19

Protein feeds
20%

Question 20

Protein feeds

Answer 20

animal protein feeds and plant protein feeds

Question 21

feeds derived from end-products of meat packaging, dairy processing, and marine industries

give examples

Answer 21

Animal protein feeds

Tankage and meat meal (eg. pork meal) scraps made from trimmings, inedible parts, and organs, cleaned entrails, residues from the production of fats, and certain condemned carcasses.

Fishmeal is obtained from clean, dried, ground tissues of undecomposed whole fish or fish cuttings, with or without the extraction of oil.

Question 22

feeds derived from end-products of oil extraction from a group of seeds

give examples

Answer 22

Plant protein feeds

Soybean meal/ soybean oil meal/soya meal is the by-product obtained by grinding the cake or flakes which remain after the extraction of oil from soybean seeds.

Full-fat soybean meal/ extruded soybean meal is produced by extrusion of whole soybean seeds, without the removal of any of its components.

Copra meal/ coconut oil meal/ coconut meat meal is a by-product obtained after extraction of oil from dried coconut meat.

Question 23

Feed Supplements

Answer 23

Synthetic amino acids, Mineral supplements, Vitamin supplements

Question 24

These are feedstuff carrying large amounts of one or more pure (a), which may be added to a ration to make up for an (b). _____are produced by (c) and exist as (d), as either (e) amino acids such as (f).

Answer 24

Synthetic amino acids

a. pure amino acids
b. amino acid deficiency
c. bacterial fermentation
d. optical isomers
e. D- or L-
f. DL-methionine, L-lysine and L- threonine

Question 25

These are feedstuffs rich in one or more of the _____ needed to perform certain essential body functions.

Answer 25

Mineral supplements

inorganic elements

Question 26

Mineral supplements

Answer 26

Limestone is a primary source of calcium in animal diets

Monocalcium phosphate is a phosphorus sourde

Salt or common table salt is a source of sodium and chlorine

Mineral premix is a mixture of trace minerals and a camer formulated to provide the requirements of the animals when added in the diet at the recommended rate.

Question 27

is a mixture of different vitamins and a (a) formulated to provide the requirements of the animals when added in the diet at a recommended rate. Provided in the form of (b).

Answer 27

Vitamin supplements

a. carrier
b. vitamin premix

Question 28

These are non-nutritive substances that when added to diets may improve the _____ of livestock and poultry such as:

Answer 28

Feed Additives - performance and feed efficiency

Enzymes are protein molecules that can catalyze biochemical reactions. (eg. phytase will act on phytic acid to release bound phosphorus)

Antioxidants are substances that protect the polyunsaturated fatty acids from destruction by peroxidation.

Question 29

Definition of terms:

the insoluble carbohydrate fraction consisting primarily of _____

Answer 29

Crude Fiber

cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin

Question 30

Definition of terms:

indicates the relative energy value of a feed; the sum of the _____

Answer 30

Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN)

digestible protein, digestible fiber, digestible fat, and digestible nitrogen-free extract

Question 31

Definition of terms:

fresh herbage cut and chopped in the field and fed to animals in confinement.

Answer 31

Soilage

Question 32

Definition of terms:

fermented forage stored under (a) in a silo. Forages made into ___ are (b) to which the moisture must be maintained at (c)

Answer 32

Silage

a. anaerobic conditions
b. green chops or dry crops
c. 60-65%

Question 33

Definition of terms:

harvested during the growing period and preserved by drying for later use in animal feeding. it is are characterized by having (a) and (b)

Answer 33

Hay forage/roughage

a. 18-34% crude fiber
b. 40-60% TDN

Question 34

Definition of terms:

plant parts left in the field after harvesting the primary crop such as _____.

Answer 34

Crop residues

com stover and rice straw

Question 35

is important in the feed and animal industry. The first consideration in this is the quality of (a) Use of inferior quality raw materials results in inferior quality mixed feeds and a feed manufacturer who does not maintain the quality of products may easily lose customers.

Whereas (b) of both (c) is the quickest, easiest, and most effective tool for quality control, (d) are used to verify and ensure the quality of the feeds.

Answer 35

Feed quality control

a. feed ingredients or raw materials
b. physical examination
c. feed ingredients and mixed feeds
d. chemical and microbiological assays

Question 36

Methods of Feed Evaluation and Quality Control

Answer 36

physical, chemical, microbial evaluations

Question 37

involves examination of raw materials/feed ingredients with the naked eye. The usual observations made to detect off quality raw materials/feed ingredients are the color, odor, texture, taste, dampness, presence of adulterant/foreign material, presence of mold and insect infestation.

includes (a) which is the study of the appearance of feed samples and/or adulterant under the (b). With this technique, the purity of the sample or presence of adulterants/foreign materials is easily detected

Answer 37

Physical evaluation

a. feed microscopy
b. stereomicroscope

Question 38

Adulterants in monogastric animal feeds

Answer 38

Fine sand used to increase feed weight

Saw dust-has high gross energy content but low digestible energy content due to the high amount of cellulose, cellulose is indigestible to monogastric animals due to the absence of endogenous cellulase

Com cobs-also contain high amount of cellulose (same with saw dust)

Rice hull - contains high amount of cellulose and lignin which is also indigestible to monogastric animals

Question 39

are substances/impurities of (a) and (b) that are intentionally added to the feeds/teed ingredients to change its (c). Normally, these are added to add (d) to the feed.

Answer 39

Adulterants

a. cheaper value
b. low quality
c. physical or chemical characteristics
d. bulk or weight

Question 40

Chemical Evaluation

Answer 40

Proximate Analysis, expressing feed nutrient values, partitioning of feed components

Question 41

is the most extensively used method for the determination of the nutritive value of feeds. The analyses include ____.

Answer 41

Proximate analysis or Weende method

moisture, ether extract, crude fiber, crude protein, ash and nitrogen free extract

Question 42

is determined by accurately weighing a finely ground sample before and after drying it to (a). All substances that (b) at this temperature represent the — content of the sample.

Apparatus:

Answer 42

Moisture

a. constant weight at 105 “C (usually overnight)
b. volatilize

Oven

Question 43

is the sum of all the (a). It is determined by extracting a finely ground dried sample with boiling ether and then distilling off the ether and weighing the residue. This residue is mostly (b), but includes all (c), such as (d). On the other hand, — does not measure (e). Thus, while it is incorrect to designate the — as “fat”, it is sometimes referred to as (f)

Apparatus:

Answer 43

Ether extract

a. ether-soluble materials
b. fat and fatty acid esters
c. ether-soluble substances
d. waxes, essential oils and pigments
e. phospholipids or protein-bound fats
f. crude fat

Soxhlet apparatus

Question 44

is a rough measure of that portion of (a) that is poorly utilized by monogastric animals. The analysis attempts to (b) in the stomach and in the small intestine. It is determined by boiling the finely ground sample successively for (c) with weak concentration of (d) and with weak concentration of (e). — is measured as the loss in ignition at (f) of the dried residue remaining after digestion of the sample. It is composed mostly of (g).

Apparatus:

Answer 44

Crude fiber

a. carbohydrates
b. simulate digestion
c. 30 minutes
d. H2SO4
e. NaOH
f. 550 “C for 4 hours
g. cellulose. hemicelluloses and lignin

Refluxing unit

Question 45

is computed as total (a) of the sample multiplied by (a). This assumes that protein in feeds have (c). However, not all proteins are composed of this amount of nitrogen, thus the term “—”. The nitrogen content of the sample is determined by a process called (d) which involves sample digestion, distillation, and titration.

Apparatus:

Answer 45

Crude protein

a. nitrogen content
b. 6.25
c. 16% nitrogen (100 divided by 16 is equal to 625)
d. Kjeldahi method

Kjeldahl apparatus

Question 46

is an estimate of the (a) of a feed sample. The analysis involves igniting the sample in the fumace which bums off all organic matter to (b). The residue remaining after combustion represents (c) of the feed sample.

Apparatus:

Answer 46

Ash

a. inorganic content
b. carbon dioxide and water
c. mineral content

Muffle fumace

Question 47

represents the sum of the remaining (a) of the feed and is meant to represent the (b) such as starch and other soluble sugars. It is the only component of proximate analysis that is determined only by calculation (no chemical analysis involved). It is being calculated as:

Answer 47

Nitrogen-free extract (NFE)

a. undetermined portions
b. more digestible portion of carbohydrates

NFE100 (moisture + ash + crude protein + crude fat + crude fiber)

Question 48

Normally, the nutrient values of the feeds are expressed on (a) which refers to the consistency of the feed when it is offered to the animal. When comparing two or more feed samples, it is important to express the nutrient values on a (b) to eliminate the effect of varying moisture content of feed samples.

Answer 48

Expressing feed nutrient values:

a. “as fed basis”
b. “dry matter basis” (moisture-free)

Question 49

The values can be converted from as-fed to dry matter basis using ___ of calculation as shown below:

Sample Calculation:

If a feed sample has 85% dry matter content (or 15% moisture) and 19% crude protein, the crude protein content on a dry matter basis would be:

Answer 49

ratio and proportion method

85/100 = 19/x
X = [19 (100)]/ 85 = 22.35%

Question 50

Partitioning of feed components

Answer 50

feed sample = moisture + dry matter

dry matter = organic matter + inorganic matter (ash)

organic matter = nitrogen containing compounds (crude protein) + non-nitrogen containing compounds

non-nitrogen containing compounds = carbohydrates + crude fat or ether

carbohydrates = insoluble CHO + soluble CHO

Question 51

are used to determine the presence of (a) and (b) such as (c) in feeds. (d) are the most widespread and best known of all mycotoxins. (e) in feeds may cause poor growth rate, poor feed efficiency, liver diseases, increased mortality, pale egg yolk color, and reduced egg shell strength.

In a routine microbiological test, the first analytical procedure applied to the feed sample is the (f) that does not distinguish the types of mycotoxins. This is used for a quick determination to see whether the problem exists. A confirmatory procedure is employed such as (g) when necessary.

Answer 51

Microbiological tests

a. Salmonella spp.
b. mycotoxin-producing fungi
c. Aspergillus flavus and Fusarium
d. Aflatoxins
e. Mycotoxins
f. “pass/fail” test
g. thin layer chromatography (TLC) or high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)

Question 52

The aim of feed formulation is to provide the animals with the required nutrients in proper (a) that will result in the most (b). The (c) determine the amount and proportion of nutrients required. (d) serve as an aid in formulating rations for livestock and poultry animals. These are tables that indicate the (e) of different animals that were established based on results of several research studies.

Answer 52

a. amount and proportion
b. economical production
c. species, age, and the amount and type of work or product produced by the animal
d. Feeding standards
e. nutrient requirements

Question 53

Methods in Feed Formulation

Answer 53

Trial and Error Method, Pearson Square Method

Question 54

Trial and Error Method

Steps:

Answer 54

1. Decide on what nutrients to consider in the formulation (eg energy. protein, amino acids, calcium, and phosphorus).
2. List the nutrient requirements of the animals.
3. Make an arbitrary ration using selected feed combinations. The total amount of all ingredients should be 100.
4. Using the feed composition table, compute for the nutrients contributed by each of the ingredients.
5. Make the necessary adjustments in the amount of ingredients if the nutrients in the ration do not satisfy the requirements of the animals.

Question 55

Compared with the trial and error method, this is an easier and a much simpler way of determining the correct proportion of (a) to obtain a desired level of __. However, only the (b) of the ration is being considered.

Answer 55

Pearson square method

a. 2 feed ingredients or 2 feed groups
b. protein content

Question 56

Pearson square Case I. When only 2 feed ingredients are involved:

A farmer wants to mix hog grower ration containing 16% CP. However, only yellow com and soybean oil meal are available. How much of each ingredient should be used?

Steps:

Answer 56

i. Draw a square.

ii. Insert the desired level of %CP (16) at the middle of the square.

ii. Place yellow com (8.05% CP) on the upper left comer and soybean oil meal (47.65% CP) on the lower left corner.
iv. Subtract the %CP in YC from the desired %CP (16-8.05 = 7.95) and place the difference in the comer of the square diagonally opposite YC, this amount is for soybean oil meal.

V. Subtract the desired %CP from the %CP in soybean oil meal (47.65-14 33.65) and place the difference on the comer of the square diagonally opposite soybean oil meal. This amount is for yellow corn.

vi. Get the percentage composition

Question 57

Pearson square Case II. When 3 or more feeds are involved:

The same farmer will formulate hog grower ration (16% CP) using yellow com, rice bran and soybean oil meal.

Steps:

Answer 57

i. Choose 2 ingredients that can be grouped (YC and RB can be grouped together because both are energy sources).

ii. Decide on the proportion of feeds in the mixture (YC and RB 2:1)

iii. Compute for the %CP of the mixture.

The 82.77% is the amount of YC-RB mixture. Divide it by 3 parts to get the amount of RB then multiply it by 2 to get the amount of YC. The amount of RB should be 27.59% and the YC is 55.18%.