21 lab LE 2 Flashcards
this is a technology in transgenics, whereby the pronucleus of a newly fertilized egg is injected with a foreign DNA.
Pronuclear microinjection
this technology is based on single nucleotide polymorphism (pronounced as “SNPs”) which is scattered in the whole genome, making it possible to get the “genotype” of the whole genome and thus selection of the animal based on its genome is possible.
High density SNP genotyping
through clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (aka CRSPR) or transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALENS) systems, precise targeted modifications (removal or addition of specific DNA fragments) in the animal’s genome are allowed. Gene/genome editing, leads to the creation of new genotypes.
Genome editing technology (CRSPR/Cas9 and TALENS)
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technology where many copies of specific DNA segment or gene are made. PCR can amplify DNA regions where polymorphic sites are present. Polymorphic sites in genes or DNA segments are important “genetic markers” because it can identify alleles at a linked locus. Through these genetic markers, it is possible to differentiate a superior from an inferior animal Examples of genetic markers that can be amplified by PCR are microsatellites, SNPs, insertion-deletions. Combined with restriction enzyme, PCR products can be cut and form banding patterns which would tell the genotype of the animal. This technique is called PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR- RFLP). PCR-RFLP is widely used in DNA testing facilities.
PCR-based genotyping technology
Milk quality Gene marker
k-casein
B-lactoglobulin
Meat quality gene marker
Ryanodine receptor (RYR)
Rendement napole (RN)
Reproduction gene marker
Estrogen receptor (ESR)
Prolactin receptor (PRLR)
Booroola
Growth and composition
Insulin like growth factor (IGF)-2
Callipyge
Is introduction of sperm cells into the female reproductive tract through artificial means. Frozen-thawed or extended fresh semen may be used.
Artificial insemination
a technology for the production of identical animals (imagine twins!). Clones can be made by splitting the embryo at a particular time. For the production of “unlimited” number of clones, cloning via nuclear transfer is another procedure. Dolly is the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell.
Somatic nuclear transfer and Embryo splitting -
this technology utilizes a hormonal treatment to enable the female to ovulate several ova than it usually does. The animal is inseminated, then the embryos are removed non-surgically and transferred to recipient females.
Multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET)
use of mixed models to estimate the breeding value from pedigree and performance records of the animal and its relative while correcting the phenotype for environmental effect..
BLUP (Best Linear Unbiased Prediction)
immature oocytes are placed in a medium and incubated. Once it matures, it will be fertilized in vitro. The embryo may be frozen and then later on, transferred to a recipient female. Lately, there is a biotechnology reported in South Australia, Australia used in sheep called “JIVET” short for juvenile in vitro embryo transfer. This “speed breeding” technology uses oocytes from juvenile lambs. The immature oocytes follow the same process as abovementioned.
In vitro oocyte maturation and in vitro fertilization -
The prediction of breeding value of an animal is based on thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms laid out inthe whole animal genome as opposed to the use of a subset of genetic markers in MAS. To derive genomic estimated breedingvalue (EBV), complex prediction models are used even without the individual phenotype of the animal
Genomic EBV -
Y and X bearing sperm cells can be separated; such that sex-sorted semen can be used to inseminate females and produce the desired sex of the offspring.
Sperm sexing -
